Field Measurements of Influence of Sand Transport Rate on Structure of Wind-sand Flow over Coastal Transverse Ridge

The structure of wind-sand flow under different total sand transport rates was measured with field vertical anemometer and sand trap on the crest of typical coastal transverse ridge in Changli Gold Coast of Hebei Province, which is one of the most typical coastal aeolian distribution regions in China and famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges. The measurement results show that, on the conditions of approximate wind velocities and same surface materials and environments, some changes happen to the structure of wind-sand flow with the increase of total sand transport rate on the crest of coastal transverse ridge. First, the sand transport rates of layers at different heights in the wind-sand flow increase, with the maximum increase at the height layer of 4-8cm. Second, the ratios of sand trans-port rates of layers at different heights to total sand transport rate decrease at the low height layer (0-4cm), but increase at the high height layer (4-60cm). Third, the distribution of the sand transport rate in the wind-sand flow can be expressed by an exponential function at the height layer of 0-40cm, but it changes from power function model to ex-ponential function model in the whole height layer (0-60cm) and changes into polynomial function model at the height layer of 40-60cm with the increase of total sand transport rate. Those changes have a close relationship with the limit of sand grain size of wind flow transporting and composition of sand grain size in the wind-sand flow.

Progress on research and mitigation of wind-blown sand risk in Dunhuang Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Spring Scenic area,China

The Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Spring Scenic Spot in Dunhuang,Northwest China is a world-renowned desert attraction that is also an integral component of the Dunhuang UNESCO Global Geopark.This scenic area underwent a 30-year transformation,i.e.,from a severe sand risk with spring water threatened by sand burial due to dune deformation,to restoration of the original sand flow field and mitigation of the sand burial problem.The current paper summarizes the research on the intensive monitoring of the dynamic change of star dunes near the spring,observation of wind and sand flow movement,and then restoring the harmonic vibration of the sand particles(singing sand)that were previously silenced.The existing and prospective impacts of anthropogenic and natural forces on the deformation of the sand dunes are investigated by integrated methods,guiding the implementation of mitigating measures with significant ameliorative effects.Contrast to common sand control practices that aim to reduce wind speed and stop blown sands,our research highlights the importance of maintaining the natural wind flow field in stabilizing surrounding dunes.These mitigation measures consist of removing excessive vegetation and newly constructed buildings to recover the original wind flow field and sand transport activity.Such research and mitigation efforts ensure the scientific protection and restoration of the special desert landform,and contribute to the mutual enhancement of the conservation and exploitation of this desert scenic spot and similar sites.

THE LOSS OF STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL AND THE MECHANISM OF SAND RIPPLE FORMATION

In the flow on a mobile bed in an open channel, sand ripple often appears after the sediment begins to move. Different scholars have different views on the formation of sand ripples. This paper holds that as the ripple in general is very small, its formation is due to the instability of the laminar flow or the evolution of the small-scale coherent structures in the sublayer adjacent to the wall of the open channel. When the shear stresses caused by the disturbing waves or the coherent structure near the bed surface boundary and the water flow itself are greater than the shields stresses, responses on the bed surface appear and the sand ripple forms. If the frequency of the shear stress caused by the disturbance is close to the natural frequency of the sand grains that produced resonance, such a phenomenon is called the 'detection property' of the sediment. It is at this point that the maximum resonance appears and the sand ripple develops rapidly.

Sand deposit-detecting method and its application in model test of sand flow

Against the background of the sand-flow foundation treatment engineering of Guangzhou Zhoutouzui variable cross-section immersed tunnel, a kind of sand deposit-detecting method was devised on the basis of full-scale model test of sand-flow method. The real-time data of sand-deposit height and radius were obtained by the self-developed sand-deposit detectors. The test results show that the detecting method is simple and has high precision. In the use of sand-flow method, the sand-carrying capability of fluid is limited, and sand particles are all transported to the sand-deposit periphery through crater, gap and chutes after the sand deposit formed. The diffusion range of the particles outside the sand-deposit does not exceed 2.0 m. Severe sorting of sand particles is not observed because of the unique oblique-layered depositing process. The temporal and spatial distributions of gap and chutes directly affect the sand-deposit expansion, and the expansion trend of the average sand-deposit radius accords with quadratic time-history curve.

