Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

On the Compilation Modes of Local History of Science and Technology——A Case Study of the History of Ba-Shu Science and Technology

The contents of"Ba-Shu History of Science and Technology"take up a single volume of A General History of Ba-Shu Culture.This paper attempts to explore compilation modes of the history of local science and technology by analyzing the compilation of"Shu History of Science and Technology".There are three approaches available,i.e.a general history-based approach,a discipline-based approach and an integrated approach,also known as a discipline-specific approach based on general history.This paper considers the integrated approach to be the most feasible as it elaborates Ba-Shu culture as a sub-culture of Chinese culture,the connotations of Ba-Shu achievements in science and technology,the special significance of the history of Ba-Shu science and technology,as well as the latest progress in studying the history of Ba-Shu science and technology.This paper also puts forward a possible choice to better approach the compilation of the history of local science and technology,reveals areas worth improving,and indicates a proper direction to move towards.

Logical Interpretation of China’s Science and Technology Development Strategy in the New Era

It has been recognized that self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology is a necessary choice of taking the independent innovation path with Chinese characteristics in the new era,which provides strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.Containing the theoretical truth of the Chinese Marxist view of science and technology in the 21st century,it follows the 70-year development path of science and technology in New China,and responds to the scientific and technological strategic choice of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way in the new era.This is not only a theoretical deepening of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statement on scientific and technological innovation,but also a practical guide for China to implement scientific and technological innovation in the new era.

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

Ceramic Art Reality in the Context of Technology History

The art of ceramics originates from the basic activities of human beings,and uses the tools,following the methods,and the visual production activities combined with aesthetics.Modern technology has spawned new ceramic decoration methods and provided new ideas for artistic creation.Ceramic art relies on ceramic crafts.As the most technical form of many art categories,it is the representative of the“Combination of Art and Crafts”of arts and crafts,and it is the perfect embodiment of“Beauty”in the space-time carrier.The history of Chinese ceramic glaze shows that the study of the history of ceramic technology should rely on the aesthetics of ceramics,and the problems related to the interpretation of modern ceramic art cannot be separated from the context of the history of ceramic technology.

Effect of dexamethasone on intelligence and hearing in preterm infants: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE： A meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials investigating the long- term effect of dexamethasone on the nervous system of preterm infants. DATA SOURCES： Online literature retrieval was conducted using The Cochrane Library （from January 1993 to June 2013）, EMBASE （from January 1980 to June 2013）, MEDLINE （from Janu- ary 1963 to June 2013）, OVID （from January 1993 to June 2013）, Springer （from January 1994 to June 2013） and Chinese Academic Journal Full-text Database （from January 1994 to June 2013）. Key words were preterm infants and dexamethasone in English and Chinese. STUDY SELECTION： Selected studies were randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of intravenous dexamethasone in preterm infants. The quality of the included papers was evaluated and those without the development of the nervous system and animal experiments were exclud- ed. Quality assessment was performed through bias risk evaluation in accordance with Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 software in the Cochrane Collaboration. The homogeneous studies were analyzed and compared using Revman 5.2.6 software, and then effect model was selected and analyzed. Those papers failed to be included in the meta-analysis were subjected to descriptive analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Nervous system injury in preterm infants. RESULTS： Ten randomized controlled trials were screened, involving 1,038 subjects. Among them 512 cases received dexamethasone treatment while 526 cases served as placebo control group and blank control group. Meta-analysis results showed that the incidence of cerebral palsy, visual im- pairment and hearing loss in preterm infants after dexamethasone treatment within 7 days after birth was similar to that in the control group （RR = 1.47, 95%CI： 0.97-2.21; RR = 1.46, 95%CI： 0.97-2.20; RR = 0.80, 95%CI： 0.54-1.18; P 〉 0.05）, but intelligence quotient was significantly de- creased compared with the control group （MD = -3.55, 95%CI： -6.59 to -0.51; P = 0.02）. Prete rm infants treated with dexamethasone 7 days after birth demonstrated an incidence of cerebral palsy and visual impairment, and changes in intelligence quotient similar to those in the control group （RR = 1.26, 95%CI： 0.89-1.79; RR = 1.37, 95%CI： 0.73-2.59; RR = 0.53, 95%CI： 0.32-0.89; RR = 1.66, 95%CI： -4.7 to 8.01; P 〉 0.05）. However, the incidence of hearing loss was significantly increased compared with that in the control group （RR = 0.53, 95%CI： 0.32-0.89; P = 0.02）. CONCLUSION： Dexamethasone may affect the intelligence of preterm infants in the early stages after birth, but may lead to hearing impairment at later stages after birth. More reliable conclusions should be made through large-size, multi-center, well-designed randomized controlled trials.

