Enlightenment of the Mariana Fore-arc Sedimentary Basin Evolution to the Subduction Process

The Mariana subduction structure is a hot topic in ocean-ocean subduction zone research,and its subduction mechanism has attracted wide attention from experts and scholars in China and abroad.Based on the multi-channel seismic data of survey line MGL1204 in the Mariana fore-arc and DSDP ocean drilling data,this paper studies the development and evolution characteristics of the structure and strata in the Cenozoic Mariana fore-arc sedimentary basin.The Cenozoic strata are divided into six seismic sequences,with the possible era of each seismic sequence discerned,and the relationship between fault development and earthquakes analyzed.The episodic activity of the volcanic chain of the Mariana island arc is thought to control the tectonic and stratigraphic development pattern of the Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the fore-arc.Between 16°N-19°N and 146°E-151°E,the maximum thickness of the sedimentary center of the Cenozoic fore-arc sedimentary basin in Mariana is about 2360 m.Normal faults are developed in the area and some broke to the seabed,indicating that the Mariana island arc is still in the post-arc expansion stage.The application of multi-channel seismic sections in structural and stratigraphic evolution study is an important means to elucidating the Mariana subduction mechanism.

Characteristics of Meso-Cenozoic Igneous Complexes in the South Yellow Sea Basin,Lower Yangtze Craton of Eastern China and the Tectonic Setting

The South Yellow Sea Basin is partially surrounded by the East Asian continental Meso- Cenozoic widespread igneous rocks belt. Magnetic anomaly and multi-channel seismic data both reveal the prevalent occurrence of igneous rocks. We preliminarily defined the coupling relation between magnetic anomalies and igneous rock bodies. Some igneous complexes were also recognized by using multi-channel seismic and drilling data. We identified various intrusive and extrusive igneous rock bodies, such as stocks, sills, dikes, laccoliths and volcanic edifice relics through seismic facies analysis. We also forecasted the distribution characteristics of igneous complexes. More than fifty hypabyssal intrusions and volcanic relics were delineated based on the interpretation of magnetic anomaly and dense intersecting multi-channel seismic data. It is an important supplement to regional geology and basin evolution research. Spatial matching relations between igneous rock belts and fractures document that extensional N-E and N-NE-trending deep fractures may be effective pathways for magma intrusion. These fractures formed under the influence of regional extension during the Meso- Cenozoic after the Indosinian movement. Isotopic ages and crosscutting relations between igneous rock bodies and the surrounding bedded sedimentary strata both indicate that igneous activities might have initiated during the Late Jurassic, peaked in the Early Cretaceous, gradually weakened in the Late Cretaceous, and continued until the Miocene. Combined with previous studies, it is considered that the Meso-Cenozoic igneous activities, especially the intensive igneous activity of the Early Cretaceous, are closely associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Frozen subduction in the Yangtze block:insights from the deep seismic profiling and gravity anomaly in east Sichuan fold belt

The Sichuan basin is the main part of the middle-upper Yangtze block, which has been experienced a long-term tectonic evolution since Archean. The Yangtze block was regarded as a stable block until the collision with the Cathaysia block in late Neoproterozoic. A new deep seismic reflection profile conducted in the eastern Sichuan fold belt（ESFB） discovered a serials of south-dipping reflectors shown from lower crust to the mantle imply a frozen subduction zone within the Yangtze block. In order to prove the speculation, we also obtain the middle-lower crustal gravity anomalies by removing the gravity anomalies induced by the sedimentary rocks and the mantle beneath the Moho, which shows the mid-lower crustal structure of the Sichuan basin can be divided into eastern and western parts. Combined with the geochronology and Aeromagnetic anomalies, we speculated the Yangtze block was amalgamated by the West Sichuan and East Sichuan blocks separated by the Huayin-Chongqing line. The frozen subduction zone subsequently shifted to a shear zone accommodated the lower crustal shortening when the decollement at the base of the Nanhua system functioned in the upper plate.