双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障的优化配置及防沙效益

[目的]针对双排高立式尼龙网阻沙障与草方格固沙障联合应用,开展风洞试验研究,以优化联合沙障中尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度配置及探究各孔隙度下联合沙障的防沙效益。[方法]基于风洞模拟试验数据,开展不同孔隙度(40%,45%,55%)联合沙障,在不同风速下的风速流场、空气动力学粗糙度、摩阻风速、输沙率随高度和阻沙率方面的变化特征研究。[结果](1)相同风速下尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度40%时,联合沙障弱风区面积最大;(2)随着尼龙网阻沙障孔隙度的增大,空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速减小,相同风速和相同位置时,40%孔隙度下联合沙障空气动力学粗糙度和摩阻风速值最大;(3)风速增加地表输沙率也增加,联合沙障内部与背风侧输沙率随高度增加呈指数型递减,输沙主要集中在0~12 cm高度内;(4)风速大小与沙障阻沙率呈现负相关变化;阻沙率与孔隙度之间也呈负相关关系,孔隙度为40%的联合沙障具有较高阻沙率;双排高立式尼龙网阻沙措施与草方格固沙措施联合之间还存在阻沙率叠加。[结论]40%孔隙度的双排高立式尼龙网和草方格的阻固联合可以实现较优的配置与防沙效益。

腾格里沙漠光伏阵列对气流场和风沙流的扰动作用

[目的]研究腾格里沙漠光伏(PV)阵列扰动下的近地层气流场与风沙流结构特征,评估光伏阵列的防风固沙效果,为沙漠地区风沙灾害治理和生态环境可持续发展提供理论支撑。[方法]采用梯度风速观测设备,实地观测光伏阵列(电板前沿、电板后沿和阵列间中线)和对照点的风速垂直分布、风速流场和风沙流结构,对比分析电站内外不同位置的气流场与输沙特征。[结果](1)电站内整体风速呈现降低特点,阵列间与电板后沿平均风速随高度上升而增加,电板前沿平均风速随着高度增加呈先降低后增加的趋势。(2)(1)草方格观测断面。电板前沿出风口处的风速明显增加,电板后沿进风口和阵列间中线100 cm以下的风速降低;(2)风蚀坑观测断面。光伏电板150 cm以下的风速降低,阵列间的风速脉动变化明显;(3)砾石观测断面。风速相对变化率与风速流场格局稳定,电板后沿150 cm以上部分风速增加。平均防风效果:砾石>草方格。(3)输沙量表现为:电板前沿>电板后沿>阵列间中线;流动沙丘参照点(上风向)与电板前沿λ(风沙流结构特征值)呈饱和状态,电板后沿和阵列间λ呈非饱和状态。[结论]与流动沙丘相比,光伏阵列扰动了风速流场格局,风速脉动和湍流度发生变化,输沙量明显下降,固沙效益明显。

Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert, China

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions： no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m（i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height） downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.

