Cloning of Salt Stress Responsive cDNA from Wheat and Resistant Analysis of Differential Fragment SR07 in Transgenic Tobacco

Analysis of the gene expression differentiation in leaves of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cultivar Baofeng 7228, under salt stress, was carried out by Differential-Display Reverse Transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction （DDRT-PCR.） Twenty-seven differential cDNA fragments were obtained. The expression of the SR07 fragment was induced noticeably by salt treatment, and the nucleotide sequence homology of 87% between the SR07 fragment and PIPs （water channel proteins） was observed. Further research showed that a 561 bp open read frame was present in the SR07 fragment. Plant expression vector of pCAMBIA-SR07 was constructed and three transformants of tobacco （Nicotiana tobacum） mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens plasmid were obtained. Resistance to salt, PEG, and mannitol stresses of the three transformants were examined. No significant difference （P 〉 0.05） was observed between the control and the transformants in resistance to salt stress, but there was significant difference （P 〈 0.05） between the control and the transformants in resistance to PEG and mannitol stresses. Therefore, the expression of the SR07 fragment may play an important role in the water regulation of the plant.

Genome-wide identification of the radiation sensitivity protein-23(RAD23)family members in apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.)and expression analysis of their stress responsiveness

Radiation sensitivity proteins-23 （RAD23） are DNA repair factors participate in the ubiquitin/proteasome system （UPS）. Although the genome-wide analysis of RAD23 family members has been conducted in some species, little is known about RAD23 genes in apple （Malusxdomestica Borkh.）. We analyzed this gene family in M. domestica in terms of genomic locations, protein and promoter structures, and expressions in response to stresses. Various members showed a ubiqui- tous pattern of expression in all selected apple parts. Their expressions were altered under chilling, heat, and hydrogen peroxide treatments, as well as abscisic acid （ABA） treatment and water deficiency, suggesting their possible roles in plant stress responses. These results provide essential information about RAD23 genes in apple and will contribute to further functional studies.

Stress Responsive Zinc-finger Protein Gene of Populus euphratica in Tobacco Enhances Salt Tolerance

The Populus euphratica stress responsive zinc-finger protein gene PSTZ, which encodes a protein including typical Cys2/His2 zinc finger structure, was isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from P. euphratica. Northern hybridization revealed that its expression was induced under drought and salt stress conditions. To examine its function, cDNA of the PSTZ gene, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, was cloned into a plant expression vector pBin438 and introduced into tobacco plants. Transgenic tobacco showed an enhanced salt tolerance, suggesting that PSTZ may play a role in plant responsiveness to salt stress.

Knockdown of the atypical protein kinase genes GhABC1K2-A05 and GhABC1K12-A07 make cotton more sensitive to salt and PEG stress

Activity of bc1 complex kinase(ABC1K)is an atypical protein kinase(aPK)that plays a crucial role in plant mitochondrial and plastid stress responses,but little is known about the responses of ABC1Ks to stress in cotton(Gossypium spp.).Here,we identified 40 ABC1Ks in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)and found that the Gh ABC1Ks were unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes.The GhABC1K family members included 35 paralogous gene pairs and were expanded by segmental duplication.The GhABC1K promoter sequences contained diverse cis-acting regulatory elements relevant to hormone or stress responses.The qRT-PCR results revealed that most Gh ABC1Ks were upregulated by exposure to different stresses.Gh ABC1K2-A05 and Gh ABC1K12-A07 expression levels were upregulated by at least three stress treatments.These genes were further functionally characterized by virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).Compared with the controls,the Gh ABC1K2-A05-and Gh ABC1K12-A07-silenced cotton lines exhibited higher malondialdehyde(MDA)contents,lower catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities and reduced chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents under NaCl and PEG stress.In addition,the expression levels of six stress marker genes(Gh DREB2A,Gh SOS1,Gh CIPK6,Gh SOS2,Gh WRKY33,and Gh RD29A)were significantly downregulated after stress in the Gh ABC1K2-A05-and Gh ABC1K12-A07-silenced lines.The results indicate that knockdown of Gh ABC1K2-A05 and Gh ABC1K12-A07 make cotton more sensitive to salt and PEG stress.These findings can provide valuable information for intensive studies of Gh ABC1Ks in the responses and resistance of cotton to abiotic stresses.

