ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Numerical simulation of the stress-strain curve and the stress and strain distributions of the titanium-duplex alloy

The stress-strain curve of an α-β Ti-8Mn alloy was measured and then it was calculated with finite element method （FEM） based on the stress-strain curves of the single α and β phase alloys. By comparing the calculated stress-strain curve with the measured one, it can be seen that they fit each other very well. Thus, the FE model built in this work is effective. According to the above mentioned model, the distributions of stress and strain in the α and β phases were simulated. The results show that the stress gradients exist in both α and β phases, and the distributions of stress are inhomogeneous. The stress inside the phase is generally higher than that near the interface. Meanwhile, the stress in the α phase is lower than that in the β phase, whereas the strain in the α phase is higher than that in the β phase.

The Complete Stress-strain Curve of Recycled Aggregate Concrete under Uniaxial Compression Loading

The mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） is investigated. An experiment on the complete stress-strain curve under uniaxial compression loading of RAC is carried out. The experimental results indicate that the peak stress, peak strain, secant modulus of the peak point and original point increase with the strength grade of RAC enhanced. On the contrary, the residual stress of RAC decreases with the strength grade enhancing, and the failure of RAC is often broken at the interface between the recycled aggregate and the mortar matrix. Finally, the constitutive model of stress-strain model of RAC has been constituted, and the results from the constitutive model of stress-strain meet the experiment results very well.

Charactersitics of Stress-strain Curve of High Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tension

A whole of 110 specimens divided into 22 groups were tested with varying the volume fraction of steel fibers and the matrix strength of these specimens. The stress-strain behaviors of four types of steel fiber reinforced concrete （SFRC） under uniaxial tension were studied experimentally. When the matrix strength and the fiber content increase, the tensile stress and tensile strain vary differently according to the fiber type. The mechanisms of reinforcing effect for different types of fiber were analyzed and the stress-strain curves of the specimens were plotted. Some experimental factors for stress or strain of SFRC were given. A tensile toughness modulus Re0.5 was introduced to evaluate the toughness characters of SFRC under uniaxial tension. Moreover, the formula of the tensile stress-strain curve of SFRC was regressed. The theoretical curve and the experimental ones fit well, which can be used for references in construction.

On the calibration of a shear stress criterion for rock joints to represent the full stress-strain profile

Conventional numerical solutions developed to describe the geomechanical behavior of rock interfaces subjected to differential load emphasize peak and residual shear strengths.The detailed analysis of preand post-peak shear stress-displacement behavior is central to various time-dependent and dynamic rock mechanic problems such as rockbursts and structural instabilities in highly stressed conditions.The complete stress-displacement surface(CSDS)model was developed to describe analytically the pre-and post-peak behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.Original formulations of the CSDS model required extensive curve-fitting iterations which limited its practical applicability and transparent integration into engineering tools.The present work proposes modifications to the CSDS model aimed at developing a comprehensive and modern calibration protocol to describe the complete shear stressdisplacement behavior of rock interfaces under differential loads.The proposed update to the CSDS model incorporates the concept of mobilized shear strength to enhance the post-peak formulations.Barton’s concepts of joint roughness coefficient(JRC)and joint compressive strength(JCS)are incorporated to facilitate empirical estimations for peak shear stress and normal closure relations.Triaxial/uniaxial compression test and direct shear test results are used to validate the updated model and exemplify the proposed calibration method.The results illustrate that the revised model successfully predicts the post-peak and complete axial stressestrain and shear stressedisplacement curves for rock joints.

Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

MODELLING OF TENSILE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE OF WOVEN FABRICS

A general shape of tensile stress-strain curves of woven fabrics is first recognised by puttingtested and predicted results together.An exponential function with two parameters is then selectedfor the prediction of tensile stress-strain relationship.The predicted results by using the proposedfunction show excellent agreement with experimental data.

Investigation into the stress-strain curves of deformation-induced ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A series of tests of deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIP-T） in a low carbon steel were carried out by the Gleeble-3500 hot simulation machine at a temperature range of Ae3-Ar3. The overall stress-strain curves during DIFT can be divided into three typical types： ＂double-humped＂,＂ single-humped＂ and ＂transitional＂. The peaks exhibited in the curve are involved with deformation-induced transformation which happened in grains or at the grain boundaries. According to the stress-time curve and strain-time curve, strain capacity dramatically postponed the strain-induced transformation, which leads to the start of the transformation right ahead of the finish of deformation and the majority of the ferrite transformation process mainly happened after the deformation. Deformation-induced transformation is a metadynamic transformation process with dynamic nucleation.

