Geostructures, dynamics and risk mitigation of high-altitude and long- runout rockslides

Long-runout rockslides at high altitude could cause disaster chain in river basins and destroy towns and major infrasturctures.This paper firstly explores the initiation mechanism of high-altitude and long-runout rockslides.Two types of sliding-prone geostructure models,i.e.the fault control type in orogenic belt and the fold control type in platform area,are proposed.Then,large-scale experimental apparatus and associated numerical simulations are conducted to understanding the chain-style dynamics of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow.The results reveal the fragmentation effects,the rheological behaviors and the boundary layer effect of long-runout avalanche-debris flow.The dynamic character-istics of quasi-static-transition-inertia state and solid-liquid coupling in rapid movement of rockslide-debris avalanche-debris flow are investigated.Finally,the risk mitigation strategy of the non-structure and structure for resilient energy dissipation are illustrated for initiation,transition and deposition zones.The structural prevention and mitigation methods have been successfully applied to the high-altitude and long-runout rockslides in Zhouqu and Maoxian of the Wenchuan earthquake zone,as well as the other major geohazards in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas.

A Comparative Study of Dispersion Characteristics Determination of a Trapezoidally Corrugated Slow Wave Structure Using Different Techniques

The linear dispersion relation of a trapezoidally corrugated slow wave structure （TCSWS） is analyzed and presented. The size parameters of the TCSWS are chosen in such a way that they operate in the x-band frequency range. The dispersion relation is solved by utilizing the Rayleigh-Fourier method by expressing the radial function in terms of the Fourier series. A highly accurate synthetic technique is also applied to determine the complete dispersion characteristics from experimentally measured resonances （cold test）. Periodic structures resonate at specific frequencies when the terminals are shorted numerical calculation, synthetic technique and cold appropriately. The dispersion characteristics obtained from test are compared, and an excellent agreement is achieved.

APPLICATION OF 2D-NMR TECHNIQUES IN THE STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF HYPODEMATINE

An alkaloid with a novel structure,named Hypodematine,was isolated from Hypodematium sinense Iwatsuki(belonging to Thelypterdaceae).Its structure was elucidated by means of the ~1H-~1H COSY' ~1H-^(13)C COSY and long-range ~1H-^(13)C COSY spectroscopy to have the skeleton of benzo-aza-cyclooctatetraene with a phenyl substituent.Such basic structure has not been found in the na- tural product before.

Studying solutions for the fatigue of the FAST cable-net structure caused by the process of changing shape

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope （FAST） is supported by a cable-net structure, whose change in shape leads to a stress range of approximately 500 MPa. This stress range is more than twice the standard recom- mended value. The cable-net structure is thus the most critical and fragile part of the FAST reflector system. In this study, we first search for a more appropriate deforma- tion strategy that reduces the stress amplitude generated by the process of changing shape. Second, we roughly estimate the tracking trajectory of the telescope during its service life, and conduct an extensive numerical investigation to assess the require- ments for fatigue resistance. Finally, we develop a new type of steel cable system that satisfies the cable requirements for construction of FAST.

Visual Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Zhangjiuhe Diversion Project

With the aim of visualizing the real-time simulation calculation of water delivery system (WDS), a structural drawing-oriented (SDO) simulation technique was presented, and applied to Zhangjiuhe Diversion Project, which is a long-distance water delivery system constructed for draw- ing water from the Zhangjiuhe River to Kunming city. Taking SIMULINK software as simulating plat-form, the technique established a visual dynamic simulation model for the system. The simulation procedure of the system was simplified,and the efficiency of modeling was also enhanced according to the modularization and reutilization of the simulation program. Furthermore, a self-optimization model was presented. Based on the digital simulation models, the on line controlled optimization link was added, and the input data can be continually optimized according to the feedback information of simulating output. The system was thus optimized automatically. Built upon MATLAB software, simulation optimization of the Zhangjiuhe Diversion Project was achieved, which provides a new way for the research of optimal operation of WDS.

LAMOST spectral survey——An overview

LAMOST （Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope） is a Chinese national scientific research facility operated by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences （NAOC）. After two years of commis- sioning beginning in 2009, the telescope, instruments, software systems and opera- tions are nearly ready to begin the main science survey. Through a spectral survey of millions of objects in much of the northern sky, LAMOST will enable research in a number of contemporary cutting edge topics in astrophysics, such as discovery of the first generation stars in the Galaxy, pinning down the formation and evolution history of galaxies - especially the Milky Way and its central massive black hole, and look- ing for signatures of the distribution of dark matter and possible sub-structures in the Milky Way halo. To maximize the scientific potential of the facility, wide national par- ticipation and international collaboration have been emphasized. The survey has two major components： the LAMOST ExtraGAlactic Survey （LEGAS） and the LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration （LEGUE）. Until LAMOST reaches its full capability, the LEGUE portion of the survey will use the available ob- serving time, starting in 2012. An overview of the LAMOST project and the survey that will be carried out in the next five to six years is presented in this paper. The sci- ence plan for the whole LEGUE survey, instrumental specifications, site conditions, and the descriptions of the current on-going pilot survey, including its footprints and target selection algorithm, will be presented as separate papers in this volume.

LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (LEGUE)——The survey's science plan

We describe the current plans for a spectroscopic survey of millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy using the Guo Shou Jing Telescope （GSJT, formerly calledthe Large sky Area Multi-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope -- LAMOST）. The survey will obtain spectra for 2.5 million stars brighter than r 〈 19 during dark/grey time, and 5 million stars brighter than r 〈 17 or J 〈 16 on nights that are moonlit or have low transparency. The survey will begin in the fall of 2012, and will run for at least four years. The telescope＇s design constrains the optimal declination range for observations to 10~ 〈 di 〈 50~, and site conditions lead to an emphasis on stars in the direction of the Galactic anticenter. The survey is divided into three parts with different target selection strategies： disk, anticenter, and spheroid. The resulting dataset will be used to study the merger history of the Milky Way, the substructure and evolution of the disks, the nature of the first generation of stars through identification of the lowest metallicity stars, and star formation through study of open clusters and OB associations. Detailed design of the LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration （LEGUE） survey will be completed in summer 2012, after a review of the results of the pilot survey.

Studies on the primary structure of chicken apolipoprotein A-I using HPLC technique

The complete amino acid sequence of chicken plasma apolipoprotein(apo)A-I was determined by sequencing overlapping peptide fragments produced by trypsin,S.aureus V8 protease, and cyanogen bromide cleavage respectively.All of the peptide fragments were purified on a Waters or on a Beckman HPLC system with a Vydae C_(18) column using 0.1% TFA in water as buffer A,and 0.08% TFA in 95% acetomtrile and 5% water as buffer B.Most of the peaks separated by these systems were pure.The partially purified fractions were subjected to rechromatography with a Hypersil ODS column using 0.005M sodium phosphate,pH 6.0,as buffer A,and 90% acetonitrile and 10% water as buffer B.The N-terminus of chicken apo A-I was determined to be aspartic acid by directly sequencing the intact protein up to 30 residues,while the C-terminus was identified as alanine by carboxypeptidase Y cleavage.There are 240 amino acid residues in mature chicken apo A-I.By direct analysis of cyanogen bromide peptide,we also determined the sequence of a 6 amino acid prosegment,which is present at approximately 10% of the molar amount of the mature protein in chicken plasma.

Recent advance in porous coordination polymers from the viewpoint of crystalline-state transformation

Recently,research of crystalline-state transformation involving the removal/inclusion of guest molecules in porous coordination polymers(PCPs) was underway.Crystalline-state transformation,especially,single-crystal to single-crystal(SC-SC) transformation as new method for the direct observation of host-guest chemistry,can reveal the intrinsic relevance and interaction between the framework and guest molecules.This review describes our work concerning PCPs and recent investigations of others,within the last four years,from the viewpoint of crystalline-state transformations of PCPs on guest removal or inclusion processes.Ligand substitution reaction and postsynthetic modification of PCPs in SC-SC fashion which were distinguished from conventional crystalline-state transformation triggered by guest removal or exchange were highlighted in this review.The research status of crystalline-state transformation in China was briefly introduced as well.Series of structure analysis techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction,powder X-ray diffraction,neutron diffraction,inelastic neutron scattering as well as the application of synchrotron radiation light source will inevitably promote the advance of study of crystalline-state transformation.And as a hotspot,deep investigations of crystalline-state transformation also help us to overcome the challenge of achieving multifunction and the correlation among them,such as sorption,magnetism,optical or electrical properties simultaneously in PCPs and contribute to design stimulate-oriented porous intelligent materials in the future.

Determination of microcapsule physicochemical, structural, and mechanical properties

Research into the fundamental properties of microcapsules and use of the results to develop a wide variety of products in industries such as printing, fast-moving consumer goods, construction, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals is a dynamic and ever-progressing field of study. For microcapsules to be effective in providing protection from harsh environments or delivering large payloads, it is essential to have a good understanding of their properties to enable quality control during formulation, storage, and applications. This review aims to outline the commonly used techniques for determining the physicochemical, struc- tural, and mechanical properties of microcapsules, and highlights the interlinked nature of these three areas with respect to the end-use industrial application. This review provides information on techniques that are well supported in the literature, and also examines microcapsule analytical techniques that will become more prevalent as a result of new technological developments or extensions from other areas of study.