Hydrogen-increased dezincification layer-induced stress and susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of brass

Dezincification layer formed during corrosion or stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in an ammonia solution could induce an additive stress. The effect of hydrogen on the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC were studied. The dezincification layer induced stress was measured using the deflection method and the flowing stress differential method, respectively. The latter measures the difference between the flowing stress of a specimen before unloading and the yield stress of the same specimen after unloading and forming a dezincification layer. The susceptibility to SCC was measured using slow strain rate test. Results show that both the dezincification layer induced stress and the susceptibility to SCC increase with increasing hydrogen concentration in a specimen. This implies that hydrogen enhanced dezincification layer induced stress is consistence with the hydrogen increased susceptibility to SCC of brass in the ammonia solution.

Relationship between Critical Hydrogen Concentration and Applied Stress for Hydrogen Induced Cracking in 0.2 wt—%C Annealed Plain Steel

1.IntroductionSo far there are few people who studythe relationship between the criticalhydrogen concentration and the stress forhvdrogen induced cracking (CCHIC)quantitatively.Several researchers have cal-culated the CCHIC of steels under no stressby means of H permeation method,but no

Threshold Stress Intensity of Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking of High Strength Steel

The threshold stress intensity of stress corrosion cracking(SCC) for 40 CrMo steel in 3.5%NaCl solution decreased exponentially with the increase of yield strength.The threshold stress intensity of hydrogen-induced cracking during dynamical charging for 40 CrMo steel decreased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of diffusible hydrogen.This equation was also applicable to SCC of high strength steel in aqueous solution.The critical hydrogen enrichment concentration necessary for SCC of high strength steel in water decreased exponentially with the increase of yield strength.Based on the results,the relationship between K_(ISCC) and σ_(ys) could be deduced.

Stress Oriented Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Linepipe Steel

The stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking (SOHIC) is a typical hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon occurring in the linepipe steels exposed to sour environment containing H 2 S gas.However,even recently,the cracking mechanism of SOHIC has not been clarified because of lacking in the empirical data on the actual failure mode of SOHIC cracking.The factors affecting SOHIC are discussed in terms of metallurgy of high strength linepipe steel and hydrogen electrochemistry.The cracking mechanisms of SOHIC are examined by comparing them with the empirical failure mode of SOHIC which is developed by observation of the actual fracture sites of the hydrogen induced blister cracking (HIBC) and secondary cracks.Finally,the correlation between SOHIC and HIC is discussed.

Sulfide Stress Cracking Assessment of Carbon Steel Welding with High Content of H<SUB>2</SUB>S and CO<SUB>2</SUB>at High Temperature: A Case Study

In the oil and gas industry, it has been established that for pipelines fabricated with carbon steels, their limitation is related to H2S and CO2 environments, which is 7 to 10 psia of partial pressure of CO2. Therefore, in carbon steel cracking is shown, after 7 or 10 psia of partial pressure of CO2. The experimental work was performed under static conditions in autoclaves within a pH of 3 to 3.8;partial pressures of 16 - 96 psi for H2S and 15 - 53 psi for CO2, in the temperature range of 25°C - 150°C. It was observed that the average yielding stress used in Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) tests decreases with temperature increment. Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) evaluations showed that X52 steel, under conditions, was not susceptible to HIC. Results of SSC did not show indications of cracking after exposure to sour solutions, except for the specimen exposed to high H2S and CO2 content (96 psi of H2S and 53 psi of CO2 of the partial pressure) and high temperature (150°C). Microcracks located between the upper and lower weld beads were also observed. However, the highest average corrosion rate was 0.27 mm/year (10.6 mpy), which occurred in samples exposed to 96 psi of H2S and 53 psi of CO2 at 150°C. Likewise, the highest localized corrosion (severe pitting attack) was obtained at the same environment with a corrosion rate of 4.2 mm/year (167 mpy). The oil and gas industry could use carbon steels pipelines in partial pressure higher than 10 psia.