High temperature stress–strain curves of MnS and their applications in finite element simulation

A novel method for testing stress–strain curves of non-metallic materials was presented.The high temperature stress-strain curves of MnS were preliminarily obtained and corrected to account for the influence of friction.Using the finite element method,the influence of deformation parameters on the deformation evolution of MnS inclusions was investigated based on the experimental reference data.The corresponding physical experiment was designed for comparative analysis.The results indicate that the experimental high-temperature deformation data of MnS are highly reliable.In the process of matrix deformation,the shapes of MnS inclusions change from spherical to ellipsoidal and even to lamellar.There are some differences in the morphological deformation of MnS inclusions located at different positions.With the increase in the initial size of MnS inclusions,the risk of failing the inclusion-flaw inspection increases and the forging quality further deteriorates.

Finite Element Modeling of Stress Strain Curve and Micro Stress and Micro Strain Distributions of Titanium Alloys— A Review

Most of the alloys like titanium, steel, brass, copper, etc., are used in engineering applications like automobile, aero- space, marine etc., consist of two or more phases. If a material consists of two or more phases or components it is very difficult to predict the properties like mechanical and other properties based on simple laws such as rule of mixtures. Titanium alloys are capable of producing different microstructures when it subjected to heat treatments, so much of money and time are squandering to study the effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of titanium alloys. This squandering can be reduced with the help of modeling and optimization techniques. There are many modeling tech- niques like Finite element method, Mat lab, Mathematical modeling etc. are available. But Finite element method is widely used for prediction because of capable of producing distributions of stresses and strains at any different loads. From the literature it is observed that there is a good agreement between the calculated and measured stress strain curves. This review paper describes the effect of volume fraction and grain size of alpha phase on the stress strain curve of the titanium alloys. It also can predict the effect of strength ratio on stress strain curve by using FEM. This informa- tion will be of great use in designing and selecting the titanium alloys for various engineering applications.

RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化计算模型研究

为了方便活性粉末混凝土(Reactive Powder Concrete,RPC)等效矩形应力图系数与塑性损伤因子的计算与取值,对RPC应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子的计算模型进行了理论研究。通过对现有的计算方法进行无量纲化转化,推导了决定计算模型的四个原函数条件;对一个实际的应力-应变关系进行了计算,将得到的结果进行了分析;并对受弯矩形梁非极限状态下截面内力和力矩的推定计算进行了演示。针对应力-应变关系式含有非整次有理分式的情况提出了曲线拟合方法;研究了拟合次数、拟合区间和拟合函数类型对拟合精度与稳定性的影响。比较了4种典型的RPC本构模型在同种材料下的应力-应变曲线系数与损伤因子取值模型曲线,结果显示:拟合曲线得到的取值模型与其他原始曲线得到的取值模型在曲线上具有较高的相似度,证明了曲线拟合方法的准确可靠性;最后给出了一种RPC受压应力-应变曲线系数与塑性损伤因子无量纲化取值模型。

准静态压缩下“EPE/瓦楞纸板”缓冲系统能量吸收的研究

本研究主要探讨了发泡类材料与瓦楞纸板的共同缓冲作用。本研究将“EPE/瓦楞纸板”看作缓冲包装系统,并对其进行准静态压缩试验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线和能量吸收图,探究环境温度、EPE密度、EPE厚度对缓冲包装系统力学性能、能量吸收性能的影响。在应变为0.6时,组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)标准化能量(W/Es)吸收分别为0.2266、0.2024,较对照组EPE(W/Es=0.1835)增加了23.5%、10.3%;应变为0.6时,随着温度由-20℃增加至23℃、40℃,EPE_3吸收的标准化能量明显减小,EPE_3吸收的能量分别减少17.7%、20.9%,而EPE_5吸收的能量分别减少11.8%、19.9%;在上述应变状态下,EPE密度为24g/cm3的试样组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)具有最高的标准化能量吸收,分别为0.1916、0.1745;EPE厚度为30mm、40mm、50mm的组合材料(EPE_3、EPE_5)能量吸收曲线(W/Es-ε)重合度较高。瓦楞纸板在组合缓冲系统(EPE_3、EPE_5)中的缓冲作用不可被忽略;温度升高,组合缓冲系统的能量吸收会减少;EPE密度对组合缓冲系统力学性能有影响且存在“阈值效应”。EPE厚度对组合缓冲系统的力学性能影响不显著,增加EPE厚度会导致能量吸收曲线(W/Es-σ/Es)趋于平滑,使得最佳吸能点难以辨识。

