Influence of grass plantation on the rainfall-induced instability of gentle loose fill slope

The understanding of rainfall-induced landslides on gentle, loose-fill slopes is limited in comparison to steep slopes. Hence, two physical model tests were conducted on silty sand slopes under continuous rainfall: one on a bare slope and the other on a slope planted with ryegrass. The slope angle of 25° is much lower than the internal friction angle of slope material (34.3°), which makes the model test fall well into the category of gentle slope. For the initially unsaturated bare slope, a rainfall event with return period of 18 years could trigger a rapid and retrogressive global sliding, which differs from previous findings that gentle slopes would only experience shallow failure. A sudden increase in pore-water pressure was simultaneously observed, which might be generated by the wetting-induced collapse of unsaturated loose soil. On the other hand, the stability of the slope with grass plantation was significantly enhanced, and it was able to withstand rainfall event more severe than those with a return period of 100 years, with only minimal deformation. The results suggest that the gain in shear strength due to ryegrass roots surpasses the additional sliding force caused by the increased water retention capability. Additionally, it is found that the abrupt change in pore pressure was no longer indicative of slope failure in the case of the grass-reinforced slope.

Rolling motion behavior of rockfall on gentle slope:an experimental approach

The effects of slope surface material, slope gradient, block shape, and block mass conditions on rockfall rolling velocity were estimated with orthogonal test approach. Visual analysis shows that the importance of the factors is slope surface material > slope gradient > block shape > block mass. All the factors except block mass have the F value greater than the critical value, suggesting that these three factors are the key factors affecting the rockfall rolling velocity. Factor interaction analysis shows that the effect of the slope gradient relies largely on the slope surface conditions, and the block shape has little influence if the slope gradient is larger than a critical value. An empirical model considering the three key factors is proposed to estimate the rolling velocity, of which the error is limited to 5% of the testing value. This model is validated by 73 field tests, and the prediction shows excellent correlation with the site test. Thus, this analysis can be used as a tool in the rockfall behavior analysis.

Evolvement of tsunami waves on the continental shelves with gentle slope in the China Seas

Potential tsunami generated in the Okinawa Trench or the Manila Trench may attack the southeast coast of China. The continental shelves with extremely gentle slope in the China Seas affect the evolvement of tsunami waves. In this paper, we carry out the simulation of tsunami propagation based on the fully nonlinear and highly dispersive Boussinesq model, which could describe the nonlinearity and dispersion of water waves quite well. So the undulation characters could be well presented. In terms of the real topographies of the East China Sea and the South China Sea, we take some typical profiles to simulate the hypothetical tsunamis generated in the Okinawa Trench and the Manila Trench. Different waveforms in the near shore regions are obtained. The N-shape tsunami waves will evolve into long wave trains, undular bores or solitons near the coastal area. The numerical results of the near shore waveform provide essential conditions for the further studies of tsunami runup and inundation.

Numerical Prediction of Regular Wave Breaking on Very Gentle Slopes

Regular wave deformation and breaking on very gentle slopes is calculated by Mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian procedure. The velocity potentials and their normal derivatives on the boundary are calculated through the mixed 0-1 boundary element method. The wave elevation and the potentials of Lime-stepping integration are determined by the 2nd-order Taylor expansion at the nodes of free surface boundary elements. During calculation the x-coordinates of the free surface element nodes are supposed to remain unchanged, i.e. the partial derivatives of wave elevation and potentials with respect to x are considered as zero. The numerical results of asymmetric parameters of breaking waves are verified by experimental study. It is shown that when the wave asymmetry is weak, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particales occurs at the wave peak and, the average ratio of this maximum velocity to wave celerity is 0.96. However, when the wave asymmetry is strong, the maximum horizontal velocity of water particles occurs just before the wave crest, and the average ratio of the maximum velocity to wave celerity is about 0.98. The numerical results also show that the asymmetry of wave profiles affects the value of the wave breaking index (H/d) (b), that is, when the asymmetric characteristics are weak, the value of wave breaking index coincides with that given by Goda; on the contrary, when the asymmetry of wave profiles is notable, the value of wave breaking index is close to Nelson's result. The experimental study gives the same conclusions.

