Analysis of the cause of crack in cold rolling of QSn6.5-0.1 strip

In order to know the cause of cracks in cold rolling of QSn6.5 0.1 copper alloy strip, a lot of experiments and analysis were done. The microstructure changes of QSn6.5 0.1 were investigated by means of metallurgical microscope. The morphology of cracks and surface defects were examined using scanning electron microscope. Macroscopic residual stresses produced in every process during manufacturing in the QSn6.5 0.1 strip were measured by X ray diffraction method and hole drilling method. The results show that the cracks in the QSn6.5 0.1 cold rolling strip were caused due to the derivation of metallurgical defects, such as SnO 2, S, fine looses,the inverse segregation unable to clear up when milling, and the accumulation of all kinds of resi dual stresses. When the accumulation of the residual stress reaches the material′s breaking strength, the cracks will be generated. Several measures to avoid the development of these kinds of cracks were put forward, such as: controlling the casting technology, improving homogenization annealing procedure (680 ℃/7 h) and milling quality(using the second milling when necessary), working out a more reasonable rolling technology to ensure intermediate annealing in time.

Stress analysis near the tips of a transverse crack in an elastic semi-strip

The plane elastic problem for a semi-strip with a transverse crack is inves- tigated. The initial problem is reduced to a one-dimensional continuous problem by use of an integral transformation method with a generalized scheme. The one-dimensional problem is first formulated as a vector boundary problem, and then reduced to a system of three singular integral equations （SIEs）. The system is solved by use of an orthogonal polynomial method and a special generalized method. The contribution of this work is the consideration of kernel fixed singularities in solving the system. The crack length and its location relative to the semi-strip＇s lateral sides are investigated to simplify the problem＇s statement. This simplification reduces the initial problem to a system of two SIEs.

Anti-plane analysis of semi-infinite crack in piezoelectric strip

Using the complex variable function method and the technique of the conformal mapping, the fracture problem of a semi-infinite crack in a piezoelectric strip is studied under the anti-plane shear stress and the in-plane electric load. The analytic solutions of the field intensity factors and the mechanical strain energy release rate are presented under the assumption that the surface of the crack is electrically impermeable. When the height of the strip tends to infinity, the analytic solutions of an infinitely large piezoelectric solid with a semi-infinite crack are obtained. Moreover, the present results can be reduced to the well-known solutions for a purely elastic material in the absence of the electric loading. In addition, numerical examples are given to show the influences of the loaded crack length, the height of the strip, and the applied mechanical/electric loads on the mechanical strain energy release rate.

Analysis of strip edge cracks during cold rolling of thin strip

In this paper,the mechanics of strip edge cracks and its propagation has been studied,and the effects of strip edge drop and stress intensity factor(SIF) on edge crack defections during cold rolling of thin strip have been discussed.An experimental investigation was presented into the effect of strip edge drop on edge cracks during cold rolling of thin strip.The edge crack increases significantly due to more inhomogeneous deformation and work hardening at the strip edge.The effective stress intensity factor range is important as it represents the major physical cause of the crack propagation.The efficiency and reliability of the SIF analytical model has been demonstrated in the study.The proposed method for predicting strip edge crack is helpful in producing defect-free products and providing an understanding of the mechanics of edge crack propagation in cold rolling of thin strip.

Exact solutions of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in piezoelectric strip

Using the complex variable function method and the conformal mapping technique, the fracture problem of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in a piezoelectric strip is studied under the anti-plane shear stress and the in-plane electric load on the partial crack surface. Analytic solutions of the field intensity factors and the mechanical strain energy release rate are derived under the assumption that the surfaces of the crack are electrically impermeable. The results can be reduced to the well-known solutions for a purely elastic material in the absence of an electric load. Moreover, when the distance between the two crack tips tends to infinity, analytic solutions of a semi-infinite crack in a piezoelectric strip can be obtained. Numerical examples are given to show the influence of the loaded crack length, the height of the strip, the distance between the two crack tips, and the applied mechanical/electric loads on the mechanical strain energy release rate. It is shown that the material is easier to fail when the distance between two crack tips becomes shorter, and the mechanical/electric loads have greater influence on the propagation of the left crack than those of the right one.

