A Normalized Stress-Strain Model for Soft Clays

-A nonlinear model for the stress-strain behaviour of normally consolidated clays is presented based on the experimental results. It is indicated that the volume strain under pure shear is a power function of stress ratio and the normalized stress-strain curve is a standard hyperbola. According to the model, the coefficient of pore pressure induced by shear stress and the critical stress ratio which governs the influence of the negative dilatancy are suggested. It is shown by some triaxial tests that the proposed model can be used to study the negative dilatancy and to describe the stress-strain-pore pressure adequately for soft clays.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

Application of the Mechanical Threshold Stress Model to Large Strain Processing

Large-strain deformations introduce several confounding factors that affect the application of the Mechanical Threshold Stress model. These include the decrease with the increasing stress of the normalized activation energy characterizing deformation kinetics, the tendency toward Stage IV hardening at high strains, and the influence of crystallographic texture. Minor additions to the Mechanical Threshold Stress model are introduced to account for variations of the activation energy and the addition of Stage IV hardening. Crystallographic texture cannot be modeled using an isotropic formulation, but some common trends when analyzing predominantly shear deformation followed by uniaxial deformation are described. Comparisons of model predictions with measurements in copper processed using Equal Channel Angular Pressing are described.

Development of a time-dependent energy model to calculate the mining-induced stress over gates and pillars

Generally, longwall mining-induced stress results from the stress relaxation due to destressed zone that occurs above the mined panel. Knowledge of induced stress is very important for accurate design of adjacent gateroads and intervening pillars which helps to raise the safety and productivity of longwall mining operations. This study presents a novel time-dependent analytical model for determination of the longwall mining-induced stress and investigates the coefficient of stress concentration over adjacent gates and pillars. The model is developed based on the strain energy balance in longwall mining incorporated to a rheological constitutive model of caved materials with time-varying parameters. The study site is the Tabas coal mine of Iran. In the proposed model, height of destressed zone above the mined panel, total longwall mining-induced stress, abutment angle, induced vertical stress, and coefficient of stress concentration over neighboring gates and intervening pillars are calculated. To evaluate the effect of proposed model parameters on the coefficient of stress concentration due to longwall mining, sensitivity analysis is performed based on the field data and experimental constants. Also, the results of the proposed model are compared with those of existing models. The comparative results confirm a good agreement between the proposed model and the in situ measurements. According to the obtained results, it is concluded that the proposed model can be successfully used to calculate the longwall mining-induced stress. Therefore, the optimum design of gate supports and pillar dimensions would be attainable which helps to increase the mining efficiency.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Strain-stress relation in macromolecular microsphere composite hydrogel

This paper investigates the strain-stress relation for the macromolecular microsphere composite （MMC） hydrogel. The novel point is to present the strain-stress model, which is based on the microscopic mixed entropy set up in the previous work and the Flory-Rehner elastic energy. Then, the numerical result of the strain-stress model is shown, which is completely consistent with the chemical experiment. Moreover, the theoretical relation of the strain-stress depends on the microscopic parameters of the MMC hydrogel. Therefore, it is a way to investigate the relation of macroscopic properties and microscopic structures of soft matters. This approach can be extended to other soft matters,

The model developed for stress-induced structural phase transformations of micro-crystalline silicon films

The nanoindentations were applied to island-shaped regions with metal-induced Si crystallizations. The experimental stress-strain relationship is obtained from the load-depth profile in order to investigate the critical stresses arising at various phase transitions. The stress and strain values at various indentation depths are applied to determine the Gibbs free energy at various phases. The intersections of the Gibbs free energy lines are used to determine the possible paths of phase transitions arising at various indentation depths. All the critical contact stresses corresponding to the various phase transitions at four annealing temperatures were found to be consistent with the experimental results.

Residual stress modeling of thin wall by laser cladding forming

The residual stress generated in the laser cladding could lead to undesirable distortions or even crack formation. In order to better understand the evolution/yielding process of stress field,a 3 D finite-element thermo-mechanical model was established for the laser cladding formation of thin wall with the 17-4 PH powder on the FV520( B) steel. The temperature field was firstly analyzed,based on which the stress field and strain field of the laser cladding forming process were analyzed.In order to validate the prediction,the final residual stress field in the obtained thin wall was tested by X-ray diffraction in comparison with the predicted results.