Experimental Study of Wave Breaking on Gentle Slope

An experimental study of regular wave and irregular wave breaking is performed on a gentle slope of 1:200, In the experiment, asymmetry of wave profile is analyzed to determine its effect on wave breaker indices and to explain the difference between Goda and Nelson about the breaker indices of regular waves on very mild slopes. The study shows that the breaker index of irregular waves is under less influence of bottom slope l, relative water depth d/ L-0 and the asymmetry of wave profile than that of regular waves. The breaker index of regular waves from Goda may be used in the case of irregular waves, while the coefficient A should be 0.15. The ratio of irregular wavelength to the length calculated by linear wave theory is 0.74. Analysis is also made on the waveheight damping coefficient of regular waves after breaking and on the breaking probability of large irregular waves.

Seismic response analysis of organic reef in gentle slope of rift basin

Analyzing the formation and sediment characteristics of gentle slope, the authors elaborate formation mechanism of organic reef and characteristics of reservoir in gentle slope of rift basin. Using the forward model of seismic exploration, the study provides the objective judgment for the exploration of organic reef reservoir in gentle slope of rift basin.

Depositional Characteristics of Deltas and Their Relationship with Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the North Slope, Biyang Depression

Tectonic movements in the North Slope of Biyang Depression are comparatively mild and stable, thus generating two categories of deltas. Elementary reasons for the coexistence of deltas are the existence of the palaeodrainage pattern and the effect of palaeotopography. The sedimentary facies is the most elementary factor controlling the physical property of reservoirs. The layout and spatial combination model of the sand body and faults are the major influential factors on the occurrence of hydrocarbons. Comparative study on Houzhang and Yanglou Braided Deltas as well as Zhangchang and Gucheng Meandering Deltas suggests that the hydrocarbons distribute primarily in the mouth bar subfacies and secondarily in the distal bar subfacies of the braided delta, while the oil-water and aqueous layers are mainly found in the subaquatic distributary channel. Although the sand body of the meandering delta has excellent stratification and high porosity, the thickness is far less than that of the braided delta. Therefore, the yield of hydrocarbon is relatively low. The mudstone of the delta front subfacies is a kind of source rock with a high content of organic matter. The conducting system for oil/gas migration in the North Slope is a composite one comprising faults and sand- stone reservoirs. A large amount of oil/gas from the deep depression first migrated towards the slope along the sand body which stretches and connects with the source rocks, and then redistributed along the faults in the slope. After the movement reached a standstill, the faults formed the occlusion in the up-dip direction of the sand body, generating a great quantity of fault block hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Noah Slope.

基于地质调查的缓坡地建设适宜性评价——以福建省南平市建阳中心城区为例

为构建缓坡地建设适宜性评价体系,合理划定缓坡地开发适宜区、一般适宜区及禁止建设区,科学开发利用低丘缓坡地资源,以福建省南平市建阳中心城区为研究区,在该区综合地质调查的基础上,以小流域为基本评价单元,以剥蚀阶地代替坡度和起伏度等指标,开展具有城镇建设功能指向的土地资源评价研究。以坡度、土体厚度、坡向-地层产状一致性,以及岩性建造、植被类型等为主要指标,进行地质灾害风险性评价,通过构建生态保护重要性、建设适宜性等多维评价体系,最终集成评价了缓坡地建设的适宜性。结果表明:研究区适宜城镇建设开发的缓坡地资源丰富,主要分布在严墩、新岭、兴田、将口、南林、赤岸、芹口等小流域的一级剥蚀阶地内,发生地质灾害的风险性较小,可以按照组团开发的方式逐步进行开发及利用,研究区属于地质灾害非易发区,但是西岸、水尾等小流域的二级剥蚀阶地、三级剥蚀阶地,土体较厚,坡度较陡,植被主要为杉木和毛竹,如果开发边界规划不合理,容易引发滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害。研究成果对我国低丘缓坡地合理开发利用具有较好的借鉴意义。

