AIM: To evaluate if static stretching influences peak and end-range functional hamstring-to-quadriceps(H/Q) strength ratios in elite women athletes. METHODS: Eleven healthy female athletes in an elite competitive leve...AIM: To evaluate if static stretching influences peak and end-range functional hamstring-to-quadriceps(H/Q) strength ratios in elite women athletes. METHODS: Eleven healthy female athletes in an elite competitive level participated to the study. All the participants fulfilled the static stretching or non-stretching(control) intervention protocol in a randomized design on different days. Two static unassisted stretching exercises, one in standing and one in sitting position, were used to stretch both the hamstring and quadriceps muscles during these protocols. The total time for the static stretching was 6 ± 1 min. The isokinetic peak torque measurements for the hamstring and quadriceps muscles in eccentric and concentric modes and the calculations for the functional H/Q strength ratios at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s were made before(pre) and after(post) the control or stretching intervention. The strength measurements and functional strength ratio calculations were based during the entire- and end-range of knee extension.RESULTS: The pre-test scores for quadriceps and hamstring peak torque and end range values were not significantly different between the groups(P > 0.05). Subsequently, although the control group did notexhibit significant changes in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength(P > 0.05), static stretching decreased eccentric and concentric quadriceps muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). Similarly, static stretching also decreased eccentric and concentric hamstring muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). On the other hand, when the functional H/Q strength ratios were taken into consideration, the pre-intervention values were not significant different between the groups both during the entire and end range of knee extension(P > 0.05). Furthermore, the functional H/Q strength ratios exhibited no significant alterations during the entire and end ranges of knee extension both in the static stretching or the control intervention(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our results, static stretching routine does not influence functional H/Q ratio. Athletes can confidently perform static stretching during their warm-up routines.展开更多
业界提出利用路由保护算法来解决网络中的故障问题,然而已有的路由保护算法存在4个方面的问题:1)无法应对网络中所有可能的单故障情形;2)需要额外辅助机制的协助;3)不支持增量部署;4)每个结点存储多个到达目的地址的备份下一跳.提出一...业界提出利用路由保护算法来解决网络中的故障问题,然而已有的路由保护算法存在4个方面的问题:1)无法应对网络中所有可能的单故障情形;2)需要额外辅助机制的协助;3)不支持增量部署;4)每个结点存储多个到达目的地址的备份下一跳.提出一种基于转发图的域内路由保护算法(an intradomain routing protection algorithm based on forwarding graph,RPBFG)来解决这4个问题.首先建立了以最大化故障保护率为目标、以转发图包含反向最短路径树为约束条件的路由保护模型;然后提出了利用遗传算法构造满足上述目标的转发图;最后根据构造的转发图计算出所有结点到达目的结点的备份下一跳.在11个真实拓扑结构中比较了RPBFG,NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE在故障保护率和路径拉伸度的性能.实验结果表明,RPBFG可以应对网络中所有可能的单故障;在平均路径拉伸度方面,RPBFG比NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE分别降低了0.11%,0.72%,37.79%,36.26%.展开更多
A thee-dimensional finite-element simulation of stretching technological parameters of heavy forgings is performed by using ANSYS program. The law of internal stress distribution with different bt/h (tool width ratio...A thee-dimensional finite-element simulation of stretching technological parameters of heavy forgings is performed by using ANSYS program. The law of internal stress distribution with different bt/h (tool width ratio) and different bb/h (blank width ratio) is studied. Consequently,the critical tool width ratio( bt/h )cr and blank width ratio( bb/ h )cr leading no bi-axial tension are obtained. It lays a credible foundation for designing reasonable stretching technology.展开更多
The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR ...The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR play a central role in penile growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between digit ratio and penile length. Korean men who were hospitalized for urological surgery at a single tertiary academic centre were examined in this study, and 144 men aged 20 years or older who gave informed consent were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand second- and fourth-digit lengths were measured by a single investigator prior to measurement of penile length. Under anaesthesia, flaccid and stretched penile lengths were measured by another investigator who did not measure nor have any the information regarding the digit lengths. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only height was a significant predictive factor for flaccid penile length （univariate analysis： r=0. 185, P=-0.026; multivariate analysis： r=-0.172, P=0.038） and that only digit ratio was a significant predictive factor for stretched penile length （univariate analysis： r=-0.216, P=0.009; multivariate analysis： r=-0.201, P=0.024; stretched penile length=-9.201 xdigit ratio ＋ 20.577）. Based on this evidence, we suggest that the digit ratio can predict adult penile size and that the effects of prenatal testosterone may in part explain the differences in adult penile length.展开更多