Analytical solution of multiple moving cracks in functionally graded piezoelectric strip

The dynamic behaviors of several moving cracks in a functionally graded piezoelectric （FGP） strip subjected to anti-plane mechanical loading and in-plane elec- trical loading are investigated. For the first time, the distributed dislocation technique is used to construct the integral equations for FGP materials, in which the unknown variables are the dislocation densities. With the dislocation densities, the field intensity factors are determined. Moreover, the effects of the speed of the crack propagation on the field intensity factors are studied. Several examples are solved, and the numerical results for the stress intensity factor and the electric displacement intensity factor are presented graphically finally.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF COPLANAR INTERFACIAL CRACKS BETWEEN TWO DISSIMILAR PIEZOELECTRIC STRIPS UNDER ANTI-PLANE MECHANICAL AND IN-PLANE ELECTRICAL IMPACTS

The dynamic response of multiple coplanar interface cracks between two dissimilar piezoelectric strips subjected to mechanical and electrical impacts is investigated.Solutions to two kinds of electric boundary conditions on crack surfaces,i.e.electric impermeable and electric permeable,are obtained.Laplace and Fourier transforms and dislocation density functions are employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem to Cauchy singular integral equations, which can be solved numerically.The effects of electrical load,geometry criterion of piezoelectric strips,relative location of cracks and material properties on the dynamic energy release rate are examined.

TORSIONAL IMPACT RESPONSE OF A PENNY-SHAPED CRACK IN A FUNCTIONAL GRADED STRIP

The torsional impact response of a penny-shaped crack in a nonhomogeneous strip is considered. The shear modulus is assumed to be functionally graded such that the mathematics is tractable. Laplace and Hankel transforms were used to reduce the problem to solving a Fredholm integral equation. The crack tip stress field is obtained by considering the asymptotic behavior of Bessel function. Explicit expressions of both the dynamic stress intensity factor and the energy density factor were derived.And it is shown that, as crack driving force, they are equivalent for the present crack problem. Investigated are the effects of material nonhomogeneity and (strip's) highness on the dynamic fracture behavior. Numerical results reveal that the peak of the dynamic stress intensity factor can be suppressed by increasing the nonhomogeneity parameter of the shear modulus, and that the dynamic behavior varies little with the adjusting of the strip's highness.

The Effect of Atmospheric Plasma Paint Stripping on the Fatigue Crack Growth Properties of Aluminium Substrates

Paint removal is a common maintenance requirement for aircraft as well as naval and land vehicles, since external paint gets damaged and loses much of its corrosion protection effectiveness with time. Paint removal is also conducted when metallic aircraft structures are inspected periodically for fatigue cracks and corrosion. The conventional methods of removing paint employed throughout the Canadian Forces mainly include chemical stripping and abrasive media blasting. Chemical stripping involves the use of hazardous chemicals, which are high in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP). Abrasive media blasting typically results in a substantial quantity of solid waste consisting of paint and blast residues. Such waste is subject to control under increasingly stringent environmental and safety regulations and its disposal is costly. The new Atmospheric Plasma (AP) paint removal process purports to be a high chemical energy, low thermal energy (cold plasma process), that should not damage temperature sensitive substructures, such as heat treated aerospace aluminium alloys. Fatigue strength is one of the key properties in aircraft structures. In order for AP paint stripping to be accepted as an aerospace industry standard paint removal process, it must be thoroughly tested to demonstrate that it does not adversely affect the fatigue properties of the substrate. This paper investigates effect of the paint removal process on fatigue crack growth of 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 aluminium panels.