Identification of novel salt stress-responsive microRNAs through sequencing and bioinformatic analysis in a unique halophilic Dunaliella salina strain

Dunaliella salina is a classic halophilic alga.However,its molecular mechanisms in response to high salinity at the post transcriptional level remain unknown.A unique halophilic alga strain,DS-CN1,was screened from four D.salina strains via cell biological,physiological,and biochemical methods.High-throughput sequencing of small RNAs(sRNAs)of DS-CN1 in culture medium containing 3.42-mol/L NaCl(SS group)or 0.05-mol/L NaCl(CO group)was performed on the BGISEQ-500 platform.The annotation and sequences of D.salina sRNAs were profiled.Altogether,44 novel salt stress-responsive microRNAs(miRNAs)with a relatively high C content,with the majority of them being 24 nt in length,were identified and characterized in DS-CN1.Twenty-one differentially expressed miRNAs(DEMs)in SS and CO were screened via bioinformatic analysis.A total of 319 putative salt stress-related genes targeted(104 overlapping genes)by novel miRNAs in this alga were screened based on our previous transcriptome sequencing research.Furthermore,these target genes were classified and enriched by GO and KEGG pathway analysis.Moreover,5 novel DEMs(dsa-mir3,dsa-mir16,dsa-mir17,and dsa-mir26 were significantly upregulated,and dsa-mir40 was significantly downregulated)and their corresponding 10 target genes involved in the 6 significantly enriched metabolic pathways were verified by quantitative real-time PCR.Next,their regulatory relationships were comprehensively analyzed.Lastly,a unique salt stress response metabolic network was constructed based on the novel DEM-target gene pairs.Taken together,our results suggest that 44 novel salt stress-responsive microRNAs were identified,and 4 of them might play important roles in D.salina upon salinity stress and contribute to clarify its distinctive halophilic feature.Our study will shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of salt stress responses.

Comparative proteomics reveals the response and adaptation mechanisms of white Hypsizygus marmoreus against the biological stress caused by Penicillium

White Hypsizygus marmoreus is a popular edible mushroom.Its mycelium is easy to be contaminated by Penicillium,which leads to a decrease in its quality and yield.Penicillium could compete for limited space and nutrients through rapid growth and produce a variety of harmful gases,such as benzene,aldehydes,phenols,etc.,to inhibit the growth of H.marmoreus mycelium.A series of changes occurred in H.marmoreus proteome after contamination when detected by the label-free tandem mass spectrometry(MS/MS)technique.Some proteins with up-regulated expression worked together to participate in some processes,such as the non-toxic transformation of harmful gases,glutathione metabolism,histone modification,nucleotide excision repair,clearing misfolded proteins,and synthesizing glutamine,which were mainly used in response to biological stress.The proteins with down-regulated expression are mainly related to the processes of ribosome function,protein processing,spliceosome,carbon metabolism,glycolysis,and gluconeogenesis.The reduction in the function of these proteins affected the production of the cell components,which might be an adjustment to adapt to growth retardation.This study further enhanced the understanding of the biological stress response and the growth restriction adaptation mechanisms in edible fungi.It also provided a theoretical basis for protein function exploration and edible mushroom food safety research.

Impact of minimally invasive surgery on immune function and stress response in gastric cancer patients