Frequency-dependent viscoelasticity effects on the wave attenuation performance of multi-layered periodic foundations

In this paper,layered periodic foundations(LPFs)are numerically examined for their responses to longitudinal and transverse modes in the time and frequency domains.Three different unit-cells,i.e.,2-layer,4-layer,and 6-layer unit-cells,comprising concrete/rubber,concrete/rubber/steel/rubber,and concrete/rubber/steel/rubber/lead/rubber materials,respectively,are taken into account.Also,the viscoelasticity behavior of the rubber is modeled with two factors,i.e.,a frequency-independent(FI)loss factor and a linear frequency-dependent(FD)loss factor.Following the extraction of the complex dispersion curves and the identification of the band gaps(BGs),the simulations of wave transmission in the time and frequency domains are performed using the COMSOL software.Subsequent parametric studies evaluate the effects of the rubber viscoelasticity models on the dispersion curves and the wave transmission for the longitudinal and transverse modes.The results show that considering the rubber viscoelasticity enhances the wave attenuation performance.Moreover,the transverse-mode damping is more sensitive to the viscoelasticity model than its longitudinal counterpart.The 6-layer unit-cell LPF exhibits the lowest BG,ranging from 4.8 Hz to 6.5 Hz.

基于部件组合的连衣裙款式图快速生成研究

款式图作为真实服装的一种平面表达方式,在服装生产过程中起着重要的作用。为了简化服装款式设计过程,提高款式设计的效率与服装信息表达的准确率,并针对不同体型生成个性化的款式图,以连衣裙为对象,基于部件数字化对款式图快速生成进行了研究。首先,采用薄板样条插值算法以使服装款式图拟合不同人体体型,使衣身能够快速达到满足特定体型的尺寸;其次,通过基于关键点的矩阵变形实现部件之间的自适应组合;最后,选用参数驱动和交互式修正关键点2种方法实现对服装款式细节的调整。以连腰鱼尾裙为例,阐述并实现了连衣裙款式图快速生成过程,验证了基于部件组合的款式图快速生成的可行性,为个性化定制和智能化款式设计提供理论支持。

拉挤工艺单向玻纤复合材料的疲劳衰减特性

拉挤工艺制备的玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)由于其良好的电气、力学性能被广泛运用于特高压输电工程,其中动态载荷作用下的性质研究是其应用的基础。文中通过开展沿纤维方向的静载实验和疲劳实验,建立了基于S-N曲线和分段线性等寿命图的疲劳寿命预测方法;根据不同应力比下刚度退化规律,提出了基于改进三角函数形式的损伤累积模型,准确描述了拉-拉和拉-压疲劳载荷下的材料非线性刚度退化规律;建立了剩余刚度-剩余强度关联模型,实现了疲劳载荷下强度性能衰减的准确预测。结果表明,GFRP在拉-拉和拉-压疲劳下具有显著不同的刚度退化规律,文中所提出的模型可准确预测两种条件下的剩余强度;而压-压疲劳载荷下,刚度退化曲线存在两种显著不同的模式;同时,剩余强度结果表明,前70%疲劳寿命内材料强度可能并不会发生明显退化。文中建立的针对拉挤GFRP在不同疲劳加载下剩余强度与剩余刚度的预测模型,为GFRP耐久性设计提供了指导。

Investigating Stability Properties for Transition Metal Carbonate Precursors Using Universal Cluster Expansion Technique(UNCLE)as Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

The universal cluster expansion technique was used in this study to determine the binary phase diagrams for the transition metal carbonate precursors MCO3(M:Mn,Ni,Co).The use of mixed cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries such as NMC(Ni,Mn and Co)formulations,is a strategic approach to optimize performance,enhance safety and address cost and environmental considerations in the rapidly evolving field of energy storage.This study focuses on the cost issue related to lithium ion batteries by investigating the manganese rich NMC since manganese is more abundant and cost-effective.We doped MnCO3 with nickel and doped MnCO3 with cobalt then ran cluster expansion calculations to generate binary phases.The binary phase diagrams generated indicated that doping MnCO3 with nickel favours the Mn-rich side,while doping MnCO3 with cobalt favours 50%Mn-rich and 50%Co-rich.We further extracted the most stable structures from both binary diagrams and determined their electronic,mechanical and vibrational stabilities using DFT(density functional theory)calculations within the LDA(local gradient approximation)with Hubbard parameter(U).The electronic properties revealed that both materials are semiconductors due to their narrow energy band gap obtained while the mechanical properties showed that structures are mechanically stable since their necessary conditions for trigonal and triclinic systems were satisfied.

