Seasonal Variation and Heat Preference of the South Asia High

By use of the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data, the seasonal variation of the South Asia high (SAH) is analyzed. The influences of temporal and spatial variations of the middle and upper level atmospheric temperatures, the visible heat sources, and the diabatic heating rates in the whole atmospheric column on the seasonal variation of the SAH are discussed. Results show that the SAH has two seasonal balancing modes, one of which is the land high in summer and the other the ocean high in winter. The land high itself can be divided into two patterns as well, that is the Tibetan high and the Iranian high. Heating fields have important impacts on the seasonal variation of the SAH. The SAH is a warm high and its center has the property of heat preference, usually locating over or moving to an area with relatively larger heating rates. The annual cycle of the SAH is mainly controlled by the seasonal process of the latent and sensible heating in South Asia. Strong shortwave radiative heating in the north at high latitudes and over the Tibetan Plateau also has an effects on the northward movement and maintenance of the SAH. The cooling effect of infrared radiation is an important cause in weakening the SAH.

Observational Study on the Onset of the South China Sea Southwest Monsoon

Based on the long-term marine ship observation data, records of meteorological stations and High-Reflective Cloud(HRC) data by satellite remote sensing , this paper has studied the circulation patterns and variability in elements during onset and the established periods of the South China Sea(SCS) southwest(SW) monsoon. The averaged date of the onset SW monsoon in the SCS occurs in the middle of May climatologically. The corresponding date for the northern part is little earlier (May 12) and those for the southern parts are little later (May 20). The interannual range of the onset dates is about one month. Following the onset of the SW monsoon, the cloud amount and the precipitation increase while the convection activities enhance over the SCS. But there is a strong spatial heterogeneity within the domain. After onset of the SW monsoon the strong convective area moves northwards, while the SCS rain band moves to the center and north. Sea surface temperature(SST) increases rapidly before the onset and the leading time is about one month. The increment of SST supplies heat and vapor for the onset. From April to May the surface heat fluxes display obvious changes, e.g., latent heat exchange and evaporation enhancement. It is one of the reasons why the SW monsoon bursts firstly in the SCS.

Diagnostic Study of Apparent Heat Sources and Moisture Sinks in the South China Sea and its Adjacent Areas during the Onset of 1998 SCS Monsoon

The apparent heat sources (?Q1 ?) and moisture sinks (?Q2 ?) are calculated based on the reanalyzed data of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that the formation and distribution of the atmospheric heat sources are important for the monsoon onset. The earlier onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of enduring atmospheric heating in the Indo–China Peninsula and South China areas. The atmospheric heating firstly appears in the Indo–China Peninsula area and the sensible heat is the major one. The 30–50 day periodic oscillation of atmospheric heat sources between the SCS area and the western Pacific warm pool has a reverse phase distribution before the middle of July and the low frequency oscillation of heat sources in SCS area has an obvious longitudinal propagation. The 30–50 day low frequency oscillation has vital modificatory effects on the summer monsoon evolution during 1998. Key words Apparent heat sources - Apparent moisture sinks - The South China Sea monsoon - Diagnostic Study Sponsored by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research “ SCSMEX” and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education: “ Study of the Air-sea Interaction in the SCS Monsoon Region”.

A Multilayer Study of pCO2 in the Surface Waters of the Yellow and South China Seas in Spring and the Sea-Air Carbon Dioxide Flux

A multilayer study of pCO2 for the Yellow and South China Seas in the surface waters was conducted based on data from four cruises sponsored by the China SOLAS Project in 2005 and 2006,including data for the surface microlayer(SML) ,subsurface layer(SSL) and surface layer(SL) . The carbon fluxes across the air-sea interface were calculated. The results showed that the pCO2 values in the surface waters of the study area decreased in the following order:pCO2 SML> pCO2 SSL> pCO2 SL. The highest values were found in March for all SML,SSL and SL,followed by those in April,and the lowest were in May. The pCO2 values had a significant positive correlation with temperature or salinity. While there was no relationship between pCO2 and longitude,there was a significant negative correlation between it and latitude,i.e.,'high latitude low pCO2'. By using four calculation models,the carbon dioxide fluxes(FC O2) in spring in the Yellow and South China Seas,which were found to act as a 'sink' of atmospheric CO2,were preliminarily estimated on the basis of the pCO2 data in the SML to be -7.00×106 t C and -22.35×106 t C,respectively. It is suggested that the FC O2calculated on the basis of pCO2 data in the SML is more reliable than that calculated on the basis of those in the SL.