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally.Traditional open surgery for gastric cancer is often associated with significant morbidity and prolonged recovery.AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery as an alternative to traditional open surgery for gastric cancer,focusing on its potential to reduce trauma,accelerate recovery,and achieve comparable oncological out-comes.METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed 203 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery at the Shanghai Health Medical College Affiliated Chongming Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023.The patients were divided into two groups:Minimally invasive surgery group(n=102),who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy,and open surgery group(n=101),who underwent traditional open gastrectomy.We compared surgical indicators(surgical incision size,intraop-erative blood loss,surgical duration,and number of lymph nodes dissected),recovery parameters(time to first flatus,time to start eating,time to ambulation,and length of hospital stay),immune function(levels of IgA,IgG,and IgM),intestinal barrier function(levels of D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase),and stress response(levels of C-reactive protein,interleukin-6,and procalcitonin).RESULTS The minimally invasive surgery group demonstrated significantly better outcomes in terms of surgical indicators,including smaller incisions,less blood loss,shorter surgery time,and more lymph nodes dissected(P<0.05 for all).Recovery was also faster in the minimally invasive surgery group,with earlier return of bowel function,earlier initiation of diet,quicker mobilization,and shorter hospital stays(P<0.05 for all).Furthermore,patients in the minimally invasive surgery group had better preserved immune function,superior intestinal barrier function,and a less pronounced stress response postoperatively(P<0.05 for all).CONCLUSION Laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer not only provides superior surgical indicators and faster recovery but also offers advantages in preserving immune function,protecting intestinal barrier function,and mitigating the stress response compared to traditional open surgery.These findings support the broader adoption of laparoscopic techniques in the management of gastric cancer.

Study on the Effect of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Combined with Preemptive Sedation on Postoperative Sleep Improvement in Patients Undergoing Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery

Objective:To explore the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction(MBSR)training combined with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride preemptive sedation on postoperative sleep quality in patients undergoing laparoscopic ovarian tumor resection.By comparing postoperative sleep quality,pain scores,anxiety scores,and adverse reactions among three groups of patients,the clinical efficacy of this combined treatment was evaluated.Methods:A total of 123 patients undergoing laparoscopic ovarian tumor resection in the hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were included.Based on the interventions,patients were randomly divided into three groups:Group I received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride preemptive sedation,Group II received MBSR training,and Group III received a combination of MBSR training and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride preemptive sedation.Preoperative SAS anxiety scores,postoperative adverse reactions(nausea,vomiting,respiratory depression,skin itching,etc.),VAS pain scores,Ramsay sedation scores,AIS sleep scores,and postoperative SAS anxiety scores were recorded and analyzed.Results:The results showed that Group III demonstrated significantly better postoperative sleep quality(first-day postoperative AIS score:7.975±1.98),pain relief(first-day postoperative VAS score:2.97±0.85),and anxiety improvement(first-day postoperative SAS score:40.46±2.12)compared to Groups I and II(P<0.05).Additionally,Group III exhibited a lower incidence of adverse reactions,particularly in terms of nausea,vomiting,and respiratory depression.Conclusion:MBSR training combined with dexmedetomidine hydrochloride preemptive sedation effectively reduces perioperative stress responses,improves postoperative sleep quality,alleviates pain,and relieves anxiety in patients undergoing laparoscopic ovarian tumor resection,with good safety and tolerability.This study provides a novel intervention strategy for the postoperative rehabilitation of patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery,meriting further clinical application.

The effect of Jiangan Xiaozhi Formula on oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Objective:To investigate the effects of Jiangan Xiaozhi Formula(JGXZ)on oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Methods:Between September 2022 and December 2023,our hospital admitted a total of 58 patients with NAFLD.These patients were split into two groups at random:one for experimentation and the other for control.There were 27 patients in the experimental group at the end,compared to 26 in the control group,reasonable exercise,weight management,lipid regulation,and oral polyene phosphatidylcholine capsules(PPC).The experimental group received JGXZ in addition to the above treatments for 12 consecutive weeks.Changes in Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome scores,blood lipids,liver function indicators,the levels of oxidative stress markers,such as malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),and superoxide dismutase(SOD),as well as serum inflammatory factors,such as interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-8(IL-8),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),were measured both before and after treatment.Results:After treatment,both groups showed significant reductions in TCM syndrome scores(P<0.05)and improvements in blood lipids,liver function indicators,inflammatory factors,and oxidative stress markers(P<0.05).Improvements were noticeably better in the experimental group than in the control group.(P<0.05).Conclusion:JGXZ can significantly improve clinical symptoms,regulate blood lipids,and protect liver function in patients with NAFLD.Its mechanism may be related to inhibiting inflammatory responses and regulating the balance of the oxidation-antioxidation system.