海拉尔盆地中部断陷带下白垩统南屯组致密储层特征及有利区预测

综合运用岩心分析、铸体薄片、高压压汞等资料,对海拉尔盆地中部断陷带下白垩统南屯组储层特征及其主控因素开展了详细研究,并对有利区进行了定量综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)海拉尔盆地中部断陷带南屯组岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,储层孔隙度小于12%的样品数占总样品数的70.2%,渗透率小于1 mD的样品数占总样品数的66.3%,属于致密砂岩储层,储层储集空间主要为少量原生孔隙和大量次生溶蚀孔隙。(2)沉积相控制了研究区储层物性在空间上的总体分布规律,南屯组最有利的沉积相带是辫状河三角洲前缘和扇三角洲前缘亚相;压实作用对储层具有减孔效应,溶蚀作用普遍发育,形成了大量粒间和粒内溶孔,对储集性具有一定改善作用。(3)盆地中部断陷带发育缓坡断阶构造带、陡坡断阶构造带和洼槽带3种构造带,其中缓坡断阶构造带和陡坡断阶构造带为主要的油气聚集区带,其断裂的大量发育均早于或同期于烃源岩大量排烃阶段,为油气运移提供了通道。(4)将“沉积相-孔隙度-储层厚度-砂地比-埋藏深度”五要素进行叠合,定量评价有利储层发育区,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类优质储层主要分布在盆地中部断陷带的缓坡断阶构造带和陡坡断阶构造带。

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷三叠系百口泉组沉积相展布特征及沉积模式

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷三叠系百口泉组主要发育扇三角洲沉积,准确识别扇三角洲各沉积相的展布特征对多类型油气藏的勘探开发具有重要意义。结合高精度三维开发地震和大量钻井、测井资料,采用沉积相研究、地震属性分析和古地貌恢复等方法,对沙湾凹陷百口泉组沉积相展布特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:①沙湾凹陷百口泉组可划分出3个四级层序和数个五级层序,且3个四级层序分别对应百口泉组的3个层段,五级层序受短期沉积旋回控制,分别对应不同的沉积微相。②均方根振幅属性对岩性变化更为敏感,能量高值区对应扇三角洲平原亚相,中值区对应扇三角洲前缘亚相,低能量区对应滨浅湖亚相。③百一段和百二段沉积时期,研究区湖盆面积小,主要发育扇三角洲平原和前缘亚相;百三段沉积时期湖盆面积增大,主要发育扇三角洲前缘和滨浅湖亚相,为典型的水进退积型扇三角洲。扇三角洲前缘亚相物性较好,被滨浅湖亚相的泥质岩所覆盖,形成良好的储盖组合。④研究区百口泉组扇体规模大、物源近,岩性以砂砾岩为主,为缓坡浅水扇三角洲沉积模式,扇三角洲前缘亚相为潜在的有利成藏区,是油气资源规模发现的重点勘探区。

四川盆地及周缘地区晚奥陶世岩相古地理演化

综合利用野外露头、岩心、钻测井等资料,对四川盆地及周缘地区晚奥陶世岩相古地理演化过程进行了描述和对比,并探讨了其主控因素。研究结果表明:①加里东运动早期拉张—伸展作用导致四川盆地周缘坳陷加深,其后扬子板块和华夏地块碰撞挤压,形成了晚奥陶世以上扬子地区为中心,西北、西部、南部三面环隆的古地理格局。②四川盆地及周缘地区晚奥陶世可划分出(混积)滨岸、碳酸盐缓坡、(混积)陆棚相等沉积相类型。宝塔组—临湘组主要发育碳酸盐缓坡相;五峰组沉积期海侵达到高峰,碳酸盐缓坡被淹没,发育(混积)陆棚相深水黑色页岩;观音桥组沉积期发生的海退导致大部分地区由深水陆棚转为浅海陆棚亚相;各时期古隆起周缘均有(混积)滨岸相发育,受物源影响部分地区具有混合沉积特征。③研究区晚奥陶世岩相古地理格局受构造运动、海平面变化和古气候等因素综合控制,在沉积相平面展布和垂向演化上均有体现。

坝基缓坡预裂开挖中不同布孔方式下的爆破扰动比较分析

在坝基缓坡预裂开挖中,为解决传统主爆孔或缓冲孔顺坡布设时(称之为顺坡布孔)钻孔效率低的问题,工程建设者尝试采用了反坡钻孔的方式(称之为反坡布孔),有必要对两种布孔方式下坝基保留岩体扰动情况进行比较分析,以指导工程实践。依托白鹤滩水电站坝基缓坡开挖,分别开展了顺坡布孔与反坡布孔两种开挖方式下的现场爆破试验,同时借助LS-DYNA三维动力有限元模拟,比较分析了两种布孔方式下保留岩体的爆破损伤演化特性与振动分布规律,并揭示了不同布孔方式下的内在力学作用机制,最后综合考虑开挖成型效果与施工速率,对坝基缓坡开挖方案的选择进行了探讨。结果表明:两种布孔方式下由预裂孔引起的保留岩体扰动情况基本一致,区别在于主爆孔或缓冲孔引起的累积损伤效应与爆破振动,内在原因在于炮孔与保留岩体轮廓面夹角的变化。相对顺坡布孔,反坡布孔因增大了主爆孔或缓冲孔与轮廓面的夹角,减少了传输至保留岩体的爆炸能量,有利于减轻对保留岩体的扰动,可减小损伤深度约11.6%~13.9%,降低爆破振动约6.4%~53.7%。