Source Lithology and Magmatic Processes Recorded in the Mineral of Basalts from the Parece Vela Basin

Since the Early Cenozoic,the Philippine Sea Plate(PSP)has undergone a complex tectonic evolution.During this period the Parece Vela Basin(PVB)was formed by seafloor spreading in the back-arc region of the proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana(IBM)arc.However,until now,studies of the geological,geophysical,and tectonic evolution of the PVB have been rare.In this study,we obtained in situ trace element and major element compositions of minerals in basalts collected from two sites in the southern part of the PVB.The results reveal that the basalts from site CJ09-63 were likely formed via~10%partial melting of spinel-garnet lherzolite,while the basalts from site CJ09-64 were likely formed via 15%–25%partial melting of garnet lherzolite.The order of mineral crystallization for the basalts from site CJ09-64 was olivine,spinel,clinopyroxene,and plagioclase,while the plagioclase in the basalts from site CJ09-63 crystallized earlier than the clinopyroxene.Using a plagioclase-liquid hygrometer and an olivine-liquid oxybarometer,we determined that the basalts in this study have high H2O contents and oxygen fugacities,suggesting that the magma source of the Parece Vela basalts was affected by subduction components,which is consistent with the trace element composition of whole rock.

Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Dates of Felsic-Intermediate Members of the Late Cretaceous Yüksekova Arc Basin: Constraints on the Evolution of the Bitlis–Zagros Branch of Neotethys(Elazig, E Turkey)

During the Late Cretaceous in the Eastern Mediterranean, the northern branch of the southern Neotethys was closed by multiple northward subductions. Of these, the most northerly located subduction created the Baskil continental arc at around 82–84 Ma. The more southerly and intra-oceanic subduction, on the other hand, produced an arc-basin system,the Yüksekova Complex, as early as the late Cenomanian–early Turonian. The abundant and relatively well-studied basaltic rocks of this complex were intruded by dykes, sills and small stocks of felsic–intermediate rocks, not previously studied in detail. The intrusives collected from five different localities in the Elazig region of eastern Turkey are all subalkaline, with low Nb/Y values. Most of them have been chemically classified as rhyodacites/dacites, whereas a small number appear to be andesites. In normal mid-ocean-ridge basalt(N-MORB)-normalised plots, the intrusives are characterised by relative enrichments in Th and La over Nb, Zr, Hf, Ti and high field strength elements(HREEs), indicating their derivation from a subduction-modified source. While their relatively high, positive εN d(i) values(+6.4 and +7.2) might suggest a depleted mantle source for their ultimate origin, somewhat radiogenic Pb values indicate a sedimentary contribution to the source of the rocks. The overall geochemical characteristics indicate their generation in an oceanic arc setting. The zircon U-Pb Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) data obtained from five felsic-intermediate rock samples yielded intrusion dates of 80–88 Ma. This suggests that the Elazig oceanic arc-related intrusives are slightly younger than those of the Yüksekova arc-basin system, but coeval with the Baskil continental arc. However, the felsic–intermediate intrusives show different geochemical characteristics(oceanic arc-type, with a lack of crustal contamination)to those of the Baskil continental arc. This indicates that these two igneous systems are unrelated and likely developed in different tectonic settings. This, in turn, supports a geodynamic model in which the northern strand of the southern Neotethys was consumed by multiple northward subductions.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology,Hf isotopes,and geochemistry constraints on the age and tectonic affinity of the basement granitoids from the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

Studies in the northern South China Sea(SCS)basement remain important for understanding the evolution of the Southeast Asian continental margin.Due to a thick cover of sediments and scarce borehole penetration,little is known about the age and tectonic affinity of this basement.In this study,an integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology,Hf isotopes,and whole-rock major and trace elements on seven basement granitoids from seven boreholes of Qiongdongnan Basin has been carried out.New zircon U-Pb results for these granitoids present middle-late Permian((270.0±1.2)Ma;(253±3.4)Ma),middle to late Triassic((246.2±3.4)Ma;(239.3±0.96)Ma;(237.9±0.99)Ma;(228.9±1.0)Ma)and Late Cretaceous ages((120.6±0.6)Ma).New data from this study,in combination with the previous dataset,indicates that granitoid ages in northern SCS basement vary from 270 Ma to 70.5 Ma,with three age groups of 270–196 Ma,162–142 Ma,and 137–71 Ma,respectively.Except for the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks in the basement of the northern SCS,a few old zircon grains with the age of(2708.1±17)Ma to(2166.6±19)Ma provide clues to the existence of the pre-Proterozoic components.The geochemical signatures indicate that the middle Permian-early Cretaceous granitoids from the Qiongdongnan Basin are I-type granites formed in a volcanic arc environment,which were probably related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Basin-and Mountain-Building Dynamic Model of “Ramping-Detachment-Compression” in the West Kunlun-Southern Tarim Basin Margin

