Chemical Structural Formulas of Single-Bonded Ions Using the “Even-Odd” Rule Encompassing Lewis’s Octet Rule: Application to Position of Single-Charge and Electron-Pairs in Hypo- and Hyper-Valent Ions with Main Group Elements

Lewis developed a 2D-representation of molecules, charged or uncharged, known as structural formula, and stated the criteria to draw it. At the time, the vast majority of known molecules followed the octet-rule, one of Lewis’s criteria. The same method was however rapidly applied to represent compounds that do not follow the octet-rule, i.e. compounds for which some of the composing atoms have greater or less than eight electrons in their valence shell. In a previous paper, an even-odd rule was proposed and shown to apply to both types of uncharged molecules. In the present paper, the even-odd rule is extended with the objective to encompass all single-bonded ions in one group: Lewis’s ions, hypo- and hypervalent ions. The base of the even-odd representation is compatible with Lewis’s diagram. Additionally, each atom is subscripted with an even number calculated by adding the valence number, the number of covalent bonds of the element, and its electrical charge. This paper describes how to calculate the latter number and in doing so, how charge and electron-pairs can actually be precisely localized. Using ions known to be compatible with Lewis’s rule of eight, the even-odd rule is compared with the former. The even-odd rule is then applied to ions known as hypo- or hypervalent. An interesting side effect of the presented rule is that charge and electron-pairs are unambiguously assigned to one of the atoms composing the single-charged ion. Ions that follow the octet rule and ions that do not, are thus reconciled in one group called “electron-paired ions” due to the absence of unpaired electrons. A future paper will focus on the connection between the even-odd rule and molecules or ions having multiple bonds.

The Even-Odd Rule on Single Covalent-Bonded Structural Formulas as a Modification of Classical Structural Formulas of Multiple-Bonded Ions and Molecules

In organic chemistry, as defined by Abegg, Kossel, Lewis and Langmuir, compounds are normally represented using structural formulas called Lewis structures. In these structures, the octet rule is used to define the number of covalent bonds that each atom forms with its neighbors and multiple bonds are frequent. Lewis’ octet rule has unfortunately shown limitations very early when applied to non-organic compounds: most of them remain incompatible with the “rule of eight” and location of charges is uncertain. In an attempt to unify structural formulas of octet and non-octet molecules or single-charge ions, an even-odd rule was recently proposed, together with a procedure to locate charge precisely. This even-odd rule has introduced a charge-dependent effective-valence number calculated for each atom. With this number and the number of covalent bonds of each element, two even numbers are calculated. These numbers are both used to understand and draw structuralformulas of single-covalent-bonded compounds. In the present paper, a procedure is proposed to adjust structural formulas of compounds that are commonly represented with multiple bonds. In order to keep them compatible with the even-odd rule, they will be represented using only single covalent bonds. The procedure will then describe the consequences of bond simplification on charges locations. The newly obtained representations are compared to their conventional structural formulas, i.e. single-bond representation vs. multiple-bond structures. Throughout the comparison process, charges are precisely located and assigned to specific atoms. After discussion of particular cases of compounds, the paper finally concludes that a rule limiting representations of multiplecovalent bonds to single covalent bonds, seems to be suitable for numerous known compounds.

Deducing Complete Selection Rule Set for Driver Nodes to Guarantee Network’s Structural Controllability

Structural controllability is critical for operating and controlling large-scale complex networks. In real applications, for a given network, it is always desirable to have more selections for driver nodes which make the network structurally controllable. Different from the works in complex network field where structural controllability is often used to explore the emergence properties of complex networks at a macro level,in this paper, we investigate it for control design purpose at the application level and focus on describing and obtaining the solution space for all selections of driver nodes to guarantee structural controllability. In accord with practical applications,we define the complete selection rule set as the solution space which is composed of a series of selection rules expressed by intuitive algebraic forms. It explicitly indicates which nodes must be controlled and how many nodes need to be controlled in a node set and thus is particularly helpful for freely selecting driver nodes. Based on two algebraic criteria of structural controllability, we separately develop an input-connectivity algorithm and a relevancy algorithm to deduce selection rules for driver nodes. In order to reduce the computational complexity,we propose a pretreatment algorithm to reduce the scale of network's structural matrix efficiently, and a rearrangement algorithm to partition the matrix into several smaller ones. A general procedure is proposed to get the complete selection rule set for driver nodes which guarantee network's structural controllability. Simulation tests with efficiency analysis of the proposed algorithms are given and the result of applying the proposed procedure to some real networks is also shown, and these all indicate the validity of the proposed procedure.