Isolation, Expression Characteristics and Chromosomal Locations of Three cDNA Fragments Under Salt Stress in Rice

cDNA libraries were constructed from the leaves of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) salt tolerancevariety Tesan抋i 2 growing in solutions with 150 mmol/L NaCl for 3 h or without salt stress. Three salt-responsive cDNA clones, Ts1, Ts2 and Ts3 were isolated by differential screening. Northern blottinganalysis showed that the transcription levels of Ts1 and Ts2 increased within 3 h salt stress and kept onincreasing within 24 h, while the transcription level of Ts3 reached its peak within 3 h. Sequence analysisindicated that there were no homologies between the three cDNA clones and any known gene. The threecDNA clones were mapped using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from an indica variety ZYQ8,which was a salt tolerance parent of Tesan抋i 2, with a japonica variety JX17. Ts1, Ts2 and Ts3 werelocated on chromosomes 1, 3 and 7, respectively. It was noted that Ts1, Ts2, and Ts3 were in or near theregions of major or minor salt tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which were mapped in the same DHpopulation in a parallel study.

Prolonged manganese exposure induces severe deficits in lifespan,development and reproduction possibly by altering oxidative stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans

We examined the possible multiple defects induced by acute and prolonged exposure to high levels of manganese（Mn） solution by monitoring the endpoints of lifespan,development,reproduction,and stress response.Our data suggest that acute exposure（6 h） to Mn did not cause severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction,similarly,no significant defect could be found in animals exposed to a low concentration of Mn（2.5 μmol/L） for 48 h.In contrast,prolonged exposure（48 h） to high Mn concentrations（75 and 200 μmol/L） resulted in significant defects of life span,development,and reproduction,as well as the increase of the percentage of population with hsp-16.2：：gfp expression indicating the obvious induction of stress responses in exposed animals.Moreover,prolonged exposure（48 h） to high concentrations（75 and 200 μmol/L） of Mn decreased the expression levels of antioxidant genes of sod-1,sod-2,sod-3,and sod-4 compared to control.Therefore,prolonged exposure to high concentrations of Mn will induce the severe defects of life span,development,and reproduction in nematodes possibly by affecting the stress response and expression of antioxidant genes in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium,mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat（Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 13） seedlings to heavy metal（Cd,Hg） and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene（TCB） stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg,and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd-and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H＋ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene,defense substances and cell wall compounds.

Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia on the stress response and hemodynamics among lung cancer patients

BACKGROUND Thoracic surgery for radical resection of lung tumor requires deep anesthesia which can lead to an adverse inflammatory response,loss of hemodynamic stability,and decreased immune function.Herein,we evaluated the feasibility and benefits of ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia,in combination with general anesthesia,for thoracic surgery for lung cancer.The block was performed by diffusion of anesthetic drugs along the paravertebral space to achieve unilateral multi-segment intercostal nerve and dorsal branch nerve block.AIM To evaluate the application of ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia for lung cancer surgery to inform practice.METHODS The analysis was based on 140 patients who underwent thoracic surgery for lung cancer at our hospital between January 2018 and May 2020.Patients were randomly allocated to the peripheral+general anesthesia(observation)group(n=74)or to the general anesthesia(control)group(n=66).Patients in the observation group received ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia combined with general anesthesia,with those in the control group receiving an epidural block combined with general anesthesia.Measured outcomes included the operative and anesthesia times,as well as the mean arterial pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),and blood oxygen saturation(SpO;)measured before surgery,15 min after anesthesia(T1),after intubation,5 min after skin incision,and before extubation(T4).RESULTS The dose of intra-operative use of remifentanil and propofol and the postoperative use of sufentanil was lower in the observation group(1.48±0.43 mg,760.50±92.28 mg,and 72.50±16.62 mg,respectively)than control group(P<0.05).At the four time points of measurement(T1 through T4),MAP and HR values were higher in the observation than control group(MAP,90.20±9.15 mmHg,85.50±7.22 mmHg,88.59±8.15 mmHg,and 90.02±10.02 mmHg,respectively;and HR,72.39±8.22 beats/min,69.03±9.03 beats/min,70.12±8.11 beats/min,and 71.24±9.01 beats/min,respectively;P<0.05).There was no difference in SpO;between the two groups(P>0.05).Postoperative levels of epinephrine,norepinephrine,and dopamine used were significantly lower in the observation than control group(210.20±40.41 pg/mL,230.30±65.58 pg/mL,and 54.49±13.32 pg/mL,respectively;P<0.05).Similarly,the postoperative tumor necrosis factor-αand interleukin-6 levels were lower in the observation(2.43±0.44 pg/mL and 170.03±35.54 pg/mL,respectively)than control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block anesthesia improved the stress and hemodynamic response in patients undergoing thoracic surgery for lung cancer,with no increase in the rate of adverse events.