INTERPHASE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF ALLOY Ti－24Al－11Nb IN METHANOL SOLUTION

For alloy Ti-24Al-11Nb,stress corrosion cracking(SCC) in methanol solution and hydrogen induced cracking(HIC) during dynamic charging at room temperature have been studied.Experiment has shown that the normalised threshold stress intensities of SCC failure for various microstructures are KISCC/KC =0.53 0.69 and the threshold value for SCC arresting KISCC/ KIC=0.61-0.79.The threshold values of HIC during dynamic charging are close to that of SCC,but da/dt or fracture time of HIC is one to three orders of magnitude smaller or longer than that of SCC,respectively.The.fracture surface for HIC is also different from that for SCC.For the Ti-24Al-Nb alloy-methanol systein,a kind of inierphase SCC has been found For the microstructures resulting from furnace cooling,SCC initiated and propagated preferentially along theα2/βinterphase boundaries,displaying the microstructure on the fracture surface of SCC.However,there is no interphase SCC for the microstructure resulting from air cooling.

Effect of crystallographic orientation on crack growth behaviour of HSLA steel

In this work,the crack growth behaviours of high strength low alloy(HSLA)steel E690 with three crystallographic orientations(the rolling direction,normal direction,and transverse direction)were investigated and compared from the view of the mechano-electrochemical ef-fect at the crack tip.The results show that the crack growth of the HSLA steel is controlled by the corrosion fracture at the crack tip.The vari-ation of crystallographic orientation in E690 steel plate has no influence on the crack tip electrochemical reaction and crack growth mechanism,but changes the crack growth rate.When the stress loading direction is parallel to the rolling direction and the fracture layer is parallel to the transverse-normal plane,the crack growth rate is the slowest with a value of 0.0185 mm·h^(-1).When the load direction and the fracture layer are parallel to the normal direction and the rolling-transverse plane,respectively,the crack growth rate is the highest with a value of 0.0309 mm·h^(-1).This phenomenon is ascribed to the different microstructural and mechanical properties in the rolling direction,normal direction,and transverse direction of E690 steel plate.

Hydrogen-induced cracking and its anisotropy of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics

Threshold stress intensity factor of hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), KIH, of a leadzirconate titanate ferroelectric ceramics (PZT-5) has been measured during dynamic charging with various current densities at constant load using notched tensile specimens with poling directionparallel or perpendicular to the crack plane. The results show that KIH reveals anisotropy, and thethreshold stress intensity factor for the specimen with poling direction parallel to the crack plane, K aIH, is greater than that perpendicular to the crack plane, K bIH, similar to the anisotropy of fracture toughness, KIC. The normalized threshold stress intensity factor of HIC, however, does not reveal anisotropy, and decreass linearly with logarithm of hydrogen concentration, C0, i.e. K aIH/K aIC = K bIH/K bIC = 0.4-0.15 lnC0. Therefore, the anisotropy of HIC is the same as that of the fracture tough-ness, and is due to the anisotropy of the stress-induced 90 domain switching.

Study on cracking of welding overlay based on the theory of diffusion-induced stress

Hydrogen diffusion in the wall of hydrogenation reactor for three situations, i.e. operating, normal shutdown and abnormal shutdown, was numerically simulated based on the finite element program-ABAQUS. The formula of diffusion-induced stress was deduced for model of the thin walled cylinder. Distribution of diffusion-induced stress in the wall of hydrogenation reactor was studied. The results showed that the maximum stress was at the fusion surface between welding overlay and base metal and which would increase with cooling rate. The crack will initiate and propagate from fusion surface to welding overlay when the diffusion-induced stress is higher than yield stress, but it will not propagate to the base metal. Diffusion-induced stress is one of the important factors for crack initiation and propagation of welding overlay of hydrogenation reactor.