数据中心用应急发电机的设计要点

解决在数据中心领域使用的发电机在应急状态下能够带负荷并快速发电的技术难题,通过查找文献资料,对发电机的电磁方案和结构方案都进行了特殊的设计,通过对应急发电机的容性负载进行分析,绘制了发电机PQ曲线图,得出设计要点,最终实现了数据中心用应急发电机能够快速发电并带负荷,且电机体积小、重量轻、可靠性高。

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热变形行为研究

以7000系Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金为研究材料,在Gleeble1500热模拟试验机上进行变形温度250~400℃,应变速率0.01~10 s^(-1)条件下的等温压缩试验。研究结果表明:合金在等温压缩过程中的流变应力随着应变速率的增大而增大,随着变形温度的增大而减小。当应变速率为10 s^(-1),变形温度为250℃时,合金的峰值应力可达205 MPa。大部分的真应力-应变曲线呈现动态再结晶特征,结合TEM分析,动态再结晶的形成机制是位错通过滑移和攀移逐渐演变成小角度晶界(2°~15°)和大角度晶界(>15°),依靠位错重排在原始晶粒内部形成亚结构,最终形成完整晶界。同时,采用Arrhenius模型和Zener-Hollomon参数方程,构建了Al-Zn-MgCu-Zr合金的本构方程,其中合金的平均变形激活能为324 187 J/mol。此外,通过Prasad失稳判据等模型,构建了0.2、0.4以及0.6应变下的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr合金的热加工图,获得可加工窗口为:252~400℃,0.01~0.015 s^(-1)。

贯通式Nakajima模型在预测不同厚度钢板成形性中的应用

在AutoForm中创建贯通式Nakajima模型,将钢板属性加载到模型中并仿真,分析了最大失效值随板厚增大时的变化趋势。结果显示,多数材料最大失效值均随厚度增大而降低,但存在以下3种不同情况:①常规深冲钢,如DC06在进行双向等拉、一般胀形及平面应变时,0.8 mm和1.6 mm厚时最大失效值偏低,而1.2 mm厚时最高;②特种深冲钢,如DC57D+Z钢,0.8 mm厚时最大失效值偏高,而其进行等向双拉和双拉胀形时,0.8、1.2mm厚时该值不变;③高碳合金钢,当屈服强度为280~400 MPa,最大失效值变化趋势呈现多样性,如HC340LA,对平面应变、类似单向拉伸或拉压变形,该值随厚度增大而降低,而对其他变形类型,随厚度增大先降低后升高,其中0.8 mm厚时该值最高,1.2 mm厚时最低,镀锌板HC340-590DPD-Z在发生双拉变形时,随厚度增大该值逐渐降低,而对于平面应变和接近单向拉伸的变形,1.2 mm厚时该值最高,HC340-590DP钢板在所有类型的变形中,该值均随厚度增大先降低后升高,其中1.2 mm厚时该值最低;④超高强度钢,如HC420-780DPD-Z,在发生双拉变形时,1.2 mm厚的最大失效值最高,对于副应变较大的变形,0.8、1.2 mm厚的该值接近且偏低,而对于非镀锌板HC420-780DP,该值随厚度增大均降低。

纺纱机械波产生原因及预防措施

为了消除机械波对纺纱质量的影响,分析并条工序机械波、粗细纱工序机械波产生的原因及危害,介绍根据牵伸倍数、传动比和测速法计算机械波波长的3种方法,以及根据纱线在波谱图的特点、将波谱图和不匀率曲线图相结合的2种机械波的分析方法,总结预防机械波的措施。指出:机械波是由于纺纱机械中与牵伸等有关的运转部件存在缺陷、磨损、故障等异常,造成纱条周期性不匀,有害机械波对纱线质量和布面质量产生不良影响;日常生产中,应借助波谱图、不匀率曲线图等分析机械波产生原因、找寻工艺不足或机械缺陷;通过加强设备和机件的精细化管理,减少罗拉、胶辊造成的8 cm~10 cm机械波,保持罗拉的精度和清洁,提高胶辊的质量,减少“假波”等措施,预防机械波的产生。