Covariation between personalities and individual differences in coping with stress:Converging evidence and hypotheses

In the past decade there has been a profusion of studies highlighting covariation between individual differences in stress physiology and behavioural profiles, here called personalities. Such individual differences in ways of coping with stress are relevant both in biomedicine, since different personalities may experience a different stress and disease vulnerability, and in behavioural ecology, since their adaptive value and evolutionary maintenance are the subject of debate. However, the precise way in which individual stress differences and personalities are linked is unclear. Here we provide an updated overview of this covariation across different species and taxa, consider its functional significance and present working hypotheses for how behavioural and physiological responses to stress might be causally linked, affecting life-history traits such as dispersal and life-span [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 728-740, 2010].

Proteomic Study for Responses to Cadmium Stress in Rice Seedlings

A proteomic approach including two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometric （MALDI-TOF MS） analyses was used to investigate the responses to cadmium （Cd） stress in seedlings of rice （Oryza sativa L.） varieties Shanyou 63 and Aizaizhan. Cd stress significantly inhibited root and shoot growth, and affected the global proteome in rice roots and leaves, which induced or upregulated the expression of corresponding proteins in rice roots and leaves when rice seedlings were exposed to 0.1 or 1.0 mmol/L Cd. The Cd-induced proteins are involved in chelation and compartmentation of Cd, elimination of active oxygen free radicals, detoxification of toxic substances, degradation of denatured proteins or inactivated enzymes, regulation of physiologic metabolism and induction of pathogenesis-related proteins. Comparing the Cd-induced proteins between the two vadeties, the β-glucosidase and pathogenesis-related protein family 10 proteins were more drastically induced by Cd stress in roots and leaves of Aizaizhan, and the UDP-glucose protein transglucosylase and translational elongation factor Tu were induced by 0.1 mmol/L Cd stress in roots of Shanyou 63. This may be one of the important mechanisms for higher tolerance to Cd stress in Shanyou 63 than in Aizaizhan.

A proteomic analysis of rice seedlings responding to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

The proteomic analysis of rice （Oryza sativa L.） roots and leaves responding tol,2,4-trichlorobenzene （TCB） stress was carded out by two dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometric （MS）, and protein database analysis. The results showed that 5 mg/L TCB stress had a significant effect on global proteome in rice roots and leaves. The analysis of the category and function of TCB stress inducible proteins showed that different kinds of responses were produced in rice roots and leaves, when rice seedlings were exposed to 5 mg/L TCB stress. Most responses are essential for rice defending the damage of TCB stress. These responses include detoxication of toxic substances, expression of pathogenesis-related proteins, synthesis of cell wall substances and secondary compounds, regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism, activation of methionine salvage pathway, and also include osmotic regulation and phytohormone metabolism. Comparing the TCB stress inducible proteins between the two cultivars, the β-glucosidase and pathogenesis-related protein family 10 proteins were particularly induced by TCB stress in the roots of rice cultivar （Oryza sativa L.） Aizaizhan, and the glutathione S-transferase and aci-reductone dioxygenase 4 were induced in the roots of rice cultivar Shanyou 63. This may be one of the important mechanisms for Shanyou 63 having higher tolerance to TCB stress than Aizaizhan.