MARINE SOURCE ROCKS AND THEIR DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS OF MESOZOIC—CENOZOIC IN THE GAMBA—TINGRE BASIN,SOUTH TIBET:ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL STUDY

The Gamba—Tingri basin lies in south Tethys Himalaya subzone. It is 400km in length from east to west, and 30～50km in width from north to south. The basin is mainly made up of marine Mesozoic and Lower Cenozoic, i.e., Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Lower Tertiary. Its total strata are more than 3100m in thickness. The passive continental margin of the India plate developed during Jurassic—Cretaceous after a Triassic rifting stage. Collision took place between the India and the Eurasian plate during the latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary (Liu and Einsele, 1994), which resulted in a Tertiary residual basin.The Jurassic stratigraphic system in the Gamba—Tingri basin were not carried out until recently (Wan et al., 1999), which is divided into three formations, i.e.., Pupuga Fm., Nieniexiongla Fm., and Menkadun Fm.. The Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphic system is after Wan (1985) and Xu et al.(1990), which the Cretaceous is divided into six formations: Dongsan Fm., Chaqiela Fm., Lengqingle Fm., Xiawuchubo Fm., Jiubao Fm., and Zongshan Fm, whereas the Tertiary is divided into Jiabula Fm. Zongpu Fm., and Zhepure Fm.

A Preliminary Study on the Present Crustal Stress of Northern South China Sea

The South China Sea （SCS） is the largest marginal sea in West Pacific formed by a combined effect of the Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and India-Australian plate, and is thus considered to be a unique natural laboratory to study oceanic dynamics and tectonic evolutions （Xie et al., 2006; Luan and Zhang, 2009）. Besides, the SCS contains enormous petroleum resources for its favorable conditions of oil-gas generation, accumulation and preservation. It is therefore imperative to intensively study the marine in-situ stress and its controlling factors of the SCS.

The Earlier Spreading of South China Sea Basin due to the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic Extension of South China Block: Structural Styles and Chronological Evidence from the Dulong-Song Chay Metamorphic Dome, Southwest China

To understand the forming and tectonic evolution of the South China Sea basin, new data of the structural styles and geochronology were obtained from the Dulong-Song Chay dome, southeastern Yunnan and northern Vietnam. The structural styles were acquired through field investigation and geo-chronological dating was carried out using zircon SHRIMP Ⅱ U-P and argon isotopic analyses. The South China Sea basin extension occurred firstly at Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic, and then at Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene （32-17 Ma）. The second stage of extension formed immediately after the first stage, and both extensions have a consistent forming mechanism. New structural analysis and geo-chronological data do not support the models of ＂backarc spreading＂ and ＂strike-slip faults producing the extension＂. Then what mechanism resulted in the extension of South China Sea basin？ The data indicate that at least two episodes of major extensional tectonics, i.e. , the D1 deformation at 237-228 Ma resulted in the rising and exhumation of the dome, and D2 deformation at 86-78 Ma overprinted and redeformed the dome. Of them, the D2 shows a consistent forming time, extensional direction and tectonic regime among Dulong-Song Chay dome, South China block and the northern margin of the South China Sea basin. Regional geology has proved that the northern margin of the South China Sea basin belongs to the South China block, therefore, we interpreted that the Late Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic extensional tectonics occurred in the northern margin of the South China Sea basin due to the intraplate deformation of the South China block, while the Ailaoshan-Red River sinistral slip strengthened the Cenozoic extension in the South China Sea basin.

A study on Holocene aeolian shell-clastic sandstonesalong the coasts of South China andthe analysis of its formation

The Holocene aeolian shell-clastic sandstones at 13 places along the coasts of Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Provinces are studied in the following respects; describing their features from both macroscopic and microscopic views, listing their distributions, altitudes and forming ages, and discussing the nomenclatures of this kind of rock and its differences from beach rock.