南堡凹陷东北部东二段重力流砂岩储层发育规律

随着勘探程度的提高,深水重力流成因的浊积岩储层已成为我国东部断陷湖盆油气勘探开发的重要目标之一。因为沉积分异不足和成岩破坏,重力流砂岩的储层质量通常整体较差,优质储层的预测成为制约其有效油气勘探的关键地质因素。利用岩心、测井资料及储层物性、岩石薄片分析结果,研究了南堡凹陷东北部东营组二段重力流砂岩的岩相特征、成因类型、储层特征,以探索优质储层的控制因素和发育规律。研究表明,区内重力流沉积可细分为8种岩相,解释为滑动滑塌、砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流4类成因。储层物性参数统计分析证实,本区重力流砂岩储层非均质性强,储层质量受控于砂岩成因、砂-泥结构及其影响的溶蚀强度。从成因看,砂质碎屑流和浊流对重力流砂岩优质储层的发育贡献最大。砂质碎屑流成因的块状砂岩厚度较大、泥岩夹层较少、钙质胶结物的溶蚀程度高,储层质量最好;而浊流成因的砂岩厚度较薄,与泥岩呈互层或夹层产出,成岩环境封闭、钙质胶结物溶蚀程度低,储层质量较差。本研究为湖盆深水重力流砂岩油气的高效勘探开发提供了一种基于成因和结构的储层预测思路。

江苏近海辐射沙脊群及邻近海域生态系统营养结构和能量流动研究

为了解近海辐射沙脊群的生态功能、营养结构和能量流动特征,根据2018—2019年在江苏近海辐射沙脊群及邻近海域进行的生物资源与栖息环境综合调查数据,通过构建Ecopath生态模型,分析了该海域生态系统的营养结构、混合营养效应、能流途径和生态系统总体特征等。研究发现,该海域27个功能群的营养级范围为1.00~4.31,主要渔获种类及优势种的营养级范围在3.0~4.0之间,顶级捕食者如鮸(Miichthys miiuy)和龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)等鱼类的营养级在4.0以上。该海域生态系统的总生态转化效率是14.93%,略高于邻近海域,表明该生态系统对能量的总体利用率较高,有利于维持生物群落的多样性和较高的生产力。碎屑和浮游植物均是该海域主要的营养来源,其中牧食食物链在各营养级之间的能量流动均高于碎屑食物链。与其他生态系统相比,该海域生态系统的总流量(TST)较高(8950 t·km^(-2)·a^(-1)),表明该生态系统的总体规模较大,有利于维持生态系统的健康。从生态系统总体特征参数等生态指标来看,该海域生态系统仍处于不稳定状态,易受外界扰动的影响。研究结果将有助于深入解析江苏近海辐射沙脊群及邻近海域生态系统的营养结构及生态系统总体特征,可为该海域生态系统的保护和修复提供技术支撑。

干枯植被覆盖对公路沿线地表风沙流结构的影响

[目的]以内蒙古S105草原公路沿线地表为研究对象,探讨挟沙风作用下干枯植被覆盖度对风沙流结构的影响,旨在为防治公路两侧土壤风蚀提供理论参考依据。[方法]采用风洞模拟试验,在0%,20%,40%和50%覆盖度水平下测定输沙率。[结果]在挟沙风作用下,输沙率随干枯植被覆盖度的增大而递减,最大输沙率点的高度层不断上升。覆盖度为0%时,输沙率随高度的增加呈指数函数规律降低;覆盖度为20%,40%和50%时,输沙率随高度的增加呈递减→递增→递减→趋于平缓的变化规律;在85 mm高度以下符合多项式函数关系,85 mm高度以上符合指数函数关系。随覆盖度的增大总输沙量递减,最大抗风蚀效率达65.73%。[结论]干枯植被覆盖显著影响地表风沙流结构,可削弱挟沙风侵蚀力,是抑制公路沿线地表土壤风蚀沙化的有效措施。

模拟降雨下林下覆被结构对产流产沙过程的影响

植被具有良好的水土保持效益,深入了解覆被结构特征与产流产沙关系是研究植被防蚀功能的基础。以鄂中地区典型森林植被为对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验研究5种覆被结构(灌木、草本、枯落物、灌木+草本、灌木+草本+枯落物)和侵蚀性降雨(60,90,120 mm/h)对坡面侵蚀产沙过程的影响。结果表明:(1)坡面产流率、产沙率随降雨时间先迅速增大,后缓慢增大,最后达到稳定趋势。降雨强度是坡面侵蚀产沙的主导因素,与产流时间、产流率和产沙率呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。(2)在有/无枯落物存在的情况下,植被覆盖度、植株密度分别是坡面产流产沙的主要影响因素。径流含沙量在不同覆被结构覆盖下表现为:草本>灌木>枯落物>灌木+草本>灌草枯。(3)结构特征参数对产流产沙影响的优先等级为覆盖度、生物量、植株密度、多样性指标,即水平结构>竖直结构>物种组成>空间格局。研究结果旨在揭示覆被结构对坡面侵蚀产沙的作用机理,为南方林地土壤侵蚀模型的构建提供科学参考。