120 ksi高强度小油管应力腐蚀性能研究

对采用高强度卷板、高频焊焊接(HFW)工艺开发的120 ksi钢级小油管,开展了母材和焊缝的理化性能、氢致开裂、应力腐蚀等试验分析研究。结果表明:120 ksi小油管样品理化性能控制较好,但氢致开裂试验均出现大量裂纹,其裂纹敏感率、裂纹长度率、裂纹厚度率均较高,同时管材抗应力腐蚀性能较差,样管在66%σs应力加载下出现大量裂纹或断裂,表明普通120 ksi强度级别的油管无法满足抗硫化氢腐蚀要求。

四川某页岩气管线环焊缝的失效原因

四川某在役页岩气集气管线T接处发现多处焊缝裂纹。采用宏观形貌、微观组织、力学性能以及断口分析等方法对失效管件进行了系统分析,讨论了硫化物应力开裂、氢致延迟裂纹和应力腐蚀开裂的可能性并运用慢应变速率试验验证焊缝在含杀菌缓蚀剂环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性。结果显示:由于不同程度的焊接余高超标、焊瘤等缺陷和不等厚焊接,受腐蚀介质影响,该管线环焊缝开裂的主要原因是应力腐蚀,同时部分焊缝存在氢致延迟开裂现象。

某海上平台硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂及氢致开裂腐蚀敏感性分析

海上某平台在开发后期发现工艺流程中出现硫化氢,考虑到平台设计时未按照硫化氢平台进行设计,为保证平台设备的安全性,通过硫化氢、硫化物和pH检测,确定了主要工艺流程中设备的湿硫化氢环境类型。根据硫化物应力腐蚀开裂及氢致开裂的相关试验标准对处于硫化氢环境下设备开展了敏感性验证,试验结果表明,当前硫化氢含量下,平台设备具有抵抗硫化氢腐蚀的能力。

海工高强钢在海水中应力腐蚀研究进展

从高强钢材料的合金成分、金相组织、加工工艺、残余应力以及海水温度、Cl^(-)浓度、pH值等环境条件和腐蚀程度等方面总结了高强钢应力腐蚀的影响因素。结合高强钢的使用环境和力学特点,简述了高强钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理,包括氢致开裂理论、阳极溶解理论、腐蚀产物楔入理论、应力吸附破裂理论等。针对高强钢在海洋环境中的应力腐蚀问题,分别从组织成分优化、表面处理和阴极保护等方面论述了应力腐蚀防护方法。最后,展望了应力腐蚀机理与防护的发展方向。

Investigation of stress corre-sion cracking under anodic dissolution control

This review is about stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under anodic dissolution control. The section 1 is the methods distinguishing SCC controlled by anodic dissolution from those by hydrogen. The section 2 presents hydrogen-enhanced corrosion and SCC under anodic dissolution control. The section 3 demonstrates corrosion-enhanced localized plasticity and corrosion-induced deformation localization, which are the fundaments of new mechanism of SCC. The section 4 is an overview of the proposed mechanisms of SCC under anodic dissolution control. The last section proposes a new mechanism of SCC.

直升机桨叶安装螺栓根部断裂分析与改进

针对直升机桨叶安装螺栓根部断裂的故障,综合利用宏观形貌分析、显微观测及理化检验等手段,对其断裂原因进行分析,并提出改进措施。结果表明:桨叶安装螺栓根部断裂为沿晶脆性断裂,其内部残余应力主要产生于冷挤压成形过程,退火软化的状态下在螺栓根部R区磨削后产生划痕并在后续工序中进一步扩展成显微裂纹,以致在电镀镉过程中产生氢致裂纹,最终发生疲劳断裂;通过增加冷挤压成形模具控制措施、冷挤压后热处理去应力工序及调整磁粉检测、热处理工序顺序能够有效改善产品质量,进而提高飞行安全性能。

