The macromolecular structure of tectonically deformed coals(TDC)may be determined by the deformation mechanisms of coal.Alterations of the macromolecular structure change the pore structure of TDC and thereby impact p...The macromolecular structure of tectonically deformed coals(TDC)may be determined by the deformation mechanisms of coal.Alterations of the macromolecular structure change the pore structure of TDC and thereby impact physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This study focuses on structure and properties of TDC from the Huaibei and Huainan coal mining areas of southern North China.Relationships between the macromolecular structure and the pore structure of TDC were analyzed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction,high-resolution transmission electron microcopy,and the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption.The results indicated that the directional stress condition can cause the arrangement of basic structural units(BSU)more serious and closer.And,the orientation is stronger in ductile deformed coal than in brittle deformed coal.Tectonic deformation directly influences the macromolecular structure of coal and consequently results in dynamic metamorphism.Because the size of BSU in brittle deformed coal increases more slowly than in ductile deformed coal,frictional heating and stress-chemistry of shearing areas might play a more important role,locally altering coal structure under stress,in brittle deformed coal.Strain energy is more significant in increasing the ductile deformation of coal.Furthermore,mesopores account for larger percentage of the nano-scale pore volume in brittle deformed coals,while mesopores volume in ductile deformed coal diminishes rapidly along with an increase in the proportion of micropores and sub-micropores.This research also approved that the deformations of macromolecular structures change nano-scale pore structures,which are very important for gas adsorption and pervasion space for gas.Therefore,the exploration and development potential of coal bed methane is promising for reservoirs that are subjected to a certain degree of brittle deformation(such as schistose structure coal,mortar structure coal and cataclastic structure coal).It also holds promise for TDC resulting from wrinkle structure coal of low ductile deformation and later superimposed by brittle deformation.Other kinds of TDC suffering from strong brittle-ductile and ductile deformation,such as scale structure coal and mylonitic structure coal,are difficult problems to resolve.展开更多
The structural evolution of tectonically deformed coals （TDC） with different deformational mechanisms and different deformational intensities are investigated in depth through X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis on 3...The structural evolution of tectonically deformed coals （TDC） with different deformational mechanisms and different deformational intensities are investigated in depth through X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis on 31 samples of different metamorphic grades （R ： 0.7%-3.1%） collected from the Huaibei coalfield. The results indicated that there are different evolution characteristics between the ductile and brittle deformational coals with increasing of metamorphism and deformation. On the one hand, with the increase of metamorphism, the atomic plane spacing （d002） is decreasing at step velocity, the stacking of the BSU layer （Lc） is increasing at first and then decreasing, but the extension of the BSU layer （La） and the ratio of La/Lc are decreasing initially and then increasing. On the other hand, for the brittle deformational coal, d002 is increasing initially and then decreasing, which causes an inversion of the variation of Lc and La under the lower-middle or higher-middle metamorphism grade when the deformational intensity was increasing. In contrast, in the ductile deformational coals, d002 decreased initially and then increased, and the value of L~ decreased with the increase of deformational intensity. But the value of La increased under the lower-middle metamorphism grade and increased at first and then decreased under the higher-middle metamorphism grade. We conclude that the degradation and polycondensation of TDC macromolecular structure can be obviously impacted during the ductile deformational process, because the increase and accumulation of unit dislocation perhaps transforms the stress into strain energy. Meanwhile, the brittle deformation can transform the stress into frictional heat energy, and promote the metamorphism and degradation as well. It can be concluded that deformation is more important than metamorphism to the differential evolution of the ductile and brittle deformational coals.展开更多
The structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the rock mass are important parts of the feasibility study on the nuclear power engineering field. In this study, by means of in situ investigation and stati...The structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the rock mass are important parts of the feasibility study on the nuclear power engineering field. In this study, by means of in situ investigation and statistics, the structural plane and joint fissure features of the rock mass were analyzed and discussed at different plots and different depth scopes in the Tianwan Nuclear Power engineering field, the rock mass integrality and its weathered degree were evaluated respectively, and especially, the unfavorable geological phenomena of strongly-weathered cystid existing in the field were studied. According to the results of indoor rock mechanical tests, in combination with drilling, the shallow seismic prospecting, sonic logging and point load tests, the statistical results of physical and mechanical indices of rocks at key plots of the field were analyzed, and the design parameters of the field were calculated. It provided scientific basis for the foundation design of the nuclear power plant.展开更多