Analysis of the deformation structures in the West Kunlun-Tarim basin-range junction belt indicates that sediments in the southwestern Tarim depression were mainly derived from the West Kunlun Mountains and that with time the region of sedimentation extended progressivdy toward the north. Three north-underthrusting （subducting）, steep-dipping, high-velocity zones （bodies） are recognized at depths, which correspond to the central West Kunlun junction belt （bounded by the Kiida-Kaxtax fault on the north and Bulungkol-Kangxiwar fault on the south）, Quanshuigou fault belt （whose eastward extension is the Jinshajiang fault belt） and Bangong Co-Nujiang fault belt. The geodynamic process of the basin-range junction belt generally proceeded as follows： centering around the magma source region （which largely corresponds with the Karatag terrane at the surface）, the deep-seated material flowed and extended from below upward and to all sides, resulting in strong deformation （mainly extension） in the overlying lithosphere and even the upper mantle, appearance of extensional stress perpendicular to the strike of the orogenic belt in the thermal uplift region or at the top of the mantle diapir and localized thickening of the sedimentary cover （thermal subsidence in the upper crust）. Three stages of the basin- and mountain-forming processes in the West Kunlun-southern Tarim basin margin may be summarized： （1） the stage of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rampingrapid uplift and rapid subsidence, when north-directed thrust propagation and south-directed intracontinental subduction, was the dominant mechanism for basin- and mountain-building processes; （2） the stage of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene deep-level detachment-slow uplift and homogeneous subsidence, when the dominant mechanism for the basin- and mountain-forming processes was detachment （subhorizontal north-directed deep-level ductile shear） and its resulting lateral propagation of deep material; and （3） the stage of Neogene-present compression-rapid uplift and strong subsidence, when the basin- and mountain-forming processes were simultaneously controlled by north-vergent thrust propagation and compression. The authors summarize the processes as the “ramping-detachment-compression basin- and mountain-forming dynamic model”. The basin-range tectonics was initiated in the Late Jurassic, the Miocene-Pliocene were a major transition period for the basin- and mountain-forming mechanism and the terminal early Pleistocene tectonic movement in the main laid a foundation for the basin-and-mountain tectonic framework in the West Kunlun-southern Tarim basin margin.

Numerical Modeling of Basin-Range Tectonics Related to Continent-Continent Collision

Continent-continent collision is the most important driving mechanism for the occurrence of various geological processes in the continental lithosphere. How to recognize and determine continent-continent collision, especially its four-dimensional temporal-spatial evolution, is a subject that geological communities have long been concerned about and studied. Continent-continent collision is mainly manifested by strong underthrusting (subduction) of the underlying block along an intracontinental subduction zone and continuous obduction (thrusting propagation) of the overlying block along the intracontinental subduction zone, the occurrence of a basin-range tectonic framework in a direction perpendicular to the subduction zone and the flexure and disruption of the Moho. On the basis of numerical modeling, the authors discuss in detail the couplings between various amounts and rates of displacement caused by basin subsidence, mountain uplift and Moho updoming and downflexure during obduction (thrusting propagation) and subduction and the migration pattern of basin centers. They are probably indications or criteria for judgment or determination of continent-continent collision.

Seismicity in the Bengal Basin:Threat for Future Massive Earthquakes

The 26 December 2004 earthquake off Sumatra coast focused world attention on the Sunda arc subduction zone.Bangladesh is along the strike of and within a rupture-distance from that enormous M-9.3 earthquake. This country is situated where the India-Sunda subduction zone rises from oceanic depths to subaerial exposure as a result of incipient continent collision where the trench meets the huge sediment