碳钢在湿硫化氢环境中的应力导向氢致开裂行为

选用石油行业常用的L360QS钢,采用NACE TM 0103标准试验,研究了应力集中系数和钢中的不均匀组织对碳钢在湿硫化氢环境中的应力导向氢致开裂(SOHIC)行为的影响。结果表明,应力导向氢致开裂是氢致开裂的一种特殊形式,典型的应力导向氢致开裂裂纹由平面裂纹和纵向裂纹组成。应力集中系数和钢中的不均匀组织对开裂行为有着显著的影响。应力集中系数超过6.3时,碳钢的开裂敏感性会增强。钢中的不均匀组织会为氢的聚集提供场所,巨大的氢压会产生氢致开裂类型的平面裂纹,纵向裂纹的产生受拉应力和氢压的双重作用。断口没有韧窝出现,说明典型的应力导向氢致开裂为脆性断裂。

高强钢应力腐蚀门槛值随强度的变化规律

恒位移试样测量表明，４０ＣｒＭｏ钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液中应力腐蚀（ＳＣＣ）门槛应力强度因子ＫＩＳＣＣ随屈服强度σｓ指数下降、即ＫＩＳＣＣ＝１．３８×１０６ｅｘｐ（－８．２６×１０－３σｓ）．动态充氢时氢致开裂（ＨＩＣ）门槛应力强度因子ＫＩＨ随试样中可扩散氢浓度Ｃ０（１０－６）的对数而线性下降，即ＫＩＨ＝３１．１－９．１１ｎＣ０． ＳＣＣ时也遵循这个规律．发生ＨＩＣ型ＳＣＣ的临界氢浓度Ｃｔｈ随σｓ指数下降，从而可导出ＫＩＳＣＣ＝ａｋ１ｅｘｐ（－ｋ２σｓ）；其中ａ＝３ＲＴ ／２（１＋ν）ＶＨ，ＲＴ是热能，ρ是裂纹止裂时的曲率半径，ＶＨ是氢在钢中的偏摩尔体积，ν为Ｐｏｉｓｓｉｏｎ比，ｋ１和ｋ２则是和成分及组织有关的常数．

16Mn(HIC)钢硫化物应力腐蚀开裂实验研究

采用恒应变和慢应变速率拉伸实验的方法,研究了16Mn(HIC)和16Mn钢母材、焊缝在H2S环境中应力腐蚀开裂.结果表明两种材料在酸性H2S介质中均发生穿晶型硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC);与16Mn钢相比,16Mn(HIC)钢有更好的抗SSCC性能,钢中的C,Mn,P和S的含量降低有利于提高钢的抗SSCC性能.焊缝及热影响区在焊接过程中,产生的粗大魏氏组织、偏析、缩孔和夹杂等缺陷,降低了焊缝的抗SSCC能力.但是,通过焊后热处理可以适当提高焊缝的抗SSCC能力.

管线钢氢致断裂门槛应力与氢渗透的相关性

用电化学和恒载荷拉伸试验方法,测定了不同充氢电流下氢在X80管线钢中的扩散系数、试样中可扩散氢浓度以及管线钢氢致断裂门槛应力。结果表明,X80管线钢在0.5mol/LH2SO4+0.25g/LAs2O3溶液中充氢时,试样中可扩散氢浓度(C0)与充氢电流的方根(i)呈线性关系;恒载荷下氢致断裂门槛应力(σHIC)随氢浓度的对数(lnC0)而线性下降。

碳钢在H_2S/CO_2体系中的应力腐蚀开裂机理

应力腐蚀开裂是含H2S/CO2天然气输送管线腐蚀破坏的主要形式,探究其开裂机理有利于实施有效的防护,目前相关研究尚不够深入。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表面分析技术对U形环X52钢试样在H2S/CO2介质中的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为进行了研究,并分析探讨了其发生SCC的机理。结果表明:X52钢的脆性断裂是由于在腐蚀环境中吸收了H原子,H原子扩散并在高应力部位聚集而引起的,在H2S存在且腐蚀产物膜被破坏的情况下发生脆断的可能性会大幅提升。