Analysis of Lateritic Soil Reinforced with Palm Kernel Shells for Use as a Sub-Base Layer for Low-Traffic Roads

In tropical areas,palm oil production generates significant amounts of waste,including palm kernel shells.The use of this waste in the civil engineering sector,presents a very challenging task.In the present study,the production of lateritic soil(A-2 in GTR classification and A-7-6(9)in HRB classification)reinforced with palm kernel shells is considered.In order to improve their performances,these materials are mixed using the Fuller’s parabolic law.Moreover,experimental tests are used to characterize the physical and mechanical geotechnical properties of the lateritic soil.After characterizing the matrix(i.e.,lateritic soil)and the inclusions(i.e.,palm kernel shells)in their natural state,it is found that Avrankou’s lateritic soil has a high level of fine particles(56.6%),high plasticity(PI=21%)and low lift(ICBR=17%);which makes it unusable in the pavement layer.Results also prove that the mixture composed of 39%of lateritic soil volume and 61%of PKS with a CBR index equals to 30 and the mixture composed of 45%of lateritic soil,40%PKS and 15%of lagoon sand with a CBR index equals to 41 can be used as sub-base layer for roads for low and medium traffic,respectively.

Ocular surface evaluation in eyes with chronic glaucoma on long term topical antiglaucoma therapy

AIM： To evaluate ocular surface changes and its correlation with the central corneal subbasal nerve fibre layer in chronic glaucoma patients. METHODS： A prospective comparative study of ocular surface evaluation was performed in 50 eyes of 25 patients using two or more antiglaucoma medications for at least 6too and 50 eyes of 25 normal subjects without any ocular problems as controls. The study parameters evaluated included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ocular surface evaluation parameters [fluorescein break-up time （FTBUT）, Schirmer＇s I test, ocular surface staining scores and ocular surface disease index score （OSDI）], central corneal sensation （Cochet Bonnett aesthesiometer）, central subbasal nerve fiber layer density （SBNFLD） by confocal microscopy. RESULTS： The mean values in the glaucoma cases and control groups respectively were as follows： OSDI score （35.89±16.07/6.02±3.84; P=-0.001）, Schirmer＇s I test score （7.632.64 mm/12.86±1.93 mm; P=-0.001）, FTBUT （9.442.76s/11.8±1.88s; P=0.001）, corneal （5.7±2.33/ 1.1±0.58; P=0.001） and conjunctival staining score （5.061.94/0.84±0.46; P=0.001）, corneal sensitivity （4.68±0.44/5.07±0.37; P=0.076）, mean subbasal nerve fiber number （3.58±0.99/5.40±1.70; P=0.001）, SBNFL length （1101.44±287.56 pm/1963.70±562.56 pro; P=0.001） and density （6883.941798.03 pm/mm/12 273.153516.04 pm/mm2; P=O.O01）. Dry eye severity of level 2 and 3 was seen in 66% of glaucoma group. Corneal （/=0.86） and conjunctival staining （R2=0.71） and OSDI score （R=0.67） showed statistically significant negative correlation with central corneal SBNFLD while FTBUT （R==0.84）, corneal sensitivity （/=0.52） showed positive correlation to central corneal SBNFLD in the long term topical antiglaucoma medication group. CONCLUSION： Ocular surface changes and antiglaucoma therapy induced dry eye is found to be associated with decreased SBNFLD in eyes on long term topical antiglaucoma medications.