Explorations of Corpus Translation Studies

Corpus-based translation studies belong to a new translation study paradigm which rose at the beginning of 1990 s.The rise of corpus brings the update of research tools and research methods, and lead to the emerging of Corpus Translation Studies. It is necessary to introduce the theory basis of Translational English Corpus and its application in the translation, especially in the science and technology translation. Besides, it makes an analysis and discussion about the potential of Corpus Translation Studies.

20世纪以来中国目录学史书写回顾与展望——以通论性目录学史著作为中心的考察

[目的/意义]相较于中国目录学史的研究,学界对于中国目录学史研究史的梳理略显不够,通过梳理20世纪中国目录学史研究史,为新时代中国目录学史的研究与书写提供历史借鉴。[研究设计/方法]以20世纪以来出版的姚名达著《中国目录学史》、王重民著《中国目录学史论丛》、吕绍虞著《中国目录学史稿》、倪士毅著《中国古代目录学史》、乔好勤著《中国目录学史》、余庆蓉著《中国目录学思想史》以及柯平著《中国目录学史》7本通论性目录学史著作为研究对象,通过系统研读、分析与比较,借以梳理20世纪中国目录学史的书写路径。[结论/发现]20世纪以来中国目录学史书写呈现出如下特点:(1)历史学、图书馆学学者是中国目录学史书写的两大核心主体;(2)线性进化史观逐渐成为中国目录学史书写的主流史观;(3)书写的焦点由“以目录为中心”到“目录与人并重”。[创新/价值]在此基础上提出了未来中国目录学史书写展望:(1)明确“目录学史”的内涵;(2)明确“以西释中”还是“以中释中”;(3)明确中国目录学史的中心是“人”;(4)探索多体裁的中国目录学史书写形式;(5)拓展中国目录学史的关注视域。

西方女性主义科技史发展脉络与特征分析--基于三份国际科技史期刊论文的分析(1970—2019)

西方女性主义科技史是当代科技史研究的重要前沿领域之一。选取三份国际科技史权威期刊,系统梳理自1970年至2019年间在其上发表的女性主义科技史研究论文,采用数据统计、文本阐释等方法,对相关领域的发展脉络、焦点议题等进行分析。期刊论文发表的统计数据表明,女性主义科技史研究在20世纪70年代开始起步,自20世纪90年代以来,相关研究长期保持活跃状态。对期刊论文的研究主题进行分类,性别视角下的科技史研究可进一步划分为女性主义科学史与女性主义技术史。两个方向的代表性研究议题分别是医学和日常家用技术,人物研究则各自侧重精英个体和普通群体、科学的探索者和技术的使用者。性别分析工具融入科技史学科,反映出当代科技史学科的多元、开放与包容。

美国典型智库研究科技问题的信息源分析

[目的/意义]归纳总结美国典型智库研究科技问题的信息源类型及其特征,以期对我国开源信息的研究工作提供一定的借鉴。[方法/过程]采用案例分析法,以美国典型智库的情报研究产品为研究案例,对其采用的信息源的信息类型、发布机构、发布时间、引用行为特征等方面进行分析。[结果/结论]开源信息已经成为美智库研究中国问题的主要情报源,我国相关部门需要注重公开信息的安全性,平衡信息开放与安全之间的矛盾;不同性质智库应发挥各自优势,优化我国情报工作体系。

农学专业新生教学课程思政内容挖掘与探索

在新农科背景下,根据农林高校农学类专业学生新生适应实际情况、育人目标、培养目标,通过设置新生教育课程,确立“专业认知、国家社会需求、专业素养、价值观、世界观”5个维度的课程思政目标。该文以农业科学技术发展史新生课程为例,挖掘思政教学内容,采用多元教学方式精准融入课程思政元素,运行混合式思政教学反馈机制,建立含课程思政的考核评价体系等措施,实现有限时间内激发学生主动学习的热情和兴趣,提升新生教育成果,积极推进农学类专业新生融入大学生活。

中日科技现代化的比较研究及其启示

中国式现代化理论是党的二十大的一个重大理论创新,中国式现代化关键在于科技现代化。随着全球科技竞争日益白热化,比较研究中日科技现代化,有利于丰富和拓展中国式现代化理论的科技之维,有利于促进国与国之间博采众长、互学互鉴,有利于中国以全球视野谋划推动科技创新优化升级。在世界科技现代化的进程中,中日两国有着各自的发展轨迹,面对新的境遇挑战,又有着各自的应对理路。中日两国是后发外源型国家的成功典范,从引进吸收的外源型逐渐转为自主创新的内生型,显示了后发国家科技现代化的一般规律;各具特色的发展战略、实施路径和动力机制展示出后发国家科技现代化具体实现形式的多样性。比较分析中日科技现代化的发展轨迹与境遇理路、相似性与差异性,可以获得一些启示:我国应着力推进科技政策扎实落地,培育创新型科技人才,提高产、学、研融合发展效应,加强科研经费投入,健全科技评估体系建设,以科技现代化建设全力推进中国式现代化。