Coherence of the Even-Odd Rule with an Effective-Valence Isoelectronicity Rule for Chemical Structural Formulas: Application to Known and Unknown Single-Covalent-Bonded Compounds

Ions or molecules are said to be isoelectronic if they are composed of different elements but have the same number of electrons, the same number of covalent bonds and the same structure. This criterion is unfortunately not sufficient to ensure that a chemical structure is a valid chemical compound. In a previous article, a procedure has been described to draw 2D valid structural formulas: the even-odd rule. This rule has been applied first to single-bonded molecules then to single-charged single-bonded ions. It covers hypovalent, hypervalent or classic Lewis’ octet compounds. The funding principle of the even-odd rule is that each atom of the compound possesses an outer-shell filled only with pairs of electrons. The application of this rule guarantees validity of any single-covalent-bond chemical structure. In the present paper, this even-odd rule and its electron-pair criterion are checked for coherence with an effective-valence isoelectronic rule using numerous known compounds having single-covalent-bond connections. The test addresses Lewis’ octet ions or molecules as well as hypovalent and hypervalent compounds. The article concludes that the even-odd rule and the effective-valence isoelectronicity rule are coherent for known single-covalent-bond chemical compounds.

Analysis of Ore-controlling Structure in the Qifengcha-Detiangou Gold Deposit,Huairou County,Beijing

The Qifengcha-Detiangou gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit recently found in Huairou County, Beijing. It belongs to the altered mylonite type with superimposed quartz vein type and is related to the early Yanshanian magmatic activity. Characterized by multiperiodic activity, the NE-trending Qifengcha fault is a regional ore-controlling structure in the area, and gold mineralization develops only in its southeastern part. Meanwhile, gold mineralization is controlled by the Yunmengshan metamorphic core complex. The nearly N-S- and E-W-trending low-angle detachment faults, reformed by the Qifengcha fault in the northwestern part of the core complex, are the main ore-bearing faults. All discovered gold deposits are located within an area 1.5–4.0 km away from the boundary of the upwelling centre. The N-S- (NNE-) and E-W-trending ore-bearing faults are ductile-brittle structural zones developing in shallow positions and subjected mainly to compressive deformation. The structural ore-controlling effects are as follows. (1) The attitude, shape, and distribution of gold orebodies are controlled by faults. (2) There is a negative correlation between the gold abundance and the magnetic anisotropy (P) of the altered mylonite samples from the deposit, which shows that the gold mineralization is later than the structural deformation. (3) Quartz vein type mineralization is superimposed on altered mylonite type mineralization. (4) In mineralized mylonite, the stronger the ductile shear deformation, the easier the late-stage gold mineralization to occur and the higher the gold abundance. The richest gold mineralization occurs only around the centre of the fault subjected to the strongest deformation.

Analysis of Ore-Controlling Structures of the Xincheng-Hexi Gold Deposit,Shandong Province,China

Based on quantitative and semi-quantitative mathematical and mechanical analysis of the shape, motion, structural factors, stress field and deformation field of the ore-hosting faults in the Xincheng-Hexi gold deposit, the ore-controlling features of faults and mineralization mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that the mineralization is controlled by the main faults, subsidiary fractures, joint density, mechanical features and deformation of the faults. The ore bodies are mainly located in the lower part of the convex crest and upper part of the concave trough of the main undulating fault surface. Mineralization is positively correlated to the development of subsidiary fractures and joints, which correspond to zones of low internal stress and high body strain and shear strain. They are favourable positions for mineralization and alteration.

Ore-controlling Regularities of Thrust-fold structures and features of Tectono-geochemical Anomalies at the Xiaozhuqing Exploration Area in the Huize Zn-Pb District

1 Introduction The huize Zn-Pb ore district in Yunnan province is locatedinthecentralsouthernofthe Sichuan—Yunnan—GuizhouPb-ZnPoly-metallic Mineralization Area in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block,and is strictly controlled by fault structures.It has developed to one of the famous production bases of lead&zinc and germanium in China.