The 3rd South China Cardiovascular Scientific Sessions and The International Information Conference on Heart Failure Studies

Sponsored by Guangdong Provincial Cardiovgscular Association South China Journal of Cardiology Date: August 3rd to 6th, 2001

Study of radioactive status in the Zhujiang Estuary and adjacent sea area in South China Sea (SCS)

Through the investigation on radioactive activities of water, sediment and some marine organismsin the Zhujiang Estuary, adjacent sea area and the distributary mouths of the Zhujiang River, activities of total α. radioactivity, total β radioactivity, artificial radioactive 90Srand 157Cs, and factors inflencing the distribution and the content of U in seawater are studied.The mainly radioactive pollution substances and their sources in the sea area are studied by γ spectra obtained from sediment in the sea area. The results show that the main radioactivity substances are natural radioactivity U,Th series and 40K. which were produced by the modern industry and transported into the sea through the main current of the Zhujiang River.

GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE CORE S01 IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and Sr, Ba, Rb, Ga, V, Zr, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb,Nb, Y, Th, La in the core S01 were analyzed and the pattems of their enrichment are discussed.Enrichment of Na, Fe, Mn, Ba, Cu elements in the core indicates volcanic material are an importantsoarce of the sediments in the area. The enrichment frequently varying with the deposition processshows bottom volcanism is frequent in the area and that the studied area is a margin basin with distinctoceanic characteristics. The abnormal enrichment of Mn at the layers(0-15 cm and 665-670 cm) of the core could beclosely related to and so, indicate, the wide deposition hiatus that have occurred in the West PacificOcean and adjacent margin seas since Late Pleistocene.

A Comparative Study for the Development of Coal-to-Liquids Industries in China, South Africa and United States

Many energy consuming countries have carried out research, development, demonstration, planning and deployment of coal-to-liquids (CTL) because of its ability to replace oil imports by converting coal resources into fuel. Among them, China and South Africa successfully had their CTL technology industrialized, while the United States did not. To understand the differences in the industrial development level, a comparative study is necessary. This paper compares the history, driver and policy of CTL industry in China, South Africa and United States, collates and discloses numbers of industry details for the first time. We figure out that the motivation, top level planning and policy consistency are the key indicators of the difference on the industrial development level. Among them, the key to the success of CTL industrialization in China and South Africa is the government’s strong and stable determination to improve energy security, which provides a stable top-level planning and robust policy support. The failure of CTL in United States is caused by the shift of policy attention after its energy security situation improved.

A study on suspended matters in the South Huanghai Seain summer time

A joint investigation of marine geoloy in the South Huanshai Sea was carried out by the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA during 1983～1984. This paper reports the investigation results of the suspended matters in the water column at 55 stations in July, 1984 (summer time). The highest concentration region where the value is less than 0.5 mg/L, is found in the central part of the study area and the southern part of Shandong Peninsula. The Taiwan Warm Current which might obstruct the discharge of the Changjiang River to the east of the sea, appears in the distribution of the suspended matters outside the Changjiang River Estuary. Although lots of materials are brought into the sea during the high flow period of the Huanghe and the Chansjiang Rivers in July, this does not form the main scarce of the suspended matters. The main source is the resuspension of depesits. The materials brought by rivers come the second, and biogeneons components in the sea co

About Engineering-Geonomic Research in the Zeravshan River Pool (Southern Tien Shan) in Connection with Climate Oscillations

Climatic anomalies not only attract the attention of specialists in climatology and meteorology, but also stimulate geological research, because climatic changes activate many geological processes: mudflow and landslide formation, erosion, weathering, etc. An increase in the activity of geological processes was clearly manifested in Tajikistan, 93% of which is occupied by mountain structures. As a result, this found expression in conducting new for that territory engineering-geonomic studies. Both the region as a whole and its individual parts can serve as models in the study of natural processes due to the diversity of landscape-climatic belts and zones. The report contains brief data on engineering-geonomic studies conducted in the Zeravshan river basin in connection with the intensification of mudflow processes.

Newborn follow-up after discharge from a tertiary care hospital in the Western Cape region of South Africa:a prospective observational cohort study

Background:Current practice in the Western Cape region of South Africa is to discharge newborns born in-hospital within 24 h following uncomplicated vaginal delivery and two days after caesarean section.Mothers are instructed to bring their newborn to a clinic after discharge for a health assessment.We sought to determine the rate of newborn follow-up visits and the potential barriers to timely follow-up.Methods:Mother-newborn dyads at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town,South Africa were enrolled from November 2014 to April 2015.Demographic data were obtained via questionnaire and medical records.Mothers were contacted one week after discharge to determine if they had brought their newborns for a follow-up visit,and if not,the barriers to follow-up.Factors associated with follow-up were analyzed using logistic regression.Results:Of 972 newborns,794(82%)were seen at a clinic for a follow-up visit within one week of discharge.Mothers with a higher education level or whose newborns were less than 37 weeks were more likely to follow up.The follow-up rate did not differ based on hospital length of stay.Main reported barriers to follow-up included maternal illness,lack of money for transportation,and mother felt follow-up was unnecessary because newborn was healthy.Conclusions:Nearly 4 in 5 newborns were seen at a clinic within one week after hospital discharge,in keeping with local practice guidelines.Further research on the outcomes of this population and those who fail to follow up is needed to determine the impact of postnatal healthcare policy.