博物馆如何展示“科技的力量”——从中国国家博物馆“科技的力量”专题展览的内容设计谈起

博物馆举办科技与工业相关主题展览对完整全面展示社会历史发展进程具有重要意义。展览内容策划工作首先要明确展览立意,建构主线清晰的叙事脉络。通过深入挖掘和重新阐释馆藏、开展专项征集等方式充实展品,充分利用展览中的文字说明,注重历史阐释,充分展示科技在历史进程中的力量。

中国古代天文科技档案名词“候簿”源流考

中国是世界历史上天文记录保存最完整、最系统的国家。中国古代辉煌的天文学成就与之息息相关。“候簿”为中国古代指代原始天文观测记录簿的专业名词,在中国古代天文史上具有重要地位,其天文观测记录的内容包括日照时数、行星位置、星月运动、太阳高度角、风向等。“候簿”一词的产生可追溯到唐代,自唐代以后一直延续使用到清代,并在清代的使用频率达到顶峰。其义项在历史沿革中未发生较大嬗变。民国时期,“候簿”一词随着近代天文学的产生而逐步消亡。

医学器物的生命史:以罗伯逊多功能雾化器为例的研究

罗伯逊多功能雾化器是19世纪末20世纪初流行于西方的医用雾化设备。其盛衰始末具有鲜明的时空属性,在体现医学知识与医疗实践历史演变的同时,又展示出由医学从业者、医学博览会与医学仪器贸易所构建的全球性医学网络,成为医学史研究的重要物证。还原罗伯逊多功能雾化器的生命历程,有助于从器物史视角充实完善医学史研究,有助于发掘医学仪器在当代博物馆与公共教育中的独特价值。

新型研发机构科技成果转化的影响因素及作用机制模型——基于中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院的探索性案例研究

对新型研发机构实践经验典型案例进行研究,探讨其提高科技成果转化效率的工具和手段,为我国新型研发机构探寻科技成果转化道路提供参考。中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院作为我国最早一批的新型研发机构之一,科技成果转化机制创新成效显著,因此以其为典型案例,从学术文献、机构官网、实地调研谈话和新闻媒体报道中获取资料,梳理其中的关系机制,构建新型研发机构科技成果转化机制模型,分析新型研发机构推动科技成果转化过程中的动力机制和主要影响因素。研究发现:新型研发机构以产业化创新理念为精神内核,以科研管理模式、孵化育成体系、创新生态体系为治理结构,借助市场化运作模式形成内生发展动力,共同推动科技成果转化。基于研究结论,提出推动新型研发机构科技成果转化的对策建议,包括完善新型研发机构科技成果转化机制、促进科技金融深度融合、优化地方自主创新环境等。

中国档案事业史的内容主体、边界及其他

当前学界大多认为,中国档案事业史的主体是由历代档案和档案工作的演进与变迁以及档案学史构成的,但是前者在不同的历史时期所呈现的历史图景及内容结构还是有显著差异的。隋唐时期是重要的分界点。文章还讨论了可能仍为学界所忽视的“档案研究”与“档案学研究”的关系问题。

1980年全国自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会研究

1980年10月,由中国科学院自然科学史研究所组织召开的自然科学史学术会议及学会成立大会,是中国科技史界规模空前的盛会。这次会议的召开受到自1976年“文革”结束至1978年中国的政治变革、科技政策和规划,以及中国科学院副院长、党组副书记李昌的影响,是筹备工作经历搁置后该所联合所外力量重新筹备而获得的成果。这次会议恢复了中断24年的全国综合性科技史学术交流活动,展现了高质量的学术交流状态;遵循严谨程序成立了中国科学技术史学会,为日后国内和中国国际科技史交流活动的展开奠定重要的组织基础。这次会议是中国科技史事业走向繁荣的重要标志,反映了1980年中国科技史事业发生的历史性转变,推进了中国科技史的建制化历程,产生了深远的影响,在中国科学史学史上具有里程碑意义。

改革开放以来中国档案学研究述评——基于《档案学研究》和《档案学通讯》的文献计量分析

回望改革开放四十多年来中国档案学研究的发展历程,探寻发展脉络,可以全面、系统地了解其发展状况。文章采用文献计量的方法,借助信息可视化工具CiteSpace软件对改革开放以来《档案学研究》和《档案学通讯》刊发的档案学研究成果进行分析与梳理,并对其特点和趋势进行总结与预测。