Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is sti...Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.展开更多
Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African popu...Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African populations face more difficulties getting around than city dwellers. In addition, studies on mobility in Africa are relatively weak. In rural African areas, this ignorance of mobility is even more important. It is necessary to identify the characteristics and the spatial structure of mobility flows before starting any reflection on solutions, particularly in terms of spatial allocation of transport resources. Our main objective is to map the current movement flows in the Niakhar area. We chose to use the cartographic approach to analyze mobility flows. The data come from a survey carried out in 2018, as part of the French Institute of Research for Development (IRD) Niakhar Atlas project. For the data analysis, we used 4 methods: dominant flux method, net flux calculation method, directional mean statistics and areal interpolation. The results revealed differences in mobility behavior depending on the season and in space, and the existence of three dominant centers: Ngayokhème, Diohine and Toucar. They also made it possible to highlight the main directions of the flows and the scalar fields of mobility.展开更多
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is spatially distributing independent sensors to monitor physical and environmental characteristics such as temperature, sound, pressure and also provides different applications such as...A wireless sensor network (WSN) is spatially distributing independent sensors to monitor physical and environmental characteristics such as temperature, sound, pressure and also provides different applications such as battlefield inspection and biological detection. The Constrained Motion and Sensor (CMS) Model represents the features and explain k-step reach ability testing to describe the states. The description and calculation based on CMS model does not solve the problem in mobile robots. The ADD framework based on monitoring radio measurements creates a threshold. But the methods are not effective in dynamic coverage of complex environment. In this paper, a Localized Coverage based on Shape and Area Detection (LCSAD) Framework is developed to increase the dynamic coverage using mobile robots. To facilitate the measurement in mobile robots, two algorithms are designed to identify the coverage area, (i.e.,) the area of a coverage hole or not. The two algorithms are Localized Geometric Voronoi Hexagon (LGVH) and Acquaintance Area Hexagon (AAH). LGVH senses all the shapes and it is simple to show all the boundary area nodes. AAH based algorithm simply takes directional information by locating the area of local and global convex points of coverage area. Both these algorithms are applied to WSN of random topologies. The simulation result shows that the proposed LCSAD framework attains minimal energy utilization, lesser waiting time, and also achieves higher scalability, throughput, delivery rate and 8% maximal coverage connectivity in sensor network compared to state-of-art works.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel robot for outer surface inspection of boiler tubes. The paper describes the hardware system, wireless communication strategy, communication procedure and system software of the robot. The...This paper introduces a novel robot for outer surface inspection of boiler tubes. The paper describes the hardware system, wireless communication strategy, communication procedure and system software of the robot. The WLAN technology is used in the robot. It solves the problem of shielding generated by iron boiler and 11Mbps bandwidth made it possible for video and control stream real-time transmit within the same channel. Though TCP/IP protocol is robust, serial server is a transparent channel but cannot detect error and retransmit the data. In order to improve the reliability of serial communication, a new communication protocol is proposed. Key words boiler tubes - mobile robotics - wireless local area network Project Supported by the National High-Tech Program (Grant No. 2002AA420080)展开更多
Mobile devices are effective tools for language learning and have positive effect on the development of language skills,heighten learners’ language learning attitudes and motivation, and support learner interaction, ...Mobile devices are effective tools for language learning and have positive effect on the development of language skills,heighten learners’ language learning attitudes and motivation, and support learner interaction, collaboration, and the coconstruction of knowledge. In spite of the popularity of mobile dictionaries among students, research on the effect of this app on students’language learning, especially focusing on the students from vocational school in rural area, is still scarce. So the purpose ofthe current study is probing into the effect of using mobile dictionaries on lower-intermediate students’ language learning, focusingon the students from vocational school in rural areas, in contrast to using printed dictionaries. This proposal is arranged as follows:section one presents the research background; section two reviews literatures; section three provides research problems and research design; section four presents data analysis and anticipated results. This proposal ends with conclusions. In term of researchaims, a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative will be applied with the main aim of probing the effect of using mobile dictionaries on students’ English learning and the opinions of students’on using the mobile dictionaries in English learning. Researchmethods in the form of quasi-experimental pre-and post-tests, questionnaires, interview will be undertaken to collect data.展开更多
文摘Mobile and Internet network coverage plays an important role in digital transformation and the exploitation of new services. The evolution of mobile networks from the first generation (1G) to the 5th generation is still a long process. 2G networks have developed the messaging service, which complements the already operational voice service. 2G technology has rapidly progressed to the third generation (3G), incorporating multimedia data transmission techniques. It then progressed to fourth generation (4G) and LTE (Long Term Evolution), increasing the transmission speed to improve 3G. Currently, developed countries have already moved to 5G. In developing countries, including Burundi, a member of the East African Community (ECA) where more than 80% are connected to 2G technologies, 40% are connected to the 3G network and 25% to the 4G network and are not yet connected to the 5G network and then still a process. The objective of this article is to analyze the coverage of 2G, 3G and 4G networks in Burundi. This analysis will make it possible to identify possible deficits in order to reduce the digital divide between connected urban areas and remote rural areas. Furthermore, this analysis will draw the attention of decision-makers to the need to deploy networks and coverage to allow the population to access mobile and Internet services and thus enable the digitalization of the population. Finally, this article shows the level of coverage, the digital divide and an overview of the deployment of base stations (BTS) throughout the country to promote the transformation and digital inclusion of services.