The stretch of blocks with rectangular section using flat anvils was simulated by using ANSYS software. The inner stress distribution for different tool width ratio w/h and blank width ratio b/h was studied. Consequen...The stretch of blocks with rectangular section using flat anvils was simulated by using ANSYS software. The inner stress distribution for different tool width ratio w/h and blank width ratio b/h was studied. Consequent- ly, critical anvil width ratio （w/h）c and critical blank width ratio （b/h）c are obtained, which provide a sound basis for designing reasonable stretching technology.展开更多
如何高效快速地应对网络中的故障是设计路由协议的基本要求和主要任务。由于动态路由协议在应对网络中的故障时,在协议动态收敛的过程中将会有大量的报文被丢弃。因此,目前路由器厂商普遍采用路由保护方法来克服网络故障,在众多的路由...如何高效快速地应对网络中的故障是设计路由协议的基本要求和主要任务。由于动态路由协议在应对网络中的故障时,在协议动态收敛的过程中将会有大量的报文被丢弃。因此,目前路由器厂商普遍采用路由保护方法来克服网络故障,在众多的路由保护方法中,DC(downstream criterion)规则是一种被普遍认可的方法。然而,已有的实现DC规则算法的时间复杂度普遍较高,并且复杂度随着网络节点平均度的增加而迅速增加。为了应对上述问题,提出一种线性时间复杂度的高效路由保护方案ERPLR(efficient routing protection method with linear time complexity),该方法首先提出了备份下一跳计算规则,然后在已有最短路径树的基础上,根据备份下一跳计算规则为所有的源目的节点对计算备份下一跳。在计算备份下一跳的过程中,每个节点和其邻居最多被访问一次,因此ERPLR的时间复杂度为O(V+E)。实验结果表明,与已有的实现DC规则相比较,ERPLR在故障保护率和路径拉伸度两个度量指标结果相似的情况下,在真实网络拓扑和模拟拓扑中,ERPLR分别降低了大约74.93%和78.91%的计算开销,该方法可以极大地降低DC规则的计算开销。展开更多
借助于扫描电镜、透射电镜和小角 X 射线衍射方法,研究了聚丙烯腈湿法纺丝中形成的纤维的结构,结果发现:初生纤维是一种高度溶胀立体网络状的冻胶体,立体网络骨架由大分子链束集组成,大分子链间的缠结是骨架的物理交联点,原丝聚集态结...借助于扫描电镜、透射电镜和小角 X 射线衍射方法,研究了聚丙烯腈湿法纺丝中形成的纤维的结构,结果发现:初生纤维是一种高度溶胀立体网络状的冻胶体,立体网络骨架由大分子链束集组成,大分子链间的缠结是骨架的物理交联点,原丝聚集态结构由里向外由3层组成:外表层是极薄的、密实的皮膜,从皮膜向里是柱状皮层,再向里是芯层。纤维沿径向分布的各层具有不同的取向度,随着凝固率和拉伸率的增加,结晶度增加。同时提高凝固液浓度,增加拉伸倍数,增大拉伸速度,可使晶粒增长。展开更多
文摘AIM: To evaluate if static stretching influences peak and end-range functional hamstring-to-quadriceps(H/Q) strength ratios in elite women athletes. METHODS: Eleven healthy female athletes in an elite competitive level participated to the study. All the participants fulfilled the static stretching or non-stretching(control) intervention protocol in a randomized design on different days. Two static unassisted stretching exercises, one in standing and one in sitting position, were used to stretch both the hamstring and quadriceps muscles during these protocols. The total time for the static stretching was 6 ± 1 min. The isokinetic peak torque measurements for the hamstring and quadriceps muscles in eccentric and concentric modes and the calculations for the functional H/Q strength ratios at angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s were made before(pre) and after(post) the control or stretching intervention. The strength measurements and functional strength ratio calculations were based during the entire- and end-range of knee extension.RESULTS: The pre-test scores for quadriceps and hamstring peak torque and end range values were not significantly different between the groups(P > 0.05). Subsequently, although the control group did notexhibit significant changes in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength(P > 0.05), static stretching decreased eccentric and concentric quadriceps muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). Similarly, static stretching also decreased eccentric and concentric hamstring muscle strength at both the 60°/s and 180°/s test speeds(P < 0.01). On the other hand, when the functional H/Q strength ratios were taken into consideration, the pre-intervention values were not significant different between the groups both during the entire and end range of knee extension(P > 0.05). Furthermore, the functional H/Q strength ratios exhibited no significant alterations during the entire and end ranges of knee extension both in the static stretching or the control intervention(P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to our results, static stretching routine does not influence functional H/Q ratio. Athletes can confidently perform static stretching during their warm-up routines.