Coals with different deformation mechanisms(brittle deformation,brittle-ductile deformation,and ductile deformation) repre-sent different ways in macromolecular structure evolution based on the metamorphism.The evolut...Coals with different deformation mechanisms(brittle deformation,brittle-ductile deformation,and ductile deformation) repre-sent different ways in macromolecular structure evolution based on the metamorphism.The evolution of coal structure could affect the occurrence condition of coalbed methane(CBM) because the nanopore structure affected by macromolecular struc-ture is the most important reservoir for CBM.This paper analyzes the evolutions and mechanisms of structure and functional group of tectonically deformed coals(TDCs) collected from Huainan-Huaibei coalfield using X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy methods.The results show that the macromolecular struc-ture evolutions of TDC are different from the primary structure coal as a result of the different metamorphic grade and defor-mation mechanisms.The different deformation mechanisms variously affect the process of functional group and polyconden-sation of macromolecular structure.Furthermore,the tectonic deformation leads to secondary structural defects and reduces the structure stability of TDC.The coupled evolution on stacking and extension caused by the changes of secondary structural de-fects results from different deformation mechanisms.We consider that the changes of chemical structure and secondary struc-tural defects are the primary reasons for the various structure evolutions of TDC compared with primary structure coal.展开更多
This paper presents an integrated investigation of the ground stability of a deep gateroad with a 1 km burial depth based on a field test, case studies, and numerical modelling. In situ stress measurements and mechani...This paper presents an integrated investigation of the ground stability of a deep gateroad with a 1 km burial depth based on a field test, case studies, and numerical modelling. In situ stress measurements and mechanical properties tests were first conducted in the test site. Then, the deformation behavior, stress and yield zone distributions, as well as the bolts load of the gateroad, were simulated using FLAC3D software. The model results demonstrated that the soft rock properties and high in situ stress were the main factors for the deep gateroad instability, and the shear slip failure induced by the high stress was the primary failure model for the deep rock mass. In addition, the unsuitable support patterns, especially the relatively short bolts/cables with low pre-tensions, the lack of high-strengthen secondary supports and the unsupported floor strata, also contributed to the gateroad instability. Subsequently, a new combined supporting strategy, incorporating longer bolts/cables, yielding ring supports, and grouting measures, was proposed for the deep gateroad, and its validity was verified via field monitoring. All these could be a reference for understanding the failure mechanism of the gateroad with 1 km burial depth.展开更多
By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities ...By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared,the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied,combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens,and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively.The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher,the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier.The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate,and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities.When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity,the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious ''step'',which can be defined as the first failure precursor point.Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92-98%,which can be defined as the other failure precursor point.As the loading rate is smaller,the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one,so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.展开更多
We present a new solution for the elastic displacement and strain fields on or near Earth’s surface due to rectangular faults in an anisotropic half-space,expressed as a summation of(A)the solution in an infinite spa...We present a new solution for the elastic displacement and strain fields on or near Earth’s surface due to rectangular faults in an anisotropic half-space,expressed as a summation of(A)the solution in an infinite space which is singular,and(B)the complementary part which is regular and well-behaved.These two solutions are expressed in terms of the mathematically elegant and computationally powerful Stroh formalism and can be applied to the generally anisotropic rock half-space or a transversely isotropic rock mass with any oriented plane of isotropy.For any flat fault of polygonal shape,one needs only to carry out a simple line integral from 0 to 7 r in order to express the fault-induced response.Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the significant effect of the rock anisotropy and layer orientation on the fault-induced displacement and strain fields in anisotropic rocks.Potential applications are wide ranging,from faults in sedimentary strata to strongly deformed metamorphic rocks with steeply dipping foliation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40772135,4097213141030422)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA05030100)National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2011ZX05060-005).
