Precisely Control Relationship between Sulfur Vacancy and H Absorption for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Ef fective and robust catalyst is the core of water splitting to produce hydrogen.Here, we report an anionic etching method to tailor the sulfur vacancy(VS) of NiS_(2) to further enhance the electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). With the VS concentration change from 2.4% to 8.5%, the H* adsorption strength on S sites changed and NiS_(2)-VS 5.9% shows the most optimized H* adsorption for HER with an ultralow onset potential(68 m V) and has long-term stability for 100 h in 1 M KOH media. In situ attenuated-total-reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIRS) measurements are usually used to monitor the adsorption of intermediates. The S-H* peak of the Ni S_(2)-VS 5.9% appears at a very low voltage, which is favorable for the HER in alkaline media. Density functional theory calculations also demonstrate the Ni S_(2)-VS 5.9% has the optimal |ΔG^(H*)| of 0.17 e V. This work offers a simple and promising pathway to enhance catalytic activity via precise vacancies strategy.

CENOZOIC BASIN EVOLUTION, STRUCTURAL STYLES OF THE QAIDAM AND AN ESTIMATE OF DENUDATION IN ADJACENT MOUNTAIN SYSTEMS, NORTHEAST QINGHAI—TIBETAN PLATEAU

Qaidam basin is located at northeast Qinghai—Xizang (Tibet) plateau, and surrounded by east Kunlun, south Qilian and Altun mountain systems. The purpose of this paper is to study the Cenozoic basin evolutionary stages, structural styles of the Qaidam, and the denudation in adjacent mountain systems through seismic profile interpretation and complemented by field observation. The Qaidam basin has experienced two tectonic stages of Paleogene—early Miocene (65～12Ma) and late Miocene—present (12～0Ma). The former is characterized by differential uplift of the mountains and subsidence of the basin, and the latter by intense compression, wrench, thrusting and folding. The compressional structural styles are mainly distributed in the Circle Hero—Range Depression of southwest Qaidam, such as Nanyishan, Youquanzi, Younan, Youshashan anticline belts and thrust faults. The wrench structural styles of the northern Qaidam include en echelon uplifts (fault—block outcrops) such as Seshitengshan, Luliangshan, Xitieshan and Eimnikshan, which are mainly composed of pre\|Sinian and Paleozoic rocks; en echelon anticlines such as Lenghu—Nanbaxian belts; and en echelon depressions such as Kunteyi, Senan and Yibei depressions, which are mainly composed of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks.

Effects of Evolution Rate of Cyt b and 12S rRNA Genes on Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

[Objective]The aim was to prove that the mitochondrial genes of Cyt b and 12S rRNA with different evolutional rates have effects on the topological structures of phylogenetic trees.[Method]The complete sequences of Cyt b and 12S rRNA from 15 species in 12 families of snakes were downloaded and extracted from GenBank,while their molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by Maximum Likelihood（ML） method with GTR ＋I ＋G substitute model based on PAUP4.0 software.[Result]With the same software,methods and species,the difference in topological structures of phylogenetic trees was mainly due to different evolutional rates of Cyt b and 12S rRNA genes.[Conclusion]In studies on phylogenetic trees,aimed to different research species and purposes,phylogenetic trees should be constructed by choosing the correct and appropriate genes.

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒A91S变异株对猫的致病性及基因组特征研究

猫泛白细胞减少症病毒(feline panleukopenia virus, FPV)是一种对猫危害严重的病原。近年来,一种VP2 91位氨基酸残基由A突变为S的FPV变异株(FPV A91S变异株)已经在国内广泛流行,但目前还未见该变异株对猫致病性的报道,本试验旨在探究FPV A91S变异株对猫的感染特性及其分子特征。利用F81细胞分离FPV A91S变异株,并研究其血凝特性、对猫的致病性及其基因组特征。成功分离到一株FPV A91S变异株,纯化后病毒滴度为10~(4.6 )TCID_(50)·mL^(-1);该毒株能在pH 6.0~6.5、4和37℃条件下有效凝集猪红细胞;分离株经口服成功感染幼猫,引起呕吐、腹泻、白细胞急剧降低、眼睑脓性分泌物等症状,并在5 d内导致猫死亡;大体和组织病理变化发现严重的肠道和肺出血。获得该毒株近乎全长的基因组序列,其VP2蛋白的关键位点氨基酸符合典型FPV特征。除了VP2 A91S的突变外,其NS1蛋白也有3个独特的氨基酸突变(D23N、I443V和H596Q),这些特征导致FPV A91S毒株在进化树中单独聚为一支,具有独特的遗传进化趋势。本研究首次探究了FPV A91S变异株的血凝性和对猫的致病性,为进一步了解FPV的生物学特性和遗传变异提供参考。