Mechanisms of the formation of wind-blown sand hazards and the sand control measures in Gobi areas under extremely strong winds along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway(HSR)traverses areas of the Gobi Desert where extremely strong winds are frequent.These strong winds cause sand/gravel hazards,an unaddressed issue that often seriously compromises the safe operation of the HSR.This paper studies the mechanisms leading to wind-blown sand hazards and the outcomes of sand control projects in these areas.The main findings are as follows:(1)Cold northern airflows over the Tian Shan mountain range are accelerated by the wind tunnels and downslope effect as they pass over complex terrain comprising passes,gullies,and proluvial fans.Consequently,the wind intensity often increases two-to threefold,creating frequent high-speed winds that lead to severe sand damage along the HSR.(2)In the Gobi areas with extremely strong winds,sand grains can be lifted as high as 9 m from the ground into the air,far higher than in other areas of the desert.The sand transport rate decreases exponentially with increasing height.Both wind speed and particle size determine saltation height.Coarser particles and stronger winds provide the particles with a higher kinetic energy as they collide with the ground.In the wind zones of Baili and Yandun,the analysed study areas,the saltation layer height of wind-blown sand/gravel exceeds 3 and 2 m,respectively.(3)Based on the above findings,recently emerging sand control materials,suitable for the areas of interest,were screened and developed.Furthermore,under the proposed principle of‘supplementing blocking with trapping’,a comprehensive sand control measure was established,featuring sandblocking belts comprised of multiple rows,and high,vertical sand-trapping installations with a large grids size.The installed system showed a high efficacy,reducing sand transport rate by 87.87%and significantly decreasing the deposition of sand along a trial section of the HSR.

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段页岩油储层特征及主控因素

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区是长庆油田页岩油勘探开发的重点区块。根据铸体薄片、物性分析、扫描电镜、高压压汞及核磁共振等测试分析结果,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区三叠系长7段页岩油储层特征及其主控因素进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)合水地区长7段页岩油储层主要为一套灰黑—黑色细—粉砂岩,以岩屑长石砂岩为主,填隙物的体积分数平均为16.71%。岩石物性较差,平均孔隙度为8.15%,平均渗透率为0.102 mD,为超低孔—特低孔、超低渗型储层。(2)研究区孔隙类型以长石溶孔和残余粒间孔为主,以亚微米孔(直径为0.1~1.0μm)含量最多,占总孔隙数量的75.56%,纳米孔隙(直径小于0.1μm)数量次之,占总孔隙数量的17.94%。孔喉类型较复杂,溶蚀成因的管束状喉道及压实成因的片状、弯片状喉道为储层主要的喉道类型。(3)沉积作用、成岩作用及构造作用共同控制了研究区长7段页岩油储层的质量和分布。沉积作用为储层提供了物质基础,储层主要形成于深水重力流沉积环境,可分为砂质碎屑流砂体和浊流砂体等2种类型。中等—强压实强度的压实作用和胶结作用降低了储层物性,溶蚀作用对于改善储层物性具有一定的积极作用,构造作用形成的裂缝提高了储层的渗流能力,并对后期的储层压裂改造具有重要意义。