文摘业界提出利用路由保护算法来解决网络中的故障问题,然而已有的路由保护算法存在4个方面的问题:1)无法应对网络中所有可能的单故障情形;2)需要额外辅助机制的协助;3)不支持增量部署;4)每个结点存储多个到达目的地址的备份下一跳.提出一种基于转发图的域内路由保护算法(an intradomain routing protection algorithm based on forwarding graph,RPBFG)来解决这4个问题.首先建立了以最大化故障保护率为目标、以转发图包含反向最短路径树为约束条件的路由保护模型;然后提出了利用遗传算法构造满足上述目标的转发图;最后根据构造的转发图计算出所有结点到达目的结点的备份下一跳.在11个真实拓扑结构中比较了RPBFG,NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE在故障保护率和路径拉伸度的性能.实验结果表明,RPBFG可以应对网络中所有可能的单故障;在平均路径拉伸度方面,RPBFG比NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE分别降低了0.11%,0.72%,37.79%,36.26%.
基金This project is supported by Doctorate Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(No. 96021603) . Manuscript received
文摘A thee-dimensional finite-element simulation of stretching technological parameters of heavy forgings is performed by using ANSYS program. The law of internal stress distribution with different bt/h (tool width ratio) and different bb/h (blank width ratio) is studied. Consequently,the critical tool width ratio( bt/h )cr and blank width ratio( bb/ h )cr leading no bi-axial tension are obtained. It lays a credible foundation for designing reasonable stretching technology.
文摘The second to fourth digit ratio （2D：4D） has been proposed as a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone and covaries with the sensitivity of the androgen receptor （AR）. Both prenatal testosterone and the AR play a central role in penile growth. In this study, we investigated the relationship between digit ratio and penile length. Korean men who were hospitalized for urological surgery at a single tertiary academic centre were examined in this study, and 144 men aged 20 years or older who gave informed consent were prospectively enrolled. Right-hand second- and fourth-digit lengths were measured by a single investigator prior to measurement of penile length. Under anaesthesia, flaccid and stretched penile lengths were measured by another investigator who did not measure nor have any the information regarding the digit lengths. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only height was a significant predictive factor for flaccid penile length （univariate analysis： r=0. 185, P=-0.026; multivariate analysis： r=-0.172, P=0.038） and that only digit ratio was a significant predictive factor for stretched penile length （univariate analysis： r=-0.216, P=0.009; multivariate analysis： r=-0.201, P=0.024; stretched penile length=-9.201 xdigit ratio ＋ 20.577）. Based on this evidence, we suggest that the digit ratio can predict adult penile size and that the effects of prenatal testosterone may in part explain the differences in adult penile length.
基金ItemSponsored by Doctoral Foundation of Education Ministry of China (96021603)
文摘The stretch of blocks with rectangular section using flat anvils was simulated by using ANSYS software. The inner stress distribution for different tool width ratio w/h and blank width ratio b/h was studied. Consequent- ly, critical anvil width ratio （w/h）c and critical blank width ratio （b/h）c are obtained, which provide a sound basis for designing reasonable stretching technology.
文摘如何高效快速地应对网络中的故障是设计路由协议的基本要求和主要任务。由于动态路由协议在应对网络中的故障时,在协议动态收敛的过程中将会有大量的报文被丢弃。因此,目前路由器厂商普遍采用路由保护方法来克服网络故障,在众多的路由保护方法中,DC(downstream criterion)规则是一种被普遍认可的方法。然而,已有的实现DC规则算法的时间复杂度普遍较高,并且复杂度随着网络节点平均度的增加而迅速增加。为了应对上述问题,提出一种线性时间复杂度的高效路由保护方案ERPLR(efficient routing protection method with linear time complexity),该方法首先提出了备份下一跳计算规则,然后在已有最短路径树的基础上,根据备份下一跳计算规则为所有的源目的节点对计算备份下一跳。在计算备份下一跳的过程中,每个节点和其邻居最多被访问一次,因此ERPLR的时间复杂度为O(V+E)。实验结果表明,与已有的实现DC规则相比较,ERPLR在故障保护率和路径拉伸度两个度量指标结果相似的情况下,在真实网络拓扑和模拟拓扑中,ERPLR分别降低了大约74.93%和78.91%的计算开销,该方法可以极大地降低DC规则的计算开销。
文摘借助于扫描电镜、透射电镜和小角 X 射线衍射方法,研究了聚丙烯腈湿法纺丝中形成的纤维的结构,结果发现:初生纤维是一种高度溶胀立体网络状的冻胶体,立体网络骨架由大分子链束集组成,大分子链间的缠结是骨架的物理交联点,原丝聚集态结构由里向外由3层组成:外表层是极薄的、密实的皮膜,从皮膜向里是柱状皮层,再向里是芯层。纤维沿径向分布的各层具有不同的取向度,随着凝固率和拉伸率的增加,结晶度增加。同时提高凝固液浓度,增加拉伸倍数,增大拉伸速度,可使晶粒增长。
