Resilient performance of self-centering hybrid rocking walls with curved interface under pseudo-static loading

Frame and rocking wall(FRW)structures have excellent resilient performance during earthquakes.However,the concrete at interfacial corners of rocking walls(RWs)is easily crushed due to local extreme compression during the rocking process.An innovative RW with a curved interface is proposed to prevent interfacial corners from producing local damage,enhancing its earthquake resilient performance(ERP).The precast wall panel with a curved interface is assembled into an integral self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW)by two post-tensioned unbonded prestressed tendons.Moreover,two ordinary energy dissipation steel rebars and two shear reinforcements are arranged to increase the energy dissipation capacity and lateral resistance.Two SCRW specimens and one monolithic reinforced concrete(RC)shear wall(SW)were tested under pseudo-static loading to compare the ERPs of the proposed SCRW and the SW,focusing on studying the effect of the curved interface on the SCRW.The key resilient performance of rocking effects,failure modes,and hysteretic properties of the SCRW were explored.The results show that nonlinear deformations of the SCRW are concentrated along the interface between the SCRW and the foundation,avoiding damage within the SCRW.The restoring force provided by the prestressed tendons can effectively realize self-centering capacity with small residual deformation,and the resilient performance of the SCRW is better than that of monolithic SW.In addition,the curved interface of the SCRW makes the rocking center change and move inward,partially relieving the stress concentration and crush of concrete.The rocking range of the rocking center is about 41.4%of the width of the SCRW.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

Estimating probability curves of rock variables using orthogonal polynomials and sample moments

A new algorithm using orthogonal polynomials and sample moments was presented for estimating probability curves directly from experimental or field data of rock variables. The moments estimated directly from a sample of observed values of a random variable could be conventional moments (moments about the origin or central moments) and probability-weighted moments (PWMs). Probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and conventional moments are probability density functions (PDF), and probability curves derived from orthogonal polynomials and PWMs are inverse cumulative density functions (CDF) of random variables. The proposed approach is verified by two most commonly-used theoretical standard distributions: normal and exponential distribution. Examples from observed data of uniaxial compressive strength of a rock and concrete strength data are presented for illustrative purposes. The results show that probability curves of rock variable can be accurately derived from orthogonal polynomials and sample moments. Orthogonal polynomials and PWMs enable more secure inferences to be made from relatively small samples about an underlying probability curve.

Ground reaction curves for circular excavations in non-homogeneous,axisymmetric strain-softening rock masses

Fast methods to solve the unloading problem of a cylindrical cavity or tunnel excavated in elasto-perfectly plastic, elasto-brittle or strain-softening materials under a hydrostatic stress feld can be derived based on the self-similarity of the solution. As a consequence, they only apply when the rock mass is homogeneous and so exclude many cases of practical interest. We describe a robust and fast numerical technique that solves the tunnel unloading problem and estimates the ground reaction curve for a cylindrical cavity excavated in a rock mass with properties depending on the radial coordinate, where the solution is no longer self-similar. The solution is based on a continuation-like approach(associated with the unloading and with the incremental formulation of the elasto-plastic behavior), fnite element spatial discretization and a combination of explicit sub-stepping schemes and implicit techniques to integrate the constitutive law, so as to tackle the diffculties associated with both strong strain-softening and elasto-brittle behaviors. The developed algorithm is used for two practical ground reaction curve computation applications. The frst application refers to a tunnel surrounded by an aureole of material damaged by blasting and the second to a tunnel surrounded by a ring-like zone of reinforced(rock-bolted) material.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

Unified analytical stressstrain curve for quasibrittle geomaterial in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression

Considering strain localization in the form of a narrow band initiated just at peak stress, three analytical expressions for stressstrain curves of quasibrittle geomaterial (such as rock and concrete) in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression were presented, respectively. The three derived stressstrain curves were generalized as a unified formula. Beyond the onset of strain localization, a linear strain-softening constitutive relation for localized band was assigned. The size of the band was controlled by internal or characteristic length according to gradient-dependent plasticity. Elastic strain within the entire specimen was assumed to be uniform and decreased with the increase of plastic strain in localized band. Total strain of the specimen was decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. Plastic strain of the specimen was the average value of plastic strains in localized band over the entire specimen. For different heights, the predicted softening branches of the relative stressstrain curves in uniaxial compression are consistent with the previously experimental results for normal concrete specimens. The present expressions for the post-peak stressdeformation curves in uniaxial tension and direct shear agree with the previously numerical results based on gradient-dependent plasticity.

High temperature stress–strain curves of MnS and their applications in finite element simulation

A novel method for testing stress–strain curves of non-metallic materials was presented.The high temperature stress-strain curves of MnS were preliminarily obtained and corrected to account for the influence of friction.Using the finite element method,the influence of deformation parameters on the deformation evolution of MnS inclusions was investigated based on the experimental reference data.The corresponding physical experiment was designed for comparative analysis.The results indicate that the experimental high-temperature deformation data of MnS are highly reliable.In the process of matrix deformation,the shapes of MnS inclusions change from spherical to ellipsoidal and even to lamellar.There are some differences in the morphological deformation of MnS inclusions located at different positions.With the increase in the initial size of MnS inclusions,the risk of failing the inclusion-flaw inspection increases and the forging quality further deteriorates.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE (STRESS-STRAIN) RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS ROCK UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADING

The mechanical behavior of rock under uniaxial tensile loading is different from that of rock under compressive loads. A micromechanics-based model was proposed for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth. The complete stress-strain relation including linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening was obtained. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations were introduced into the constitutive relation by using the probability density function describing the distribution of orientations and the probability density function describing the distribution of sizes. The influence of Weibull distribution describing the distribution of orientations and Rayleigh function describing the distribution of sizes on the constitutive relation were researched. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS BRITTLE ROCK SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSIVE LOADS

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity,nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening.The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

苏北盆地古近系阜宁组二段页岩油储层岩石力学特征及其控制因素

为查明苏北盆地页岩油储层可压性特征及压后孔、缝变化规律,以古近系阜宁组二段(阜二段)为研究对象,对岩石力学特征、压裂效果及其影响因素进行研究。用计算机高分辨断层扫描成像技术(多尺度CT扫描)对岩样进行三维重构,获取孔、缝结构参数;开展地层围压下三轴力学实验,获取岩石力学参数;将压裂后的岩样按相同位置和方向再次进行多尺度CT扫描,获取压裂后三维孔、缝结构图像。根据应力-应变曲线特征,将本区页岩划分为3种类型。①1型页岩,为破裂曲线波浪下降,压后形成复杂网状缝页岩。②2型页岩,为破裂曲线类型多样,具波浪下降和垂直下降形状,压后缝网较发育的页岩。③3型页岩,为破裂曲线垂直下降,破裂后整体较完整,压后多形成纵向劈裂缝、缝网不发育的页岩。这3种类型页岩压后孔隙变化特征是:1型和2型页岩直径10~50μm孔隙占比减少,直径50~100μm孔隙增多,直径300μm以上孔隙孔容贡献增大;3型页岩压裂前、后孔径分布及孔容贡献变化不明显。研究表明,抗压强度与弹性模量、剪切模量具有正相关关系,与泊松比具有V型曲线关系;碳酸盐和黏土矿物含量是控制本区页岩力学性质的主要因素,石英和有机碳含量为次要因素。孔隙度及纹层发育特征是页岩储层可压性特征的重要影响因素。

收敛约束法在挤压性围岩隧道中的应用

由于挤压性围岩隧道围岩性质与应力环境的特殊性,其围岩特征曲线与常规隧道有明显差异。为研究挤压性围岩隧道围岩-支护相互作用关系,考虑支护效应修正围岩特征曲线,研究不同变形等级对修正围岩特征曲线的影响规律,优化挤压性围岩双线铁路隧道初期支护。研究结果表明,毛洞状态下,受双线隧道断面应力集中影响,拱脚和墙脚为安全控制位置;随着变形等级和侧压力系数增加,支护特征曲线与修正围岩特征曲线不再相交;Ⅰ、Ⅱ级变形采用单层支护可满足安全要求,锚杆只需布置在拱部和边墙位置,Ⅱ级及以上变形锚杆需要全环布置;Ⅳ级变形在采用双层支护的同时,需考虑改善洞室形状、超前加固等措施。

基于统一强度理论的扰损围岩巷道脆塑性解答

钻爆法施工常造成岩质巷道扰损区围岩性能劣化。针对扰损围岩、扰损外围岩的弹塑性状态下不同的扰损围岩巷道力学模型,采用统一强度理论、弹-脆-塑性模型和非关联流动法则,建立扰损围岩巷道有关应力、位移和塑性区半径的脆塑性解答,探讨巷道力学模型的转换路径及判定方法,并将结果进行对比、验证,获得各因素的影响规律。研究表明:提出的巷道脆塑性解答合理反映了中间主应力、围岩扰损范围和峰后强度、剪胀特性的综合影响,通过参数组合变换可退化为多种解答并得到正确性验证,具有重要的理论意义和应用前景;巷道力学模型判定与中间主应力、围岩扰损范围密切相关,显著影响巷道应力-位移分布和围岩特征曲线;支护压力和巷道稳定变形随着围岩峰后强度下降、剪胀特性参数增加而明显增大。

分级动荷载下土石混合体滞回曲线形态特征试验研究

城市回填区地层多以松散土石混合体形式存在,自身结构孔隙率大、强度低、工程性能较差,对隧道施工扰动和地铁列车运行等动载作用十分敏感。滞回曲线可反映土体在动荷载作用下的变形、刚度及能量耗散等特征,研究土石混合体滞回曲线对回填区地铁的施工和运营安全具有重要意义。利用KTLDYN伺服电机控制式动三轴试验系统,采用分级加载的方式对回填区土石混合体试样进行了循环荷载试验,研究了含石量P、含水率ω、固结应力比k_(c)和加载频率f对滞回曲线的形态特征(包括中心间距d、长轴斜率k、滞回曲线包围面积S和不闭合程度ε_(p))和骨干曲线的影响。研究结果表明:土石混合体的典型滞回曲线整体呈长梭形,两端呈尖叶状。d、S、ε_(p)随着振级的增加呈非线性增大,k随着振级的增加呈对数关系衰减。同一振级下,d和ε_(p)随着P、k_(c)和f的增大而减小,随着ω的增大先减小后增大;k随着P、k_(c)和f的增大而增大,随着ω的增大先增大后减小;S与P呈正相关,随着ω的增大先增大后减小,随着k_(c)和f的增大而减小。当动应变相同时,动应力和骨干曲线斜率均随P、k_(c)和f的增大而不断增大;随ω的增大先增大后减小。