Proteomic analysis of acute responses to copper sulfate stress in larvae of the brine shrimp,Artemia sinica

Proteomics was used to reveal the differential protein expression profiles of acute responses to copper sulfate exposure in larvae of Artemia sinica.Fourteen differentially displayed protein spots were detected and seven of them were identified.Three spots were up-expressed and identified:actin, heat shock protein 70,and chaperone subunit 1;three down-regulated proteins were identified:arginine kinase,elongation factor-2,and glycine-rich protein;and a newly expressed protein was identified as peroxiredoxin.The study indicates the involvement of all the differentially expressed proteins in the early responses of protein expression,and in the survival of A.sinica in the presence of copper and other heavy metals;the findings improve understanding of the organism’s adaptive responses and resistance.

Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of homeodomain-leucine zipper family genes reveal their involvement in stress response in apple(Malus×domestica)

The homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-Zip)family has been shown to perform amultitude of functions during plant development and stress responses;however,the familymembers and functions have not been identified in apple(Malus×domestica).In this study,83 HD-Zips(MdHDZs)were identified in the apple genome.They were assembled into four subgroups according to the classification in Arabidopsis,where MdHDZs in the same subgroup had similar gene structures and conserved protein motifs.Putative cis-element analysis of MdHDZs promoter regions uncovered numerous elements related to the response of stress and plant hormones.In addition,twelve transcripts of the MdHDZs showed different expression patterns under salt,drought,low temperature and ABA stresses by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR(qRT-PCR)assay.To further explore the function of MdHDZs in apple,MdHDZ3 was selected to verify its function under salt,low temperature and ABA stresses;and genetic transformation was used to obtain MdHDZ3 transgenic apple calli.The results demonstrated that MdHDZ3 increased sensitivity to salt,low temperature and abscisic acid in apple calli,suggesting that MdHDZ3 plays an important role in response to stresses.Subcellular localization and three-dimensional structural analysis revealed that MdHDZ3 was a nuclear-localized protein.Taken together,these findings provide potential information for further identification of HD-Zip proteins in apple.

Effects of osmotic stress on the expression profiling of aquaporin genes in the roughskin sculpin(Trachidermus fasciatus)

Aquaporins(AQPs)are a family of integral membrane proteins that have been shown to be important for osmoregulation in many vertebrates.To identify potential stress resistance-related aqp genes in salinity adaptation of the roughskin sculpin Trachidermus fasciatus,we investigated the time-course expression dynamics of seven aquaporin genes(aqp1,4,7,8,10,11 and 12)in three osmoregulatory tissues(kidney,gill and intestine)and one metabolic tissue(liver).The fish were subjected to two different acute osmotic treatments(seawater-tofreshwater transfer respectively achieved in 1 h and 24 h,namely,E-acute and acute group).The expression profiling of the seven aqp genes were performed using quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).At the time of all sampling time points(0 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h),no expression of aqp4 was found in the gill,liver and intestine;no expression of aqp7 was found in the gill and liver.Significant differences of aqp expression were determined in the four target tissues,and the mRNA levels were largely variable among gene members and tissues.Similar patterns of the time-course expression were detected in most of the aqp genes in T.fasciatus between the two acute groups,except that only one gene(aqp12)in the kidney and three genes(aqp7,aqp8 and aqp10)in the intestine revealed different expression patterns.These results suggest that the expression response of aqp genes was similar under osmotic changes with different rates.

The Effect of Acid Stress Treatment on Viability and Membrane Fatty Acid Composition of Oenococcus oeni SD-2a

To obtain ready-to-use wine malolactic starter cultures with high viability, the effects of acid stress treatments on the growth, inoculation viability, freeze-drying viability, and membrane fatty acid composition of the native Oenococcus oeni SD-2a strain were studied. The results showed that pH 3.5 and 3.2 adaptive treatments did not strongly decrease cell biomass but increased distinctly inoculation viability and freeze-drying viability. Concerning the membrane fatty acid composition, it was observed that acid stress conditions increased significantly the relative concentration of lactobacillic acid （C19cycl 1） and the unsaturated：saturated fatty acid ratio in cell membrane lipids. We assumed that acid-induced cross protective responses could be used in preparing ready-to-use O. oeni SD-2a malolactic starter cultures, and the accumulation of lactobacillic acid in the membrane of O. oeni SD-2a cells appears as an acid stress response mechanism, which might be related with the enhanced viability.