S型异质结光催化剂的研究进展

光催化技术具有合成过程简便、反应条件易控制、充分利用太阳能且无二次污染等突出优势,在处理环境污染问题和缓解全球能源短缺等方面具有广阔的应用前景。然而,由于光生载流子低的转移和分离效率,实际的光化学转换效率提升受到了限制。新兴的S型异质结光催化剂由于其在空间上实现了光生载流子的有效转移分离并展现出强的氧化还原能力,在太阳燃料制备和环境治理领域受到了广泛关注和研究。综述了异质结光催化剂的发展历程和S型异质结的基本原理及在各领域中的应用。最后,总结了S型异质结光催化剂的突出优势,并提出S型异质结光催化剂的发展前景和面临的挑战,为开发具备高效光催化活性的新型异质结光催化剂提供思路和参考。

广义概率密度演化方程的Chebyshev拟谱法

概率密度演化方法(probability density evolution equation,PDEM)为非线性随机结构的动力响应分析提供了新的途径.通过PDEM获得结构响应概率密度函数(probability density function,PDF)的关键步骤是求解广义概率密度演化方程(generalized probability density evolution equation,GDEE).对于GDEE的求解通常采用有限差分法,然而,由于GDEE是初始条件间断的变系数一阶双曲偏微分方程,通过有限差分法求解GDEE可能会面临网格敏感性问题、数值色散和数值耗散现象.文章从全局逼近的角度出发,基于Chebyshev拟谱法为GDEE构造了全局插值格式,解决了数值色散、数值耗散以及网格敏感性问题.考虑GDEE的系数在每个时间步长均为常数,推导了GDEE在每一个时间步长内时域上的序列矩阵指数解.由于序列矩阵指数解形式上是解析的,从而很好地克服了数值稳定性问题.两个数值算例表明,通过Chebyshev拟谱法结合时域的序列矩阵指数解求解GDEE得到的结果与精确解以及Monte Carlo模拟的结果非常吻合,且数值耗散和数值色散现象几乎可以忽略.此外,拟谱法具有高效的收敛性且序列矩阵指数解不受CFL (Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy)条件的限制,因此该方法具有良好的数值稳定性和计算效率.

混合差分和多种群粒子群算法的T-S模糊模型辨识

为提高T-S模型的辨识精度,针对基本粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法T-S模型全局优化辨识问题,提出混合差分和多种群粒子群算法的T-S模糊模型辨识方法,将T-S模型前件参数和后件参数整体编码进行全局优化辨识.为避免基本粒子群的早熟收敛和后期收敛速度慢的缺陷对T-S模型辨识精度和速度的影响,算法将种群分为若干个子群,每个子群根据粒子适应度值自适应调整惯性权重,平衡了算法的开发和探索能力,对子群最优粒子,进行差分操作以增强算法的全局搜索能力,采用全局最优粒子替代随机子群的最优粒子以加强子群间的信息交流,维持粒子多样性.典型非线性系统和混沌系统的仿真结果表明,采用混合差分和多种群粒子群算法辨识的T-S模型具有更高的辨识精度.

2D mesoporous ultrathin Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheet:Fabrication mechanism and application potential for photocatalytic H2 evolution

Two-dimensional mesoporous ultrathin Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheets with a thickness of~1.5 nm were fabricated using a multistep chemical transformation strategy involving inorganic–organic hybrid ZnS-ethylenediamine(denoted as ZnS(en)0.5)as a hard template.Inorganic–organic hybrid ZnS(en)0.5,Cd0.5Zn0.5S(en)x,and Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheets were sequentially fabricated,and their transformation processes were analyzed in detail.The fabricated Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheets exhibited high photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity in the presence of a sacrificial agent.The Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanosheets exhibited remarkably high H2 production activity of~1395μmol∙h^−1∙g^−1 in pure water with no co-catalyst,which is the highest value reported thus far for bare photocatalysts,to the best of our knowledge.The high activity of these nanosheets is attributed to their distinct nanostructure(e.g.,short transfer distance of photoinduced charge carriers,large number of unsaturated surface atoms,and large surface area).Moreover,ternary NiCo2S4 nanoparticles were employed to facilitate the charge separation and enhance the surface kinetics of H2 evolution.The H2 production rate reached~62.2 and~2436μmol∙h^−1∙g^−1 in triethanolamine and pure water,respectively,over the NiCo2S4/Cd0.5Zn0.5S heterojunctions.The result indicated that the Schottky junction was critical to the enhanced activity.The proposed method can be used for fabricating other highly efficient CdZnS-based photocatalysts for solar-energy conversion or other applications.

Highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution over 2D–2D Cd S/Cu7S4 layered heterojunctions

Converting solar energy into clean and sustainable chemical fuels is a promising strategy for exploiting renewable energy.The application of photocatalytic water splitting technology in hydrogen production is important for sustainable energy development and environmental protection.In this study,for the first time,2D Cu7S4 co-catalysts were coupled on the surface of a CdS nanosheet photocatalyst by a one-step ultrasonic-assisted electrostatic self-assembly method at room temperature.The as-fabricated 2D^-2D CdS/Cu7S4 layered heterojunctions were demonstrated to be advanced composite photocatalysts that enhance the water splitting efficiency toward hydrogen production.The highest hydrogen evolution rate of the 2D^-2D CdS/2%Cu7S4 binary heterojunction photocatalyst was up to 27.8 mmol g^-1 h^-1 under visible light irradiation,with an apparent quantum efficiency of 14.7%at 420 nm,which was almost 10.69 times and 2.65 times higher than those of pure CdS nanosheets(2.6 mmol g^-1 h^-1)and CdS-2%CuS(10.5 mmol g^-1 h^-1),respectively.The establishment of the CdS/Cu7S4 binary-layered heterojunction could not only enhance the separation of photogenerated electron-hole(e--h+)pairs,improve the transfer of photo-excited electrons,and prolong the life-span of photo-generated electrons,but also enhance the light absorption and hydrogen-evolution kinetics.All these factors are important for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity.Expectedly,the 2D^-2D interface coupling strategy based on CdS NSs can be extensively exploited to improve the hydrogen-evolution activity over various kinds of conventional semiconductor NSs.

Molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus in a human diploid cell line

AIM： To investigate the hoLspoLs, direction, and the time course of evolution of hepatitis A virus in the process of consecutive cell culture passage in human KMB17 diploid cells.METHODS： Wild type hepatitis A virus H2w was serially propagated in KMB17 cells until passage 30, and the fulllength genomes of H2w and its six chosen progenies were determined by directly sequencing RT-PCR products amplified from viral genomic RNA. Alignment comparison of sequences from H2w with its six progenies and phylogenetic analysis of the whole VP1 region from H2w, progenies of H2w, and other cell culture adapted hepatitis A virus were then carried out to obtain data on the molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus in the process of consecutive passage in KMB17 cells.RESULTS： Most of the mutations occurred by passage 5 and several hotspots related to adaptation of the virus during cell growth were observed. After that stage, few additional mutations occurred through the remaining duration of passage in KMB17 cells except for mutation in the virulence determinants, which occurred in the vicinity of passage 15. The phylogenetic analysis of the whole VP1 region suggested that the progenies of H2w evolved closely to other cell culture adapted hepatitis A virus, i.e. MBB, L-A-l, other than its progenitor H2w.CONCLUSION： Hepatitis A virus served as a useful model for studying molecular evolution of viruses in a given environment. The information obtained in this study may provide assistance in cultivating the next generation of a seed virus for live hepatitis A vaccine production.

MOF-derived Co9S8/MoS2 embedded in tri-doped carbon hybrids for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Metal-organic framework(MOF)derived hybrid materials have been developed as an efficient non-noblemetal electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion systems.In this work,a Co-based MOF containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms(Co-NOMOF)mixed with the thiomolybdate[Mo3S(13)]^2- nanoclusters was used to prepare the N,S,O-doped carbon encapsulating Co9S8 and MoS2(Co9S8/MoS2@NSOC)nanocomposite by one-step pyrolysis.The Co9S8/MoS2@NSOC nanocomposite exhibited remarkable catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)with overpotential of 194 and 233 mV in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M H2SO4 solution under 10 mA cm^-2,respectively,which was ascribed to the multiheteroatom-doped hierarchical porous carbon matrix and the synergistic effect of intrinsic activity of Co9S8 and MoS2.This work provides new opportunity for developing highly efficient non-precious metal electrochemical catalysts.

双聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)/Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)S型异质结增强光催化产氢性能

利用光催化剂将太阳能转化为化学能,以应对当今社会所面临的环境污染和能源挑战,是一种极具发展潜力的策略.因此,研发高效光催化剂成为当务之急.在众多光催化剂中,金属硫化物受到广泛关注.其中,CdS因其出色的产氢性能而被视为一种具有前景的光催化剂,并备受关注.然而,CdS易发生光腐蚀,导致S2‒阴离子容易被产生的空穴氧化,从而影响了其光化学稳定性,限制了其应用.为解决上述问题,本课题组尝试用(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(3)‒代替S2‒合成了不易受光腐蚀且相对稳定的聚合物Cd_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(CdTMT),CdTMT是一种对可见光有良好响应的大分子配位聚合物,在光催化制氢方面表现出较好的催化性能.本文以八面体CdTMT为基底,通过生长棒状Zn_(3)(C_(3)N_(3)S_(3))_(2)(ZnTMT),利用简便的一步原位水热法制备了不同比例的CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结光催化剂.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜以及透射电镜对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌以及组成元素进行了表征,并利用X射线光电子能谱、开尔文探针力显微镜和电子顺磁共振等技术对复合材料的电子传输行为进行了详细分析.结果表明,在黑暗状态下,电子由CdTMT转移到ZnTMT,当光照时电子由ZnTMT转移到CdTMT,证实了CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的成功构建.同时,拉曼光谱证明了三嗪环的存在.此外,考察了纯样品和复合材料的光催化析氢性能.结果表明,在光照下S型CdTMT/ZnTMT异质结的光催化析氢效率相较于单一催化剂ZnTMT与CdTMT有显著提升,最高达到45.24 mmol·g^(‒1)·h^(‒1),分别是ZnTMT和CdTMT的215.43倍和1.76倍.CdTMT/ZnTMT S型异质结的内建电场、能带弯曲和库仑力以及π共轭轨道之间存在协同作用,不仅保留了CdTMT导带上电子与ZnTMT价带上空穴的强氧化还原能力,而且通过重新配置氧化还原活性较低的光生电子和空穴,实现了更高的电子-空穴分离效率,从而增强了复合材料的光催化活性.上述结果与表征和密度泛函理论计算结果一致.鉴于聚合物体系在自然环境中的无序性,研究聚合物的电子传递机制仍具有一定的挑战性.本文通过成功构建双聚合物S型异质结,在显著优化光催化剂性能的同时,也为设计聚合物电子转移机制和优化聚合物光催化剂性能提供了新思路.

Evolution of 5S rRNA Genes in Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai and O. sylvicola Wang et Tang (Convallariaceae)

To reveal how a large gene family evolved in the highly organized genome, the present study sequenced 294 copies of 5S rRNA genes from six individuals of three populations of Ophiopogon xylorrhizus Wang et Dai, and 45 copies from its closest species, O. sylvicola Wang et Tang. Based on the sequences the gene-phylogeny was inferred through PAUP. The sequences were highly diversified. Of the 339 randomly cloned copies, only 13 pairs (3.8%) were identical, with length varied between 307 - 548 bp (average 438.6 bp). The sequence differentiation index (SDI) in O. xylorrhints was 0.078, in O. sylvicola was 0.032, and between these two species was 0.149. In the most parsimonious tree reconstructed, all of the 294 copies of O. xylorrhizus were grouped into one clade, and those of O. sylvicola were grouped into another clade with 100% bootstrap support. The result demonstrated that the copies of 5S rRNA genes originated from just one progenitor copy, 'founder copy', in both of the species respectively, followed by a series of proliferation, and little, if any, homogenization ever occurred in the copies. As the common ancestor of the two species must have home multiple copies of the genes, all the other copies were lost during or after the speciation. Additionally, the phylogeny clearly showed that the founder copy was proliferated continuously through time, not just once. O. xylorrhizus is an extremely endangered species in which high genetic diversity, selfing and depression on seedlings were observed previously. In our study the sequences from different populations or different individuals were mixed in the branches of the O. xylorrhizus clade, although they evolved independently. It is assumed that gene flow of the species happened much more frequently in the past, making the proliferated copies dispersed to different populations, and the species maintained an amount of genetic diversity. Therefore, the selfing and seedling depression would be the result of a recent event. We suggest that some changes in outer mechanisms, such as the pollinators or seed-dispersers, might cause the species selfed, depressed and, finally, endangered.