GEOCHEMICAL REASERCH ON ORE-CONTROLLING STRUCTURE IN LIAODONG LUOQUANBEI-BAIYUN GOLD MINERAL BELT

In recent2 0 years,because of the finding ofmany large- superlargegold deposits,we re- new the theories for prospecting and gain many things and conceptions.The current geo- chemical and gold- forming theories underline the importance of the early submarine volcano- sedimentation,metamorphic differention,sedimentation of terrigenous clastics,thermal spring and it’s sedimentation,syngenesis process and other hypergene supplying the source for metallogenic materials.According to the study for source bed(rock) and depsitional for- mation of gold,we find that gold will be gradually enriched and mineralized in source bed (rock) ,because of variousgeologicprocesses,such as regional metamorphism ormigmatiza- tion,geothermal bittern,volcanism. The ore- control of deep and giant fault and ductile shear beltand tectono- flash space is emphasized,especially,we should notice the long- term, succession and multistage of the

Mineralization and Ore-controlling Implications of Low-angle Faults

Abstract Low-angle faults include those occurring in thrust-nappe structures in a compressive setting and the detachment of metamorphic core complexes in an extensional setting. All low-angle faults have their own particularities. The low-angle fault plays an important role in controlling over some endogenetic metallic ore deposits. Based on studies of the Xiaoban gold deposit, Xinzhou gold deposit, and Longfengchang polymetallic ore deposit, and comparisons with other mines, the authors conclude the ore-controlling implications of low-angle faults as follows. (1) Because of high temperature and high pressure, as well as strong ductile deformation, the internal energy of the elements rises in the large-scale deep ductile low-angle faults, which causes the elements to activate and differentiate from the source rocks, forming ore-bearing hydrothermal solution, and bring mineralization to happen. (2) When rising from depths and flowing along the low-angle faults, the ore-bearing hydrothermal solution will alter and replace the tectonites in the fault zone. The rocks of the hanging side and the heading side differ in lithology, texture and structure, which results in changes or dissimilarities of the physical-chemical conditions. This destroys the balance of the hydrothermal solution system and causes the dissolved ore-forming elements to precipitate; as a result, a deposit is formed. Therefore, the meso-shallow ductile-brittle low-angle faults play the role of a geochemical interface in the process of mineralization. (3) Low-angle faults are often one of the important host structures.

The Even-Odd and the Isoelectronicity Rules Applied to Single Covalent Bonds in Ionic, Double-Face-Centered Cubic and Diamond-Like Crystals

Although atom configuration in crystals is precisely known thanks to imaging techniques, there is no experimental way to know the exact location of bonds or charges. Many different representations have been proposed, yet no theory to unify conceptions. The present paper describes methods to derive bonds and charge location in double-face-centered cubic crystals with 4 and 6 atoms per unit cell using two novel rules introduced in earlier works: the even-odd and the isoelectronicity rules. Both of these rules were previously applied to ions, molecules and some solids, and the even-odd rule was also tested on two covalent crystal structures: centered-cubic and single-face-centered cubic crystals. In the present study, the diamond-like structure was subjected to the isoelectronicity rule in order to derive Zinc-blende structures. Rock-salt-like crystals were derived from each other using both rules. These structures represent together more than 230 different crystals. Findings for these structures are threefold: both rules describe a very sure method to obtain valid single covalent-bonded structures;single covalent structures can be used in every case instead of the classical ionic model;covalent bonds and charges positions do not have any relation with the valence number given in the periodic table.

Optimal Structural Design of the Midship of a VLCC Based on the Strategy Integrating SVM and GA

在这份报纸，当模特儿和优化的一个混合过程，集成一台支持向量机器(SVM ) 和基因算法(GA ) ，被介绍在轮船的结构的优化减少高时间费用。SVM，根植于统计学习理论和结构的风险最小化的方法的近似实现，能在真实问题并且因而的输入产量关系高减少的 metamodeling 提供好归纳表演时间在真实问题的分析花费了，例如女性的分析。作为一种强大的优化技术， GA 为几乎不能与普通基于坡度的优化方法被优化的问题拥有显著优点，它为优化 SVM 造的模型使它合适。基于 SVM-GA 策略，在一个很大的粗略的搬运人( VLCC )的船体中央部的结构的少量的优化轮船在普通结构的规则( CSR )根据直接力量评价方法被执行，它最后在优化轮船表明 SVM-GA 的高效率在重计算复杂性下面的结构的少量。有 SVM-GA 的这优化的时间费用严厉地被减少了，许多更多的环在时间的小数量以内被处理了，设计显著地被改进了。