地幔对流反转:来自全球反转构造的透视和构想

【研究目的】全球中生代与新生代油气盆地在其发育某一阶段发生了构造反转,早期的裂陷盆地在反转期被反转盆地叠加与改造,本文以地幔对流反转作用(区域性反转作用或局部性反转作用)为视角,尝试对地壳表层反转构造成因提出深部解决途径。【研究方法】基于地球物理资料,借助构造地质学、地球物理学研究手段,对全球中、新生代盆地在白垩纪末期、古近纪末期的构造反转事件及反转构造特征进行归纳与对比,研究大洋、大陆板内裂陷盆地正构造反转时间,与其之临近的陆陆板块间造山带内负反转构造事件时间具有同期性,建立了反转构造发育的地幔对流反转模型,研究盆山耦合与局部性地幔对流单元及其变化的关联性。【研究结果】大量证据表明大陆板内裂陷盆地正构造反转时间,与其之临近的陆陆板块间造山带内负反转构造事件时间具有同期性,例如大别造山带造山挤压、伸展塌陷与南华北盆地及合肥盆地伸展裂陷、收缩反转分别具有对应关联性,这种盆山耦合推测是由局部性地幔对流单元及其变化所制约关联起来的。造山带的垮塌不是由于板块间的俯冲作用减弱或汇聚速率减小而引起的重力垮塌,推测根本原因可能是地幔对流方式、方向的改变所引起的间歇性伸展裂陷。大洋板内裂谷(大洋中脊)的正反转构造作用时间与俯冲带内负反转构造作用时间也具有同期性,尽管目前的证据不是很充分。无论板块间活动带内反转构造事件下的反转构造,还是板内裂陷盆地内的反转构造作用下产生的反转构造,都标志着这些构造单元的构造演化进入到一个新的发育演化阶段。【结论】反转构造产生的动力机制涉及到的地幔对流的反向流动,地幔对流反转所引起的岩石圈或地壳反向收缩运动导致盆地反转收缩变形。本构想的深远意义是对地幔对流状态、动力及其变化的理解、研究将会对板块反向运动启动机制研究产生深远的影响。

西藏东巧—北拉地区班公湖—怒江洋俯冲闭合及对南羌塘盆地演化的制约

应用地层对比、砂岩岩相学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的方法,重建东巧—北拉地区物源转换和班公湖—怒江洋多期次俯冲及微陆块的拼合过程。研究表明:东卡错微陆块南侧的中下侏罗统希湖群下段表现为上三叠统确哈拉群的再旋回沉积,而北侧上段则开始出现来自羌塘地区的物质。这标志着北侧早侏罗世俯冲的东巧分支洋盆消亡,东卡错微陆块在中侏罗世与羌塘地块拼合开始形成初始周缘前陆盆地。接奴群的物源完全来自南羌塘地区,表明周缘前陆盆地在微陆块南侧北拉洋俯冲挤压下持续发育。晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147~141 Ma)拉萨地块和羌塘地块东西向全面碰撞,至早白垩世晚期(约120 Ma)南侧的分支洋盆北拉洋消亡代表碰撞结束。南羌塘地区受班公湖—怒江洋俯冲作用控制在早侏罗世发育由弧前—岩浆弧—弧后盆地组成的“一隆两坳”古地貌,并沉积了曲色组页岩和布曲组石灰岩。微陆块碰撞导致南羌塘盆地的隆起和海平面的下降,形成夏里组含膏质泥岩的潮坪相沉积。随着拉萨地块和羌塘地块的全面碰撞,南羌塘盆地从弧相关盆地卷入前陆盆地褶皱冲断带中,发生差异埋藏和隆升剥蚀。晚侏罗世—早白垩世,南羌塘盆地曲色组烃源岩和布曲组石灰岩在构造挤压作用下发生快速埋藏,进入生油和白云石化阶段,成为南羌塘盆地最重要的成藏期。