Diagenetic evolution and its effect on reservoir-quality of fan delta sandstones during progressive burial: Evidence from the upper part of the fourth member of Shahejie formation, Bonan sag, Jiyang depression

Petrographic analysis combined with various techniques, such as thin section identification, fluid inclusions, isotopic data, petro-physical property testing and oil testing results, was used to study diagenetic evolution and its effect on reservoir-quality of fan delta reservoirs of Es4s in the Bonan sag. The diagenesis is principally characterized by strong compaction, undercompaction, multi-phase of dissolution and cementation. Compaction played a more important role than cementation in destroying the primary porosity of the sandstones. The reservoirs have experienced complicated diagenetic environment evolution of "weak alkalineacid-alkalinity-acid-weak alkalinity" and two-stage of hydrocarbon filling. The diagenetic sequences are summarized as "early compaction/early pyrite/gypsum/calcite/dolomite cementation→feldspar dissolution/the first stage of quartz overgrowth → early hydrocarbon filling→quartz dissolution/anhydrite/Fe-carbonate cementation→Fe-carbonate dissolution/feldspar dissolution/ the second stage of quartz overgrowth→later hydrocarbon filling→later pyrite cementation. In the same diagenetic context, the diagenetic evolution processes that occurred in different sub/micro-facies during progressive burial have resulted in heterogeneous reservoir properties and oiliness. The braided channel reservoirs in fan delta plain are poorly sorted with high matrix contents. The physical properties decrease continually due to the principally strong compaction and weak dissolution. The present properties of braided channel reservoirs are extremely poor, which is evidenced by few oil layers developed in relatively shallow strata while dry layers entirely in deep. The reservoirs both in the underwater distributary channels and mouth bars are well sorted and have a strong ability to resist compaction. Abundant pores are developed in medium-deep strata because of modifications by two-stage of acidic dissolution and hydrocarbon filling. The present properties are relatively well both in the underwater distributary channels and mouth bars and plenty of oil layers are developed in different burial depth. The present reservoir properties both in interdistributary channel and pre-fan delta are poor caused by extensively cementation. Small amounts of oil layers, oil-water layers and oil-bearing layers are developed in relatively shallow strata while dry layers totally in deep.

Rational design of ternary NiS/CQDs/ZnIn_2S_4 nanocomposites as efficient noble-metal-free photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution under visible light

The NiS/CQDs nanocomposite (CQDs represents carbon quantum dots), with a mass ratio of NiS/CQDs to be 1.19:1 based on the ICP result, was obtained via a facile hydrothermal method from a mixture of CQDs, Ni(OAc)2 and Na2S. The self-assembly of ZnIn2S4 microspheres on the surface of NiS/CQDs was realized under microwave conditions to obtain a ternary NiS/CQDs/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite. The as-obtained NiS/CQDs/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite was fully characterized, and its photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation was investigated. The ternary NiS/CQDs/ZnIn2S4 nanocomposite showed superior photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution than ternary CQDs/NiS/ZnIn2S4, which was obtained by deposition of NiS in the preformed CQDs/ZnIn2S4. The superior photocatalytic performance of ternary NiS/CQDs/ZnIn2S4 is ascribed to the introduction of CQDs, which act as a bridge to promote the vectorial transfer of photo-generated electrons from ZnIn2S4 to NiS. This result suggests that the rational design and fabrication of ternary CQDs-based systems are important for the efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This study provides a strategy for developing highly efficient noble-metal-free photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution using CQDs as a bridge to promote the charge transfer in the nanocomposite.