冷轧带钢渗氮铁锅开裂剥落原因分析及改进措施

在采用某公司生产的厚度为1 mm的XLQ01冷轧带钢制作铁锅的过程中,经渗氮处理后出现开裂问题,铁锅经碰撞后渗氮层易剥落。本研究采用扫描电子显微镜、直读光谱仪、金相显微镜等检测手段对渗氮铁锅样品的断口微观形貌、化学成分、金相组织及原材料的表面粗糙度、化学成分、金相组织、晶粒度进行分析,结果表明,渗氮铁锅开裂剥落的原因主要有以下两个方面:一方面,渗氮开裂样品中存在粗大的原始组织和穿晶分布的针状氮化物,破坏了基体的连续性,增加了表面层脆性及切口敏感性,在外力作用下导致开裂;另一方面,原材料表面粗糙度大,渗氮温度高,渗氮层疏松,在压应力作用下导致渗氮层开裂剥落。本研究针对渗氮铁锅开裂剥落的原因提出了相应的改进措施,有效避免了渗氮铁锅开裂剥落。

车门与前后盖PVC胶条开裂问题分析与解决

为解决乘用车车门、前、后盖折边区域聚氯乙烯(PVC)细密封胶条开裂问题,结合生产制造过程中相应区域的PVC细密封胶条开裂案例,采用金相分析方法分析了PVC胶开裂的原因和解决措施。针对折边胶胶量不足,内、外板粘结不充分导致的开裂,采用增加涂胶量并保证涂胶均匀性的措施;针对受外部力作用导致的开裂,采用优化PVC修饰工艺避免应力集中的措施;针对烘干过度导致的开裂,采用控制PVC烘干时间的措施。通过以上措施,问题均得到消除和解决。

装配式钢混结构聚苯颗粒水泥条板隔墙安装防裂研究

为保证项目的施工进度,某公共实训基地的内隔墙采用聚苯颗粒水泥条板进行施工。针对条板隔墙易开裂的质量通病,收集整理了开裂部位、数量,并对裂缝的成因进行了分析,优化了施工流程及工艺,为高质量安装聚苯颗粒水泥条板隔墙提供了实用的指导和建议。

硅钢冷轧断带原因分析和工艺改进

分析了硅钢冷轧断带的具体原因,从而进一步改善硅钢的制备工艺,降低断带产生的概率。实验结果表明:断带样断口部分和断带未断裂部分的AlN和Al 2O 3等脆性夹杂物的质量分数比合格样分别高26.03%和29.65%,同时硫化物和复合氮硫化物等塑性夹杂物的质量分数比合格样分别低64.75%和56.14%。脆性夹杂物在轧制过程中,周围会形成缝隙,这些缝隙会形成裂纹,在轧制力作用下形成长裂纹,最终造成断带。为了减少断带,在冶炼时,可以加入0.03%~0.05%的Sn元素降低脆性夹杂物在夹杂物中的占比,同时延长2~3 min冶炼时吹氩站的时长,使夹杂物分布均匀,防止脆性夹杂物聚集,最终降低断带发生的概率。

城市轨道交通折返线道岔典型病害及治理策略研究

随着国内城市轨道交通的快速发展和网络化运营,快速、准时、安全、可靠、平稳、舒适已逐渐成为乘客心中轨道交通的代名词,选乘轨道交通也已是居民出行的主要交通方式之一,随之而来的便是客流的不断攀升、行车密度的不断增大和设备运行的高度疲劳,也给轨道交通养修人员带来了严峻的挑战。本文主要探讨了作为轨道交通行车关键设备之一的终点站折返道岔会出现的主要典型病害类型,多方面分析了病害产生的原因、机理,并现场整改探索,验证总结了多种可行的整治措施。