沙漠化的分形特征研究

在国内外有关学者研究的基础上，运用分形理论研究沙漠化的分形特征。结果表明：①作为风沙地貌形成的物质基础──沙粒，其粒径分布具有分形特征，其分维值的大小差异体现了沙物质分布的区域差异性。②风沙地貌是一种典型的分形几何实体，沙丘分布具有分形特征，其分维值体现了风沙地貌的自相似性规律。③风沙流结构不但是分形，而且是多重分形，其分维值与风速有着极大的关系。④荒漠绿洲景观镶嵌结构具有分形特征，各景观要素的分维值大小代表着该要素镶嵌结构的复杂性和稳定性程度。在黑河流域，自然绿洲的镶嵌结构最具复杂性，也最具稳定性。⑤沙漠化过程具有多重分形特征，如果用降水和风速为标度度量沙漠化过程，都表现出某种不规则性。

黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸风沙流结构与沙丘移动规律

为明确黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的风沙活动及沙丘移动特征,该文以黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸的流动沙丘为研究对象,采用野外观测与实验室分析相结合的方法对沿岸沙丘的起沙风况、沙物质组成、风沙流结构及沙丘移动规律进行初步的定量研究。结果表明:起沙风的主风为西南—西风,集中于3-5月份,且5～6m/s风占起沙风的50.26%;沙物质粒径以细砂(0.1～0.25mm)为主,沿黄段沙丘粒径极细砂以下(≤0.1mm)的沙物质粒径组成比沙漠腹地减少8.92%;距地60cm高度范围内,81.75%的沙物质在0～10cm高的气层中通过。在沙丘的不同部位上,相对输沙量与高程之间有着良好的幂函数关系;沙丘向前移动的距离为8.19m/a,主要发生在3-5月份。该研究结果可为合理计算入黄风积沙量及完善黄河沿岸综合防护体系提供科学依据。

乌兰布和沙区不同下垫面的土壤风蚀特征

【目的】研究荒漠生态系统典型植被群落对近地层风沙活动的影响,揭示荒漠生态系统中不同下垫面条件的土壤风蚀特征。【方法】在乌兰布和沙区东北缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带内,选取油蒿半固定沙丘(盖度约20%)、白刺半固定沙丘(盖度约30%)、油蒿固定沙丘(盖度约40%)、白刺固定沙丘(盖度约40%)、流动沙丘(CK)5种典型下垫面,运用风蚀钎和风沙流采集系统,实时监测5种下垫面的风蚀动态,定量分析不同下垫面条件下的土壤风蚀量、风蚀物的垂向分布及粒度组成的差异性。【结果】乌兰布和沙区不同下垫面同期土壤风蚀深度为:流动沙丘>油蒿半固定沙丘>白刺半固定沙丘>油蒿固定沙丘>白刺固定沙丘,当风速达到4.1 m·s^(-1)时,流动沙丘即可观察到沙粒蠕动,当风速达5.1 m·s^(-1)时积沙仪可收集到风蚀物。油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘的风速分别达到6.3,6.5,6.8,7.9 m·s^(-1)时方可发生风蚀;5种下垫面0~100 cm垂直断面上,67.6%~90.0%的风蚀输沙均分布于30 cm高度范围之内,挟沙气流中输沙率随高度增加呈幂函数规律递减,随风速增大呈幂函数规律递增,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成呈单峰态分布,峰值处在250~100μm之间,0~20 cm高度层峰值与其余各层的峰值范围差异明显且偏向粒径趋大的方向;自下而上,极细沙的粒度构成比例呈递增趋势,中沙的粒度构成比例呈递减趋势。【结论】随着植被盖度的增加,土壤风蚀程度显著减轻,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘年风蚀深度依次降低。盖度为40%的油蒿、白刺群落,其地表风蚀深度仅为流动沙丘同期风蚀深度的1.73%~1.52%,0~100 cm高度范围内的输沙率仅为流动沙丘输沙率的6.6%~5.1%。在荒漠生态系统中,植物群落主要通过覆盖地表、提高下垫面的粗糙度和拦截沙粒的运动来缓解气流对地表的侵蚀作用。因此,在防沙治沙工程实施过程中,要充分考虑和利用植被防风抗蚀的生态效应。