2024年1月23日乌什M_(S)7.1地震序列b值随时间演化特征

选取2024年1月23日乌什M_(S)7.1地震序列目录,利用最大似然法计算该地震序列b值大小,分析震中区b值随时间的演化特征,得到以下认识:①震中区b值在强余震前呈明显下降变化特征,但无法准确评估b值下降后强余震的发生次数;②b值能够反映研究区不同时间的应力水平,对强余震的预测具有一定指示意义。

Constructing low-cost Ni3C/twin-crystal Zn0.5Cd0.5S heterojunction/homojunction nanohybrids for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

The development of low-cost semiconductor photocatalysts for highly efficient and durable photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light is very challenging.In this study,we combine low-cost metallic Ni3C cocatalysts with twin nanocrystal Zn0.5Cd0.5S(ZCS)solid solution homojunctions for an efficient visible-light-driven H2 production by a simple approach.As-synthesized Zn0.5Cd0.5S-1%Ni3C(ZCS-1)heterojunction/homojunction nanohybrid exhibited the highest photocatalytic H2-evolution rate of 783μmol h‒1 under visible light,which is 2.88 times higher than that of pristine twin nanocrystal ZCS solid solution.The apparent quantum efficiencies of ZCS and ZCS-1 are measured to be 6.13%and 19.25%at 420 nm,respectively.Specifically,the homojunctions between the zinc blende and wurtzite segments in twin nanocrystal ZCS solid solution can significantly improve the light absorption and separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.Furthermore,the heterojunction between ZCS and metallic Ni3C NP cocatalysts can efficiently trap excited electrons from ZCS solid solution and enhance the H2-evolution kinetics at the surface for improving catalytic activity.This study demonstrates a unique one-step strategy for constructing heterojunction/homojunction hybrid nanostructures for a more efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution compared to other noble metal photocatalytic systems.

Zero-determinant strategy:An underway revolution in game theory

Repeated games describe situations where players interact with each other in a dynamic pattern and make decisions ac- cording to outcomes of previous stage games. Very recently, Press and Dyson have revealed a new class of zero-determinant （ZD） strategies for the repeated games, which can enforce a fixed linear relationship between expected payoffs of two play- ers, indicating that a smart player can control her unwitting co-player＇s payoff in a unilateral way [Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. USA 109, 10409 （2012）]. The theory of ZD strategies provides a novel viewpoint to depict interactions among players, and fundamentally changes the research paradigm of game theory. In this brief survey, we first introduce the mathematical framework of ZD strategies, and review the properties and constrains of two specifications of ZD strategies, called pinning strategies and extortion strategies. Then we review some representative research progresses, including robustness analysis, cooperative ZD strategy analysis, and evolutionary stability analysis. Finally, we discuss some significant extensions to ZD strategies, including the multi-player ZD strategies, and ZD strategies under noise. Challenges in related research fields are also listed.

Spatial Evolution of Tourism-Oriented Rural Residential Space: A Case Study of Xiaochuanfangyu Village, Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village in Jizhou District, Tianjin

Currently, rural residential space can't continue to meet the growing demand for tourism receptions because of the development of rural tourism, resulting in the evolution and reconstruction of residential space in rural areas. In the past decade, rural tourism has become the main driving force for industrial transformation and economic growth in rural areas of China. Taking three tourism-oriented villages in Jizhou District, Tianjin, namely Xiaochuanfangyu Village, Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village, as the objects of the research, this paper analyzed the influence of rural tourism on the evolution of rural residential space from the perspectives of the spatial pattern and architectural style at the microscopic scale.

Synergistic impact of cocatalysts and hole scavenger for promoted photocatalytic H2 evolution in mesoporous TiO2–NiSx hybrid

Photocatalytic solar energy conversion to hydrogen is sustainable and attractive for addressing the global energy and environmental issue. Herein, a novel photocatalytic system (NiS/Ni3S4 cocatalysts modified mesoporous TiO2) with superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution capability through the synergistic impact of NiS/Ni3S4 (NiSx) cocatalyst and efficient hole scavenger has been demonstrated. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of TiO2-NiSx hybrids with the different content of NiSx and upon different organic hole scavengers was both investigated. The hybrid of TiO2 decorated with 3%(mole ratio of Ni^2+) NiSx cocatalyst in methanol solution showed the optimal photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 981.59 μmol h^-1 g^-1 which was about 20 times higher than that of bare mesoporous TiO2. Our results suggested that the boosted hydrogen production performance is attributed to both the improved photoinduced electrons migration between NiS and Ni3S4 in cocatalyst and the high hole captured efficiency by hole scavengers of methanol.