Euler-Lagrange Elasticity: Differential Equations for Elasticity without Stress or Strain

Differential equations to describe elasticity are derived without the use of stress or strain. The points within the body are the independent parameters instead of strain and surface forces replace stress tensors. These differential equations are a continuous analytical model that can then be solved using any of the standard techniques of differential equations. Although the equations do not require the definition stress or strain, these quantities can be calculated as dependent parameters. This approach to elasticity is simple, which avoids the need for multiple definitions of stress and strain, and provides a simple experimental procedure to find scalar representations of material properties in terms of the energy of deformation. The derived differential equations describe both infinitesimal and finite deformations.

A work-hardening and softening constitutive model for sand:modified plastic strain energy approach

The paper describes an energy-based constitutive model for sand, which is modified based on the modified plastic strain energy approach, represented by a unique relationship between the modified plastic strain energy and a stress parameter, independent of stress history. The modified plastic strain energy approach was developed based on results from a series of drained plastic strain compression tests along various stress paths on saturated dense Toyoura sand with accurate stress and strain measurements. The proposed model is coupled with an isotropically work-hardening and softening, non-associtated, elasto-plastic material description. The constitutive model concerns the inherent and stress system-induced cross-anisotropic elastic deformation properties of sand. It is capable of simulating the deformation characteristics of stress history and stress path, the effects of pressure level, anisotropic strength and void ratio, and the strain localization.

Constitutive model depending upon temperature and strain rate of carbon constructional quality steels

The basic factors relating to the rheological stress in the constitutive equations were introduced.Carbon constructional quality steels were regarded as a kind of elastic-viscoplastic materials under high temperature and the elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models were summarized.A series of tension experiments under the same temperature and different strain rates,and the same strain rate and different temperatures were done on 20 steel,35 steel and 45 steel.52 groups of rheological stress-strain curves were obtained.The experimental results were analyzed theoretically.The rheological stress constitutive models of carbon steels were built combining the strong points of the Perzyna model and Johnson-Cook model.Comparing the calculation results conducted from the model with the experiment results,the results proves that the model can reflect the temperature effect and strain rate effect of carbon constructional quality steels better.

A Displacement Based Analytical Model to Determine Residual Stress Components in a Finite Elastic Thin Plate with Hole-Drilling Method

In order to measure the residual stress components in an elastic thin plate, the hole-drilling strain-gage method has been used. This method enables to determine the relation between the magnitudes and directions of the principal stresses and the strain relaxation about the hole. In the existing analytical models based on stress field, the formulations associated with the hole-drilling method are based on the assumption of an infinite plate, this may cause some errors for a finite plate and it’s difficult to validate these solutions by FE methods. Furthermore, in the composite, the displacement field is continuous but the stress field is not necessarily continuous, the displacement field based method has to be used. In the present paper an analyt-ical model based on a displacement field described by a function with coefficients to determine for a finite round thin plate is presented. The coefficients used in the displacement field are independent on the three residual stress components, and they are determined by minimization of the internal strain energy during the hole-drilling process. Once the coefficients in the dis-placement field are determined, three strains measured in three radial directions are utilized to determine the three residual stress components. The proposed analytical model can be also adapted to infinite plate by assuming that the diameter of the round plate tends to infinite.

Principle of Interaction between Plastic Volumetric and Shear Strains and the Constitutive Model for Geotechnical Materials

Here is proposed the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, revealing the main origin of generating the complexity and variety of deformations for geotechnical materials. Here are also explained the manners of the interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains and the conditions of generating shear dilatancy. It is demonstrated that dependency of the stress path exists and is a combination of effects of this interaction. According to this principle, it is theoretically proved that the space critical state line exists, and is unique and independent of the stress history. Based on this principle, the constitutive models that are able completely and accurately to characterize the basic behavior features for geotechnical materials have been constructed within the framework of thermodynamics. What is determined is a general expression of the constitutive relation as well as the inequality of the dissipative potential increment for obeying the second law of thermodynamics.

Modelling Mechanical Properties in Native and Biomimetically Formed Vascular Grafts

The paper presents a detailed analysis of experimental data in order to characterize the elastic properties of arteries.Such analysis would provide a good basis for evaluation of biomimetic vascular grafts.Since the latter needs to exhibit similar properties of native tissue,it is important to accurately characterize the biomimetic sample in a large range of applied stresses. The stress-strain properties vary according to the specific pathology(e.g.arteriosclerosis,aneurism)and the tissue graft must be chosen correctly.Two models are proposed in this paper on the stress-strain characteristics.An extension for frequency-domain analysis is provided for one of the models.The comparison between vascular grafts and native tissue for carotid and thoracic arteries in pigs are in good agreement with results from literature.The proposed experimental method offers suitable parameters for identifying models which characterize both elasticity and stiffness properties of the analyzed tissues(stress-strain).The proposed models show good performance in characterizing the intrinsic material properties.