文摘Despite the development of information and communication technologies, mobility still remains an important factor in the development of the social capital, by promoting social interactions. However, rural African populations face more difficulties getting around than city dwellers. In addition, studies on mobility in Africa are relatively weak. In rural African areas, this ignorance of mobility is even more important. It is necessary to identify the characteristics and the spatial structure of mobility flows before starting any reflection on solutions, particularly in terms of spatial allocation of transport resources. Our main objective is to map the current movement flows in the Niakhar area. We chose to use the cartographic approach to analyze mobility flows. The data come from a survey carried out in 2018, as part of the French Institute of Research for Development (IRD) Niakhar Atlas project. For the data analysis, we used 4 methods: dominant flux method, net flux calculation method, directional mean statistics and areal interpolation. The results revealed differences in mobility behavior depending on the season and in space, and the existence of three dominant centers: Ngayokhème, Diohine and Toucar. They also made it possible to highlight the main directions of the flows and the scalar fields of mobility.
文摘A wireless sensor network (WSN) is spatially distributing independent sensors to monitor physical and environmental characteristics such as temperature, sound, pressure and also provides different applications such as battlefield inspection and biological detection. The Constrained Motion and Sensor (CMS) Model represents the features and explain k-step reach ability testing to describe the states. The description and calculation based on CMS model does not solve the problem in mobile robots. The ADD framework based on monitoring radio measurements creates a threshold. But the methods are not effective in dynamic coverage of complex environment. In this paper, a Localized Coverage based on Shape and Area Detection (LCSAD) Framework is developed to increase the dynamic coverage using mobile robots. To facilitate the measurement in mobile robots, two algorithms are designed to identify the coverage area, (i.e.,) the area of a coverage hole or not. The two algorithms are Localized Geometric Voronoi Hexagon (LGVH) and Acquaintance Area Hexagon (AAH). LGVH senses all the shapes and it is simple to show all the boundary area nodes. AAH based algorithm simply takes directional information by locating the area of local and global convex points of coverage area. Both these algorithms are applied to WSN of random topologies. The simulation result shows that the proposed LCSAD framework attains minimal energy utilization, lesser waiting time, and also achieves higher scalability, throughput, delivery rate and 8% maximal coverage connectivity in sensor network compared to state-of-art works.
文摘This paper introduces a novel robot for outer surface inspection of boiler tubes. The paper describes the hardware system, wireless communication strategy, communication procedure and system software of the robot. The WLAN technology is used in the robot. It solves the problem of shielding generated by iron boiler and 11Mbps bandwidth made it possible for video and control stream real-time transmit within the same channel. Though TCP/IP protocol is robust, serial server is a transparent channel but cannot detect error and retransmit the data. In order to improve the reliability of serial communication, a new communication protocol is proposed. Key words boiler tubes - mobile robotics - wireless local area network Project Supported by the National High-Tech Program (Grant No. 2002AA420080)
文摘Mobile devices are effective tools for language learning and have positive effect on the development of language skills,heighten learners’ language learning attitudes and motivation, and support learner interaction, collaboration, and the coconstruction of knowledge. In spite of the popularity of mobile dictionaries among students, research on the effect of this app on students’language learning, especially focusing on the students from vocational school in rural area, is still scarce. So the purpose ofthe current study is probing into the effect of using mobile dictionaries on lower-intermediate students’ language learning, focusingon the students from vocational school in rural areas, in contrast to using printed dictionaries. This proposal is arranged as follows:section one presents the research background; section two reviews literatures; section three provides research problems and research design; section four presents data analysis and anticipated results. This proposal ends with conclusions. In term of researchaims, a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative will be applied with the main aim of probing the effect of using mobile dictionaries on students’ English learning and the opinions of students’on using the mobile dictionaries in English learning. Researchmethods in the form of quasi-experimental pre-and post-tests, questionnaires, interview will be undertaken to collect data.