A Rapid Estimation Method of Structural Fatigue Analysis for a 17k Ton DWT Oil Tanker

疲劳裂缝和疲劳损坏是为轮船的重要的期并且近海结构很长时间。在最后十年，与在壳结构和逐渐地大的轮船尺寸的更高张力的钢的介绍，然而，更大的注意应该被给予使问题疲劳。的大多数研究焦点更容易存取轮船的疲劳力量。另外，主要分类社会已经释放了他们的疲劳评价笔记。由于影响疲劳表演的因素的复杂性，然而从货物，不同压力部件的联合，本地结构细节的集中上的压力，工具压力，和腐蚀剂环境装载例如波浪并且迫使，有有改变分类社会的不同说明，从不同疲劳评价方法导致不同结果。这篇论文证实 Det Norske Veritas (DNV ) 分类笔记使对解释疲劳评价的过程的轮船结构的评价疲劳并且简化了方法。最后，疲劳分析被一艘真实轮船的使用数据执行，结果的可靠性被估计。

烟丝加工过程中的破碎规律研究

为探索烟丝在加工过程中的破碎规律,设计不同切丝宽度和尺寸的烟丝,研究滚筒、流态化、机械输送等关键加工环节前后烟丝的结构变化规律。结果表明,随着烟丝加工进行,各规格烟丝不断破碎,烟丝的特征尺寸降低,破碎度升高,主要表现在>7.10 mm和4.50~7.10 mm等尺寸较长的烟丝质量分数不断降低,<2.00 mm的烟丝质量分数不断升高,不同处理间3.35~4.50 mm的烟丝质量分数变化差异最大。滚筒加工过程中烟丝质量分数的变化率整体较大,其中滚筒干燥过程最大,其次是振动输送、干燥后的提升输送和风送过程,风选和干燥前的提升等过程较小。加工后1.0 mm宽度烟丝、1.0 mm宽度断丝的烟丝、0.8 mm宽度烟丝和0.8 mm宽度断丝的烟丝特征尺寸变幅分别达到1.86 mm、1.09 mm、1.65 mm和1.08 mm,其破碎度分别达到33.51%、26.35%、33.39%和27.43%。综上,>7.10 mm和4.50~7.10 mm等特征尺寸较大及同一断丝或未断丝处理下宽度较窄的烟丝在加工过程中更易破碎,应根据加工的需求,关注特定尺寸的烟丝质量变化规律,在原料消耗允许的范围内,开展烟丝结构调控和工艺优化。

基于隐结构模型结合关联规则研究冠心病稳定型心绞痛中医证候特征

目的探讨冠心病稳定型心绞痛中医证候的分布及特征,为今后冠心病稳定型心绞痛的辨证论治提供客观可靠的依据。方法计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方(WanFang)、维普(VIP)等数据库内自建库以来至2022年1月的名老中医治疗冠心病稳定型心绞痛的医案及临床经验,采用孔明灯Lantern5.0软件,应用爬山法(LTM-EAST)算法建立症状隐结构模型并进行综合聚类分析;采用SPSS Modeler 15.1软件,用Apriori算法,对中医证素进行关联规则分析并绘制复杂网络图。结果①纳入的206例医案共涉及24个中医证候,其中频次较高(>5%)的分别为心血瘀阻证、痰瘀互结证、气滞血瘀证、痰湿阻滞证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证。②将共计121个症状作为显变量,应用LTM-EAST算法构建结构模型,得出30个隐变量,对得出的30个隐变量进行综合聚类,共得出9个综合聚类模型即9个中医证候,分别为气滞血瘀证、心血瘀阻证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证、痰瘀互结证、痰湿内阻证、痰热内闭证、心肾阳虚证。③对24个中医证候提取的17个证素进行关联规则分析,推导出7个中医证候,分别为心血瘀阻证、心阳虚衰证、痰瘀互结证、气阴两虚证、阳虚血瘀证、气虚血瘀证、气滞血瘀证。结论综合归纳,最终得出6个中医常见证候,分别为:气滞血瘀证、心血瘀阻证、气虚血瘀证、心阳虚证、气阴两虚证、痰瘀互结证。