文摘The macromolecular structure of tectonically deformed coals(TDC)may be determined by the deformation mechanisms of coal.Alterations of the macromolecular structure change the pore structure of TDC and thereby impact physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This study focuses on structure and properties of TDC from the Huaibei and Huainan coal mining areas of southern North China.Relationships between the macromolecular structure and the pore structure of TDC were analyzed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction,high-resolution transmission electron microcopy,and the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption.The results indicated that the directional stress condition can cause the arrangement of basic structural units(BSU)more serious and closer.And,the orientation is stronger in ductile deformed coal than in brittle deformed coal.Tectonic deformation directly influences the macromolecular structure of coal and consequently results in dynamic metamorphism.Because the size of BSU in brittle deformed coal increases more slowly than in ductile deformed coal,frictional heating and stress-chemistry of shearing areas might play a more important role,locally altering coal structure under stress,in brittle deformed coal.Strain energy is more significant in increasing the ductile deformation of coal.Furthermore,mesopores account for larger percentage of the nano-scale pore volume in brittle deformed coals,while mesopores volume in ductile deformed coal diminishes rapidly along with an increase in the proportion of micropores and sub-micropores.This research also approved that the deformations of macromolecular structures change nano-scale pore structures,which are very important for gas adsorption and pervasion space for gas.Therefore,the exploration and development potential of coal bed methane is promising for reservoirs that are subjected to a certain degree of brittle deformation(such as schistose structure coal,mortar structure coal and cataclastic structure coal).It also holds promise for TDC resulting from wrinkle structure coal of low ductile deformation and later superimposed by brittle deformation.Other kinds of TDC suffering from strong brittle-ductile and ductile deformation,such as scale structure coal and mylonitic structure coal,are difficult problems to resolve.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41030422, 40972131,40772135 and 41202120)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2009CB219601 and 2006CB202201)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2012M510590)
文摘The structural evolution of tectonically deformed coals （TDC） with different deformational mechanisms and different deformational intensities are investigated in depth through X-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis on 31 samples of different metamorphic grades （R ： 0.7%-3.1%） collected from the Huaibei coalfield. The results indicated that there are different evolution characteristics between the ductile and brittle deformational coals with increasing of metamorphism and deformation. On the one hand, with the increase of metamorphism, the atomic plane spacing （d002） is decreasing at step velocity, the stacking of the BSU layer （Lc） is increasing at first and then decreasing, but the extension of the BSU layer （La） and the ratio of La/Lc are decreasing initially and then increasing. On the other hand, for the brittle deformational coal, d002 is increasing initially and then decreasing, which causes an inversion of the variation of Lc and La under the lower-middle or higher-middle metamorphism grade when the deformational intensity was increasing. In contrast, in the ductile deformational coals, d002 decreased initially and then increased, and the value of L~ decreased with the increase of deformational intensity. But the value of La increased under the lower-middle metamorphism grade and increased at first and then decreased under the higher-middle metamorphism grade. We conclude that the degradation and polycondensation of TDC macromolecular structure can be obviously impacted during the ductile deformational process, because the increase and accumulation of unit dislocation perhaps transforms the stress into strain energy. Meanwhile, the brittle deformation can transform the stress into frictional heat energy, and promote the metamorphism and degradation as well. It can be concluded that deformation is more important than metamorphism to the differential evolution of the ductile and brittle deformational coals.