Tensile Properties of 3-Dimension-4-directional Braided C_f/Si C Composite based on Double-scale Model

The longitude tensile properties of 3-Dimension-4-directional（3D-4d） braided C/Si C composites（CMCs） were investigated with the help of a double scale model. This model involves micro-scale and unit-cell scale. In micro-scale, the tensile properties of fiber tows which involves matrix cracking, interfacial debonding, and fiber failure are studied. The unit-cell scale model can reflect the braided structure and simulate the tensile properties of 3D-4d CMCs by introducing the tensile properties of fiber tows into it. Quasi-static tensile tests of 3D-4d braided CMCs were performed on a PWS-100 test system. The predicted tensile stressstrain curve by the double scale model is in good agreement with that of the experimental results.

Active tectonics in Taiwan:insights from a 3-D viscous finite element model

Taiwan is a young orogenic belt with complex spatial distributions of deformation and earthquakes. We have constructed a three-dimensional finite element model to explore how the interplays between lithospheric struc- ture and plate boundary processes control the distribution of stress and strain rates in the Taiwan region. The model assumes a liberalized power-law rheology and incorporates main lithospheric structures; the model domain is loaded by the present-day crustal velocity applied at its bound- aries. The model successfully reproduces the main features of the GPS-measured strain rate patterns and the earth- quake-indicated stress states in the Taiwan region. The best fitting model requires the viscosity of the lower crust to be two orders of magnitude lower than that of the upper crust and lithospheric mantle. The calculated deviatoric stress is high in regions of thrust faulting and low in regions of extensional and strike-slip faulting, consistent with the spatial pattern of seismic intensity in Taiwan.

Influences of load carriage and physical activity history on tibia bone strain

Background:Military recruits are often afflicted with stress fractures.The military’s strenuous training programs involving load carriage may contribute to the high incidence of tibia stress fractures in the army.The purpose of this study was to assess the influences of incremented load carriage and history of physical activity on tibia bone strain and strain rate during walking.Methods:Twenty recreational basketball players and 20 recreational runners performed 4 walking tasks while carrying 0 kg,15 kg,25 kg,and35 kg loads,respectively.Tibia bone strain and strain rate were obtained through subject-specific multibody dynamic simulations and finite element analyses.Mixed model repeated-measures analyses of variance were conducted.Results:The mean±SE of the runners’ bone strain(μs)during load carriages(0 kg,15 kg,25 kg,and 35 kg)were 658.11±1.61,804.41±1.96,924.49±2.23,and 1011.15±2.71,respectively,in compression and 458.33±1.45,562.11±1.81,669.82±2.05,and 733.40±2.52,respectively,in tension.For the basketball players,the incremented load carriages resulted in compressive strain of 634.30±1.56,746.87±1.90,842.18±2.16,and 958.24±2.63,respectively,and tensile strain of 440.04±1.41,518.86±1.75,597.63±1.99,and 700.15±2.47,respectively.A dose-response relationship exists between incremented load carriage and bone strain and strain rate.A history of regular basketball activity could result in reduced bone strain and reduced strain rate.Conclusion:Load carriage is a risk factor for tibia stress fracture during basic training.Preventative exercise programs,such as basketball,that involved multidirectional mechanical loading to the tibia bones can be implemented for military recruits before basic training commences.

Rheology-based facial animation realistic face model

This paper presents a rheology-based approach to animate realistic face model. The dynamic and biorheological characteristics of the force member （muscles） and stressed member （face） are considered. The stressed face can be modeled as viscoelastic bodies with the Hooke bodies and Newton bodies connected in a composite series-parallel manner. Then, the stress-strain relationship is derived, and the constitutive equations established. Using these constitutive equations, the face model can be animated with the force generated by muscles. Experimental results show that this method can realistically simulate the mechanical properties and motion characteristics of human face, and performance of this method is satisfactory.

巷道围岩应力应变仿真系统设计与教学探索

为了获得采动条件下巷道围岩应力应变演化特征,通过复变函数换算结合工程实践经验,运用科学计算软件编程对巷道围岩受力模型进行求解,获得巷道围岩主应力和主应力集中系数分布规律。采用MATLAB对巷道受力模型进行模拟演算,获得工程开采参数与巷道围岩应力应变的关系规律,由此设计了一种采动影响下巷道围岩应力应变模拟仿真系统。该系统可对多种巷道断面进行计算和模拟,进而呈现出多种信息仿真演示,解决了以往软件适用巷道类型单一、应力求解不具体且结果呈现单一化缺点,可为回采巷道支护设计提供相应的理论依据,有利于矿山工程技术人员及实验室技术人员开展模拟仿真教学。