轮胎裂解油加氢装置主汽提塔的操作优化分析

设定初始操作条件,对轮胎裂解油加氢装置主汽提塔进行物料衡算,并讨论混合低分油温度、进料位置、汽提蒸汽用量和塔顶操作压力对主汽提塔脱硫效果和冷却器热负荷的影响。结果表明,混合低分油温度、进料位置、汽提蒸汽用量和塔顶操作压力分别设定为230℃、第8块板、60 kg/h和0.8 MPa较为合理,在该条件下,塔底流出物中硫化氢质量分数和冷却器热负荷分别为6.2μg/g和1479.1 kW。

Interaction between collinear periodic cracks in an infinite piezoelectric body

The problem of collinear periodic cracks in an infinite piezoelectric body is studied. Effect of saturation strips at the crack-tips is taken into account. By means of the Stroh formalism and the conformal mapping technique, the general periodic solutions for collinear cracks are obtained. The stress intensity factors and the size of saturation strips are derived analytically, and their dependencies on the ratio of the periodicity on the half-length of the crack are analyzed in detail. Numerical results show the following two facts. （1） When h/l 〉 4.0, the stress intensity factors become almost identical to those of a single crack in an infinite piezoelectric body. This indicates that the interaction between cracks can be ignored in establishing the criterion for the crack initiation in this case. （2） The speed of the saturation strip size of periodic cracks approaching that of a single crack depends on the electric load applied at infinity. In general, a large electric load at infinity is associated with a slow approaching speed.

碳纤维加固钢桥面板U肋对接焊缝疲劳试验

为探究钢桥面板U肋对接焊缝的疲劳开裂机理与修复加固方法,设计了2个带嵌补段的足尺单U肋试件模型,通过模型试验研究了该细节的疲劳破坏模式和实际疲劳抗力。随后,基于线弹性断裂力学方法建立碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固对接焊缝裂纹模型,通过数值模拟分别研究了CFRP布层数、CFRP布尺寸对疲劳性能的影响。最后,针对U肋对接焊缝介绍粘贴CFRP布无损修复方法和施工工艺流程,并对CFRP布粘贴修复后的裂纹试件进行疲劳测试。结果表明:U肋对接焊缝的疲劳易损点均出现在U肋圆弧过渡处,平均疲劳强度仅为59.7 MPa。经3层CFRP布修复后,不同损伤程度的焊缝疲劳强度约为未加固试件的0.8~2.6倍。粘贴CFRP布能够有效改善钢桥面板U肋对接焊缝的疲劳性能,且满足实桥无损修复的需求。

低合金钢制方管焊后斜向裂纹的原因分析与改进措施

针对Q355B低合金热轧钢带弯折制方管焊接后出现斜向裂纹问题,选择7.75 mm问题钢带为研究对象,进行化学成分、力学性能、布氏硬度、金相组织等检验分析。结果表明,母材钢带各项指标均符合标准要求。分析认为纵剪剪切质量不高,剪切时边部出现了小裂口,卷管应力造成裂纹扩展是造成焊后裂纹的主要原因。实际生产中选择合适纵剪刀具,定期维护保养,避免刀具锈蚀、磨损等应力集中缺陷对钢带边部剪切质量的影响,同时根据钢带厚度及力学性能,合理布局剪切垫板,调节至合理高度,优化剪切工艺,可有效避免该类焊后裂纹问题。

带钢原始边裂缺陷拉伸有限元仿真与改进措施

以带钢原始边裂缺陷为研究对象,利用有限元对带钢拉伸过程进行仿真模拟,结果表明,裂口位置应力明显比其他部分大,最大达到256 MPa,裂口区域属于应力集中区域,安全系数较低,轧机轧制时易发生断带事故。为改善边裂缺陷,提出了修订热轧温度与冷连轧轧制规程等措施,实践效果良好。

后浇带施工技术在高层住宅建筑工程的应用

文中在明确后浇带施工类型的基础上,分析后浇带的作用,结合实例,探究该高层住宅项目后浇带施工中前期准备、支撑和模板预设、混凝土浇筑、裂缝控制等,减少结构不均匀沉降问题和渗漏风险,促进结构的优化,从而实现施工效益最大化,可为类似工程提供参考。