文摘The structural characteristics and mechanical properties of the rock mass are important parts of the feasibility study on the nuclear power engineering field. In this study, by means of in situ investigation and statistics, the structural plane and joint fissure features of the rock mass were analyzed and discussed at different plots and different depth scopes in the Tianwan Nuclear Power engineering field, the rock mass integrality and its weathered degree were evaluated respectively, and especially, the unfavorable geological phenomena of strongly-weathered cystid existing in the field were studied. According to the results of indoor rock mechanical tests, in combination with drilling, the shallow seismic prospecting, sonic logging and point load tests, the statistical results of physical and mechanical indices of rocks at key plots of the field were analyzed, and the design parameters of the field were calculated. It provided scientific basis for the foundation design of the nuclear power plant.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.40772135,40972131 and 41030422)National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos.2009CB219601 and 2006CB202201)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.XDA05030100)
文摘Coals with different deformation mechanisms(brittle deformation,brittle-ductile deformation,and ductile deformation) repre-sent different ways in macromolecular structure evolution based on the metamorphism.The evolution of coal structure could affect the occurrence condition of coalbed methane(CBM) because the nanopore structure affected by macromolecular struc-ture is the most important reservoir for CBM.This paper analyzes the evolutions and mechanisms of structure and functional group of tectonically deformed coals(TDCs) collected from Huainan-Huaibei coalfield using X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy methods.The results show that the macromolecular struc-ture evolutions of TDC are different from the primary structure coal as a result of the different metamorphic grade and defor-mation mechanisms.The different deformation mechanisms variously affect the process of functional group and polyconden-sation of macromolecular structure.Furthermore,the tectonic deformation leads to secondary structural defects and reduces the structure stability of TDC.The coupled evolution on stacking and extension caused by the changes of secondary structural de-fects results from different deformation mechanisms.We consider that the changes of chemical structure and secondary struc-tural defects are the primary reasons for the various structure evolutions of TDC compared with primary structure coal.
基金Project（2017RCJJ011） supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Shaaadong University of Science and Technology for Recruited Talents, China Projects（01CK03203, 02CK02302） supported by the Shaaadong Provincial First-Class Discipline Fundamental, China Proj ect（ZR2018QEE001） supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China
文摘This paper presents an integrated investigation of the ground stability of a deep gateroad with a 1 km burial depth based on a field test, case studies, and numerical modelling. In situ stress measurements and mechanical properties tests were first conducted in the test site. Then, the deformation behavior, stress and yield zone distributions, as well as the bolts load of the gateroad, were simulated using FLAC3D software. The model results demonstrated that the soft rock properties and high in situ stress were the main factors for the deep gateroad instability, and the shear slip failure induced by the high stress was the primary failure model for the deep rock mass. In addition, the unsuitable support patterns, especially the relatively short bolts/cables with low pre-tensions, the lack of high-strengthen secondary supports and the unsupported floor strata, also contributed to the gateroad instability. Subsequently, a new combined supporting strategy, incorporating longer bolts/cables, yielding ring supports, and grouting measures, was proposed for the deep gateroad, and its validity was verified via field monitoring. All these could be a reference for understanding the failure mechanism of the gateroad with 1 km burial depth.
文摘By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system,a series of acoustic emission(AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure,increasing the axial stress.The AE space-time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared,the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied,combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens,and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively.The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher,the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier.The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate,and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities.When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity,the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious ''step'',which can be defined as the first failure precursor point.Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92-98%,which can be defined as the other failure precursor point.As the loading rate is smaller,the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one,so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.
基金the China Scholarship Council(CSC) for supporting her visit at the University of Akron
文摘We present a new solution for the elastic displacement and strain fields on or near Earth’s surface due to rectangular faults in an anisotropic half-space,expressed as a summation of(A)the solution in an infinite space which is singular,and(B)the complementary part which is regular and well-behaved.These two solutions are expressed in terms of the mathematically elegant and computationally powerful Stroh formalism and can be applied to the generally anisotropic rock half-space or a transversely isotropic rock mass with any oriented plane of isotropy.For any flat fault of polygonal shape,one needs only to carry out a simple line integral from 0 to 7 r in order to express the fault-induced response.Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the significant effect of the rock anisotropy and layer orientation on the fault-induced displacement and strain fields in anisotropic rocks.Potential applications are wide ranging,from faults in sedimentary strata to strongly deformed metamorphic rocks with steeply dipping foliation.