江苏省宜兴地区碎石土滑坡地质灾害特征及防治措施研究

针对江苏省宜兴地区典型碎石土滑坡地质灾害,开展了滑坡地质灾害特征分析和防治措施研究。结果表明,碎石土滑坡主要发育于宜兴南部山区山前缓坡地带,自然边坡坡度不大于15°;滑坡体具有上土下岩的二元结构特征,滑坡破坏模式为后退式渐进整体变形破坏的牵引式滑坡,表现为地形改造+降雨诱发;滑坡体轴向水平距离为改造后边坡前缘高差的10.0~12.0倍。采用坡面修整、抗滑桩、回填压脚、挡土墙和截排水沟等综合防治措施可有效消除滑坡地质灾害隐患,坡体水平位移、垂直位移收敛于定值,坡体稳定。

Seismic Sedimentology and Its Application in Shallow Sea Area,Gentle Slope Belt of Chengning Uplift

Seismic sedimentology is a new frontier inter-discipline subject, and shows good prospect and potentiality in reservoir deposition research with seismic data and geophysics technologies. We made seismic sedimentology research of shallow sea area, gentle slope belt of Chengning （埕宁） uplift, Bohalwan （渤海湾） basin. In shallow sea area with sparse well coverage, it was difficult to characterize the reservoir architecture with the traditional method based on wells. A new method to resolve the above problems is built： （1） information on plane and in section is inter-ealibrated with each other; （2） recognize the isochronic surfaces by frequency decomposition and interpret the depositional character with technology of stratal slicing; （3） make a comprehensive research with the stratal slice interpreta- tion and the dissection of well group. The depositional model of this area is built and used in the architecture analysis of area without wells. The architecture description reveals that the sedimentary character of pan-connection sand bodies in braided rivers is the reason for high water cut of the new horizontal wells. .

鄂尔多斯盆地青龙山剖面中寒武统沉积特征及沉积模式

根据野外露头观察及薄片鉴定,研究鄂尔多斯盆地青龙山剖面中寒武统的岩相类型和岩相组合特征,分析沉积相类型、特征和剖面相,建立沉积模式。结果表明:青龙山剖面中寒武统发育13种(LF1—LF13)岩相类型,识别8种岩相组合,分别为亮晶鲕粒灰岩和土黄色泥页岩,颗粒支撑砾屑灰岩、亮晶鲕粒灰岩和土黄色泥页岩,泥晶生物屑灰岩和土黄色泥页岩,泥晶鲕粒灰岩和土黄色泥页岩,灰绿色泥页岩和泥晶鲕粒灰岩,条带状灰岩和放射状砾屑灰岩,条带状灰岩和土黄色泥页岩,含球粒粉晶白云岩和土黄色泥页岩。中寒武统发育碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积体系,主要为内缓坡相,包括潮坪、潟湖、滩间海、颗粒滩4种亚相和10种微相。中寒武世,青龙山剖面处于碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,随秦祈海槽向东、北方向发生海侵,受青铜峡—固原断裂的影响,沉积中心向东迁移,沉积相带由潮坪—潟湖向颗粒滩—滩间海转变,出现海退迹象,再次转变为潮坪沉积。该结果为鄂尔多斯盆地古环境恢复提供依据。

蒙陕矿区主斜井开拓影响因素及其适应性模糊论证研究

通过走访调研、资料检索、统计分析、理论演算等研究方法,系统研究了大型煤矿长距离缓斜坡主斜井开拓的适用性。结果表明:①井筒开拓方式选择主控因素归纳为地质条件、施工条件、安全条件及经济社会效益等4类;②经济效益与产能成正相关关系,与井深成负相关关系,一般斜井效益相对较好,但随着开拓深度的增加,两类开拓方式总费用差距逐渐缩小;③3层15个指标的评价体系模糊数学综合评价显示产能提升时缓坡斜井在投资及工期方面更占优势。