重大职务犯罪案件审判的内在结构与法治逻辑

重大职务犯罪案件审判是当今中国反腐败工作的重要组成部分。相较于普通刑事案件审判,重大职务犯罪案件审判在办案衔接、审判权归属、审判组织综合管理和最高人民法院具体指导等方面具有独特的运行特征,由此决定这类案件内部审判结构有着以下基本特性:内部审判组织架构的综合性,审判程序规范的适度灵活性,审判运行方式的安全有效性,审判形式上的严格性。在尊重重大职务犯罪案件审判内在固有结构的基础上,仍需从审判权力结构的调整、被告人基本诉讼权利的有效保障、庭前会议和庭审要素的把握和审判方式的灵活运用等方面,建构案件审判的法治逻辑,以体现审判应有的司法属性和程序价值。

我国既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊的合作博弈模型及其公理化刻画

本文结合我国当前城市既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊问题的实际,引入了具有联盟结构的赋权合作博弈模型。在该类博弈中,参与者将依据现实情况进行结盟,形成所谓的“优先联盟”。在此基础上,提出了被称为权分值的分摊规则,并证明了它可以由可加性、联盟内比例对称性、联盟间比例对称性和空化参与者性四个公理唯一确定。作为这个合作博弈模型的应用,本文将我国城市既有多层住宅加装电梯费用分摊问题可归结为具有联盟结构的赋权合作博弈模型,其中业主为参与者,而每一层的参与者们可看作一个优先联盟。当取适当的权值时,该分摊规则涵盖了我国大部分城市出台的既有多层住宅加装电梯业主费用分摊的指导标准,这为这些标准的完善、推广和实施提供了合理的理论依据。

金融强国的实现路径与建设重点

建设金融强国是未来中国金融改革、开放和发展的核心目标。基于国际经验和中国国情,金融强国的实现必须走市场化、法治化和国际化的道路。建设金融强国既要走中国之路,又要体现国际社会所认可的一般共性。因此,在迈向金融强国的过程中,重点是如何把中国资本市场建设成透明、流动性强、有成长性的财富管理市场,并且在市场化、法治化的基础上有序推进金融市场的开放与国际化。

基于真实世界数据探讨中医药治疗慢性支气管炎用药规律

目的归纳总结中医药治疗慢性支气管炎(CB)的用药规律,为临床用药提供参考。方法基于健康信息系统(HIS)电子病历数据提取2016年1月1日-2021年12月31日于河南中医药大学第一附属医院呼吸科住院的CB患者病历资料。经筛选后,将处方中药录入Excel 2019建立数据库。基于Lantern5.0软件对频率>6%的中药进行隐结构模型学习,得到隐变量及显变量,对模型进行诠释。利用SPSS Modeler 18.0软件将频率>6%的中药用Apriori算法建立模点,得到药物之间的关联规则,分析中医药治疗CB的用药规律。结果共纳入病例3410例,涉及中药423味,累计用药82766次,其中频率>6%的中药109味,累计频次为69845,频次前5位中药依次为川贝母、茯苓、白术、紫菀、陈皮,以化痰止咳平喘药、补虚药、清热药、解表药、活血化瘀药为主。药性偏温、寒、平,药味以苦、甘、辛为主,主归肺经、脾经、肝经、胃经。隐结构模型分析得到隐变量49个、隐类149个,结合专业知识推断得到10个综合聚类模型,21个核心方剂,如桑白皮汤、血府逐瘀汤、小青龙汤、二陈汤、沙参麦冬汤、六味地黄丸、银翘散、止嗽散、玉屏风散、血府逐瘀汤合导痰汤等,推断CB证候有痰热郁肺证、气滞血瘀证、寒饮射肺证、痰湿蕴肺证、肺气阴两虚证、肾阴虚证、风热犯肺证、风寒袭肺证、肺脾气虚证、痰瘀互结证。关联规则分析共得到强关联规则41条,其中二项强关联规则5条,三项强关联规则36条,置信度较高的为防风+黄芪→白术、防风+党参→白术、党参+陈皮→白术等,提升度较高的为柴胡+桑白皮→黄芩、紫苏子+射干→川贝母、苦杏仁+清半夏→陈皮等。结论中医药治疗CB以化痰止咳平喘为主,且常用活血化瘀法以助化痰,并注重补肺固表、健脾益气等法的应用。