缅甸中部印缅山脉-中央盆地的孕震构造环境

缅甸作为全球受地震灾害影响甚为严重的国家之一,因缺乏区域地震观测资料,对其孕震构造环境的详细分析研究十分不足.本文利用中缅联合地球物理探测(CMGSMO)项目在缅甸布设的密集宽频带地震台阵观测数据,对印缅山脉至中央盆地的地震活动特征进行了分析.基于改进的剪切-粘贴法(generalized Cut And Paste,gCAP)新获得了28个ML3.0~5.0地震事件的震源机制解等震源参数信息,并结合全球矩心矩张量(Global Centroid Moment Tensor,GCMT)目录及其他已发表的震源机制解资料,应用区域阻尼应力场反演算法得到了研究区的应力分布状态,综合探讨了研究区域深浅部构造关系及孕震机制.研究表明印度板块持续的斜向俯冲控制着印缅山脉和中央盆地的地震活动,但其影响向东逐渐减弱,浅部最大主应力方向的变化可能反映的是局部应力集中或者是相对短时间内的应力调整,不同区域的地震活动差异主要受区域构造及其浅部断层的影响,中央盆地下方的两个邻区之间的最大主应力轴的偏转可能与深部活动相关.

西藏东巧北尕苍见岛弧的厘定及地质意义

在班公错—怒江小洋盆内晚侏罗世存在向南的俯冲已被许多学者所证实,近期在班—怒带中部的东巧蛇绿岩带北侧发现一套晚侏罗世火山岩——尕苍见(组)火山岩,该套火山岩以内部变形微弱而明显有别于东巧蛇绿岩带,其地球化学特点反映具有岛弧性质,并具有初期为拉斑玄武质-钙碱性岩浆喷发,尔后以钙碱性火山活动为主,至晚期岛弧演化成熟,发生岛弧橄榄安粗质火山喷发活动,并伴有富Nb岛弧玄武岩产出。证明在班怒小洋盆内晚期也曾存在向北的俯冲作用。这一发现对完整重溯班—怒带构造演化和构建青藏高原大地构造格局具有重要意义。

中国陆内俯冲(C-俯冲)观的形成和发展

自1984年首次提出C-俯冲(中国陆内俯冲———Chinese-Subduction之简称)观点后,引起了国内地学界强烈的反响。经过近20年的发展,这一观点已被越来越多的地质现象证实,也被越来越多的人们所接受。这一观点认为,C-俯冲带在大地构造位置上处于古老褶皱山系与内陆盆地边缘坳陷之间;C-俯冲带早期为正断层,后期转化为逆断层,成为盆地坳陷边缘主动向山系潜滑的俯冲断层;C-俯冲带有着良好的成油条件,在逆冲带形成早期往往发育着较厚海相和海陆过渡相沉积,后期形成前渊盆地,在中、新生代可形成良好的湖相成油环境;青藏高原的崛起除了与新生代印度板块与欧亚板块发生碰撞有关外,还与龙门山C-俯冲活动有关;C-俯冲不仅在中国中西部存在,也存在于中国的东部地区,C-俯冲观点的提出,丰富、完善了板块学说关于中、新生代造山带形成的模式,是中国地学工作者在大陆构造理论上的创新。

塔里木盆地晚新元古代-早古生代板块构造环境及其构造-沉积响应

塔里木盆地上新元古界-下奥陶统是我国超深层油气勘探的重要领域,但其盆地动力学研究程度低、认识分歧大,制约了塔里木盆地超深层油气地质评价。本文综合近年地质学、地球化学与地球物理资料,探讨塔里木盆地晚新元古代-早古生代板块构造环境及其构造-沉积响应,提出以下5个方面认识:(1)新元古代-早古生代经历了前展-后撤-前展俯冲的板块构造演化;(2)南华纪发育后撤俯冲机制下的大陆裂谷沉积体系,不同于地幔柱机制;(3)震旦纪-寒武纪不是裂谷盆地的连续沉积,而是发育后撤-前展俯冲转换期的前寒武纪大不整合面;(4)寒武纪-奥陶纪,塔里木盆地缺乏被动大陆边缘背景,发育一套碳酸盐台地沉积,而且随着原特提斯洋闭合的前展俯冲作用增强,导致了中奥陶世晚期台地从东西分异转向南北分异的沉积演变;(5)晚奥陶世末在前展俯冲造山作用下形成复理石快速充填的类前陆盆地,但没有形成碰撞造山作用下的磨拉石前陆盆地。研究认为,塔里木板块晚新元古代-早古生代多期幕式后撤-前展俯冲机制形成了南华纪强伸展→震旦纪末挤压与寒武纪-早奥陶世弱伸展→中奥陶世晚期-志留纪强挤压的两大构造旋回,并造成了构造-沉积演化的差异性,不同于经典的威尔逊旋回模式及其成盆动力学机制。