高速铁路引入枢纽(地区)电分相缓坡设置方案研究

为解决川中浅丘地形高速铁路引入枢纽(地区)时电分相合理设置的难题,本文以成达万铁路引入资阳西站为例,针对电分相涉及上下游多专业的特点,构建了“多因素分步研究、多维度综合比选、多工况行车验证”的研究方法,对电分相缓坡设置方案进行研究,得到了满足功能需求、技术可靠、经济合理的技术方案。研究结果表明:(1)新线合场引入车站时,通常由同一相电源对车场内多线供电,末端分区所(电分相)应尽量靠近车站,减小牵引负荷;(2)分相区反向断电标边界里程=车站最外侧信号机里程-(一离去区段长度+三接近区段长度)-0.2 km-0.5 km;(3)列车限速40 km/h通过六跨短分相的最大上坡度为5‰;(4)川中浅丘地形下,分区所选址不作为控制电分相设置的主要因素;(5)枢纽(地区)内,电分相设置应统筹考虑规划线路的引入,避免规划线路实施时对既有铁路相关工程造成严重影响。研究成果可为类似工程提供借鉴和指导。

宁镇地区缓坡滑坡模型试验研究

由于近年来极端强降雨天气增多,宁镇地区发生了多处规模较大的山前缓坡滑坡地质灾害。这些滑坡存在很多相似之处,边坡体地层结构表现为“类二元地层结构”特征,即边坡体表层为透水性弱或不透水的黏性土,下覆为透水性较好的砂砾类土或碎石土。在强降雨条件下,雨水沿后缘基岩中的裂隙入渗,在坡体中下部形成暂时性承压水,受其浮托力作用发生滑坡。为了深入探讨这类滑坡的形成机理,建立概化物理模型进行模拟试验,探究边坡坡度、黏土层厚度与坡体内部孔隙水压力及变形的关系,分析缓坡滑坡的主要控制因素及破坏过程,综合分析给出其破坏模式,以此为宁镇地区这类滑坡的防治及城市建设提供科学依据。

环渤中缓坡带盖层逐级破裂与油气阶梯跃升式运移

随着渤海凸起区勘探程度的提高,缓坡带成为重要的勘探接替区,但缓坡带勘探成功率较低,油气运移模式及运移路径精准预测是制约勘探成败的关键因素。以环渤中地区为重点,分析了断陷盆地缓坡带多层输导体系条件下盖层破裂与油气运移的关系,总结了相应的油气运移模式,并基于运移模式开展油气三维运移模拟,实现了缓坡带油气运移路径的精细预测。研究表明:①渤中凹陷周缘缓坡带普遍具有“盖-断双控阶梯式”油气成藏模式,主要包括古近系近源和新近系源外2类油气藏。近源成藏的油气直接来自于烃源岩,在东营组区域盖层控制下沿古近系第一输导层顺层运移;源外成藏的油气来自于二次调整运移的充注点,油气顺断层突破东营组盖层后,沿新近系多层楼式输导层呈阶梯式充注运移。②累计盖层断接厚度小于450m是下伏盖层破裂及浅层输导层充注发生的触发条件。③受盖层减薄和断裂活动的耦合控制,缓坡带不同构造部位油气运聚的阶梯环带不同,可以通过“盖-断耦合”分析来预测油气的空间分布,基于这一思路创新开展阶梯跃升式油气立体运移模拟,在蓬莱19-3缓坡带综合预测成功率达88%。④由于坡折断带坡坪转换的正断层的密集发育,加上盖层厚度及其断接厚度的剧烈变化,坡折带之下的斜坡外带通常为近源成藏,油气勘探应该以中深层为主;坡折带之上的斜坡内带,油气通常在源外成藏,油气勘探应该以浅层为主。该研究成果对于断陷盆地缓坡带油气勘探有利方向预测有着重要作用。

西南浅丘区某公路滑坡变形破坏机制及防治措施研究

西南浅丘区因其独特的地理、地质环境影响,往往会形成典型的缓斜坡地貌,坡表多上覆厚层粉质黏土层,物理力学性质较差,公路挖填方多易引发工程滑坡。以某公路滑坡为例,在调查区域地质、地形、气象水文基础上分析滑坡变形破坏模式,运用传递系数法(隐式)对滑带进行参数反算、分析滑坡下滑力,并采用桩基托梁挡墙对该滑坡进行综合工程处治,取得良好效果,为缓坡区填方路基工程滑坡分析及处治提供参考。