High Sn-2 Docosahexaenoic Acid Lipids for Brain Benefits, and Their Enzymatic Syntheses: A Review

The normal development and maintenance of central neural functions are highly correlated with the amount of docosahexaenoic acid(DHA;ω-3 fatty acid)accumulated in the brain.DHA incorporated at the sn-2 position of lipids is well absorbed by intestinal mucosa and utilized efficiently in vivo.However,modern consumers have a reduced direct intake of DHA and increased intake of saturated fats or ω-6 fatty acid oils,resulting in behavioral and neurophysiological deficits.To provide an understanding of the integrated beneficial effects of DHA on the human brain,this review introduces the positional difference(sn-2 and sn-1,3 positions)of DHA on a glycerol skeleton in natural fats and oils,and further discusses the possible functional mechanism regarding DHA supplementation and the gut-brain axis.The multiple bidirectional routes in this axis offer a novel insight into the interaction between DHA supplementation,the gut microbiota,and brain health.To achieve high sn-2 DHA in diets,it is suggested that sn-2 DHA lipids be enzymatically produced in more efficient and economical ways by improving the specific activities of lipases and optimizing the purification procedures.These types of diets will benefit individuals with strong needs for sn-2 ω-3 lipids such as infants,children,and pregnant and lactating women.

The Global Research Progress of Enzymatic Processing of Oils with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids,have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.

Structured lipid emulsion as nutritional therapy for the elderly patients with severe sepsis

Background The nutritional support is one of the important therapeutic strategies for the elderly patients with severe sepsis,but there is controversial in choosing a parenteral nutrition formulation.This study was designed to compare the therapeutic effects of structured lipid emulsion,physically mixed medium,and long-chain fat emulsion in the treatment of severe sepsis in elderly patients.Methods A total number of 64 elder patients with severe sepsis were enrolled in the study.After a week of enteral nutritional support,the patients were randomly divided into research （structured lipid emulsion as parenteral alimentation） and control groups （physically mixed medium and long-chain fat emulsion as parenteral alimentation）.The alterations of plasma albumin,lipid metabolism,and blood glucose level were recorded after parenteral alimentation and were compared between the two groups.Results The plasma levels of albumin,prealbumin,cholesterol,and triglyceride were decreased in all the patients after one week of enteral nutritional support treatment （t=7.78,P=0.000; t=10.21,P=0.000; t=7.99,P=0.000; and t=10.99,P=0.000）.Further parenteral alimentation with different lipid emulsions had significant effects on the serum prealbumin and albumin （t=3.316,P=0.002; t=3.200,P=0.002）,whilst had no effects on the blood glucose and triglyceride level （t=7.78,P=0.000; t=4.228,P=0.000）.In addition,the two groups had a significantly different Apache Ⅱ score,ventilator time,and hospital stay time （t=-2.213,P=0.031;t=2.317,P=0.024; t=2.514,P=0.015）.Conclusions The structured lipid emulsion was safe as parenteral nutrition for elderly patients with severe sepsis.It was demonstrated to be superior to the physically mixed medium and long-chain fat emulsion with respect to the protein synthesis and prognosis.