试论中国西部陆内俯冲型前陆盆地的基本特征

中国西部陆内前陆盆地大多是由陆内(C-型)俯冲形成的。陆内(C-型)俯冲是中国西部大陆构造的一种特殊构造形式,发育在陆内褶皱山系与前陆盆地的结合部位,形成于中国大陆拼接之后。微陆块拼接构成的中国大陆构造是中国西部前陆盆地结构复杂的重要因素;陆内(C-型)俯冲是C-型前陆盆地与C-型造山(冲断)带物质流和能量流循环的内在原因;特提斯洋关闭和印度板块持续推挤是中国西部前陆盆地形成的构造动力学背景。中国西部前陆盆地在成因机制、盆地类型、地质特征及油气成藏等许多方面,与典型的前陆盆地有很大差别。陆内俯冲型(C-型)前陆盆地具有陆相烃源岩、低孔渗性砂岩储层、油气圈闭多样、以喜山期为主多期成藏的特点。

松潘-甘孜带:是弧前增生还是弧后消减?

根据多年在该区工作实践 ,认为松潘 -甘孜造山带前身的巴颜喀拉盆地是羌塘 -他念他翁晚古生代前缘弧之后的一系列多岛弧 -盆系的一个大型弧后盆地。三叠纪时 ,围限此“三角形”盆地三条边缘的构造动力学作用方式具有不同的特征。其东侧为扬子西缘被动大陆边缘 (D- T2 ) ,中三叠晚期 (拉丁期 )转化为与华北和羌塘陆块有关的前陆盆地(T2 - T3) ,由于扬子陆块向西双向斜向俯冲作用 ,在其北侧和南侧边缘形成南昆仑和可可西里 -甘孜 -理塘俯冲消减杂岩。重建的地层层序和沉积地质特征显示巴颜喀拉盆地主体三叠系复理石沉积是周缘前陆盆地。

三塘湖盆地构造演化与原型盆地类型

三塘湖盆地的构造演化经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期洋壳俯冲、晚泥盆世晚期—早石炭世残留海盆地和晚石炭世以来的板内构造演化等三个大的演化阶段。其中 ,板内构造演化阶段又分为 4个亚段 ,即晚石炭世—早二叠世碰撞造山亚段、晚二叠世—三叠纪“A”型俯冲与前陆盆地形成亚段、侏罗—白垩纪应力调整与坳陷形成亚段和第三纪以来的“A”型俯冲与再生前陆盆地形成亚段。相应地叠合了 6种不同类型的盆地。即中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期的弧后盆地、晚泥盆世晚期—早石炭世的残留海盆地、晚石炭世—早二叠世与挤压有关的山前坳陷盆地、晚二叠世—三叠纪的前陆盆地。

中国中西部中、新生代前陆盆地与挤压造山带耦合分析

中国中西部主要由中、新生代造山带与中、新生代盆地构成盆山格局 :秦岭造山带与南北两侧四川盆地与鄂尔多斯盆地 ;天山造山带与南北两侧塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地 ;哀牢山造山带与东西两侧楚雄盆地与兰坪思茅盆地等 ,总体上构成盆山耦合。根据挤压造山带类型与前陆盆地类型 ,可以划分出 3种耦合类型 ,即 ( 1)碰撞造山带与周缘前陆盆地 ,( 2 )俯冲造山带与弧后前陆盆地及 ( 3)再生造山带与再生前陆盆地。因此前陆盆地是伴随着造山带的形成与演化而发育 ,造山带断滑系统直接控制前陆盆地结构、沉积层序及构造样式等 。

松辽盆地形成、发展与岩石圈动力学

根据区域构造环境、深部构造机制、火山活动的时间序列以及盆地几何学、运动学特征,分析了松辽盆地形成与发展的岩石圈动力学问题。提出古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲引起热流上升,由此导致裂谷期前火山作用和岩石圈热与机械减薄,裂谷期上地壳伸展发育成裂谷盆地,火山活动减弱。随着陆缘陆块拼贴,俯冲带长距离后退,处于热异常的岩石圈开始向热平衡转化,盆地由伸展转化为坳陷。