流动沙丘风沙流结构的定量研究

在对野外风沙流进行实测的基础上,运用拟合曲线、拟合方程等方法对0～48 cm垂直高度层内风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:0～48 cm高度内总输沙率及各高度层输沙率均与风速呈幂函数关系;各高度层输沙率百分比与风速呈指数函数关系;各高度层输沙率与高度呈幂函数或指数函数关系;上、中、下各层输沙率与总输沙率呈良好的幂函数关系。

科尔沁沙地不同下垫面风沙流结构与变异特征

对流动、半流动、半固定和固定沙地 4种不同下垫面 0～ 2 0 cm气流层的风沙流结构与变异特征研究表明 :(1 )不同退化沙地在总输沙量及各层输沙量上存在明显的差异 ,在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量是 83 .1g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 2 .1倍、9.2倍和 33 .9倍 ;而在 5月 1 5日的测定中 ,流动沙地的总输沙量 1 0 5.7g/ cm2 .h,分别是半流动、半固定和固定沙地的 5.6倍、1 4.1倍和 75.6倍。(2 )总输沙量的 60以上分布在 1 0cm的高度内 ,随高度的增加 ,输沙量呈负指数函数下降。(3)风蚀物中粗粒 (粒径 1 .0～ 0 .5mm )与极细颗粒 (粒径0 .1～ 0 .0 5mm)和粉、粘粒 (<0 .0 5mm)的含量均很低 ,而细颗粒 (粒径 0 .2 5～ 0 .1 mm)的含量很高 ,占风蚀物的73 %～ 91 %,说明近地表层沙粒的运动以跃移为主。随高度的增加 ,风蚀物中中颗粒 (粒径 0 .5～ 0 .2 5mm)的含量下降 ,而极细颗粒和粉、粘粒含量增加 ,但其增幅因下垫面不同而异。(4) 0～ 2 0 cm总输沙量及各层输沙量与植被盖度呈显著负相关 ,与植株高度。

乌兰布和沙区风沙运移特征分析

在国家林业局磴口荒漠生态站长期监测基础上,通过野外实时输沙观测,对乌兰布和沙区地表风沙活动特征进行了分析,结果表明：（1）乌兰布和沙区主害风向为NW-WNW,占全年起沙风频率的53.56%,起沙风以7~9 m·s^-1为主,占全年起沙风频率的67.64%;3~4月、11~12月风沙活动最为强烈,分别占全年起沙风持续时间的33.78%和25.36%;（2）风沙流主要由0.25~0.05 mm细沙和极细沙构成,100 cm高度范围内,输沙总量的70.7%分布在10 cm高度内,90.0%分布在30 cm高度内,随高度增加,输沙率呈负幂函数规律衰减,由此可见,该地区的风沙活动主要集中在近地面30 cm高度范围内;（3）理论上,跃移输沙的空间分布与起沙风风向频率分布应基本一致,差异主要由各方位风的强度及持续时间等因素导致。研究结果可为该区域防沙工程设计提供理论参考。

乌兰布和沙漠不同下垫面风沙流结构与变异特征

对乌兰布和沙漠流动、半固定、固定沙丘3种不同下垫面0—40cm气流层内的风沙流结构的研究表明:(1)0—40cm高度层,输沙量随风速的增加而增加;在不同的风速下,流动沙丘的总输沙量大于半固定沙丘,半固定沙丘的输沙量大于固定沙丘,且呈指数函数关系。(2)在同一风速下,0—40cm高度层,三种不同下垫面的相对输沙量随高度的增加呈幂函数递减趋势。(3)随高度的增加,中沙粒基本呈递减趋势,细沙粒呈现递增趋势,但增幅因下垫面的不同而异。(4)三种不同下垫面近地表0—10cm层风沙流结构特征数S值均小于3.8,而特征值λ均大于1,表明三种下垫面均处于风蚀或搬运状态。