Oxygen Isotope Studies of Wolframite in Tungsten Ore Deposits of South China

Based on the oxygen isotopic compositions of 133 wolframite samples and 110 quartz sampleseollected from 30 tungsten ore deposits in south China,in conjunction with δD values and other data,thesc deposits can be divided into four types. （l）Reequilibrated magmatic water-hydrothermal tungsten ore deposits. The δ18O values ofwolframite and quartz samples from this type of tungsten ore deposits are about +5-+12‰,respectively.The calculated δ（18）OH2O values of ore fluids in equilibrium with quartz are about+65‰,and the δDH2O values of fluid inclusions in quartz range from -40 to-70‰. （2）Meteoric water-hydrothermal tungsten ore deposits.Theδ18O values of wolframite in this type oftungsten dePosits are around-1‰. （3）Stratiform tungsten ore deposits.In these deposits,theδ18O values of quartz and wolframite areabout+17 and+3‰,respectively.It is considered that these stratiform tungsten ore deposits aregenetically related to submarine hot—spring activities。 （4）Complex mid-hydrothermal tungsten ore deposits.These tungsten ore deposits arecharacterized by multi-staged mineralization.The δ18O values of early wolframite are around+5‰,butof later wolframite are lower than+4‰,indicating that the early wolframite was precipitated fromreequilibrated magmatic water-hydrothermal solutions and the late one from the mixture ofhvdrothermal solutions with meteoric waters or mainly from meteoric waters, Based on the δ18O values of the coexisting quartz and wolframite and temperature data,twocalibration equilibrium curves have been constructed,and the corresponding equations have beenObtained: 1000 lnaQ-Wf=2.565×107T-2—7.28×l04T-1+57.27 1000 In aWf-H20=-2.285×107T-2+7.49×104T-1-61.79.

Discussion on the Challenges Surrounding Anti-microbial Resistance,Using Relevant Case-study Examples

The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society,but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse,leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and other hazards.Nowadays,the structure of interests formed by various stakeholders in the market circulation of antimicrobial agents has become unbalanced,and government intervention as a breakthrough still faces many challenges.This paper discusses the AMR challenges of government intervention under the interest structure in the context of case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas from the point of view of human health in terms of stagnant R&D processes for novel antimicrobial drugs,a profit-oriented neoliberal atmosphere that mismatches production trends of antimicrobial drugs with market demand,the prevalence of private institutions lacking effective regulation,incomplete government interventions,and the difficulty of pursuing the WHO strategic plan on antimicrobial resistance,etc.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHEET EROSION IN GRANITIC REGION OF WUHUA COUNTY,GUANGDONG PROVINCE

The relationships between rainfall, runoff and erosion in South China granitic weathering red soil region were studied by using data collected from 7 experimental plots in Wuhua County, Guangdong Province. Results showed that when rainfall is less than 50 mm, small volumes of runoff were produced. Rainfall intensity might be the main factor in controlling runoff. When rainfall exceeds 50 mm, because of its large volume and high intensity, runoff and the produced amount of erosion increased with raimfall quickly. Analysis of the relationship bebeen runoff and erosion suggsted that runoff of 30 mm (corresponding to about 50 mm rainfall might be taken as a threshold at which wter on land surface was sufficient to start the larg amount of soil particles. Vegtation cover is very effective in protection soil from being eroded. When vegetation coverag increases from 0 to 80 percent,runoff and soil loss decrease from 179.34mm/a to 126.36mm/a and 6262.15T/a km2 to 368.02 T/a km2, respectively.

Studies on the chemical constituents of the South China Sea sponge Phacellia fusca

Three pyrrololactam alkaloids have been isolated from the marine sponge Phacellia fusca Schmidt collected from the South China Sea,and their structures were determined as 1—3,on the grounds of spectral data.This is the first report of these compounds from this sponge.The structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray analysis.