Deep structure of the Southeast Asian curved subduction system and its dynamic process

The deep structure,material circulation,and dynamic processes in the Southeast Asia have long been an elusive scientific puzzle due to the lack of systematic scientific observations and recognized theoretical models.Based on the deep seismic tomography using long-period natural earthquake data,in this study,the deep structure and material circulation of the curved subduction system in Southeast Asia was studied,and the dynamic processes since 100 million years ago was reconstructed.It is pointed out that challenges still exist in the precise reconstruction of deep mantle structures of the study area,the influence of multi-stage subduction on deep material exchange and shallow magma activity,as well as the spatiotemporal evolution and coupling mechanism of multi-plate convergence.Future work should focus on high-resolution land-sea joint 3-D seismic tomography imaging of the curved subduction system in the Southeast Asia,combined with geochemical analysis and geodynamic modelling works.

Characteristics of Pegmatite-Related Fluids and Significance to Ore-Forming Processes in the Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Sb Polymetallic Deposit,Tibet,China

The Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Sb polymetallic deposit is one of the most important deposits in the newly recognized southern Tibet antimony-gold metallogenic belt.Compared to the porphyry deposits in the Gangdese belt,much less researches have addressed these deposits,and the genesis of the Zhaxikang deposit is still controversial.Based on field investigation,petrographic,microthermometric,Laser Raman Microprobe（LRM） and SEM/EDS analyses of fluid,melt-fluid,melt and solid inclusions in quartz and beryl from pegmatite,this paper documents the characteristics and the evolution of primary magmatic fluid which was genetically related to greisenization,pegmatitization,and silification in the area.The results show that the primary magmatic fluids were derived from unmixing between melt and fluid and underwent a phase separation process soon after the exsolution.The primary magmatic fluids are of low salinity,high temperature,and can be approximated by the H_2O-NaCl-CO_2 system.The presence of Mn-Fe carbonate in melt-fluid inclusions and a Zn-bearing mineral（gahnite） trapped in beryl and in inclusions from pegmatite indicates high Mn,Fe,and Zn concentrations in the parent magma and magmatic fluids,and implies a genetic link between pegmatite and Pb-Zn-Sb mineralization.High B and F concentrations in the parent magma largely lower the solidus of the magma and lead to late fluid exsolution,thus the primary magmatic fluids related to pegmatite have much lower temperature than those in most porphyry systems.Boiling of the primary magmatic fluids leads to high-salinity and high-temperature fluids which have high capacity to transport Pb,Zn and Sb.The decrease in temperature and mixing with fluids from other sources may have caused the precipitation of Pb-Zn-Sn（Au） minerals in the distal fault systems surrounding the causative intrusion.

Dynamic subduction process of local plate revealed by Ibaraki earthquake sequence of 1982 in Japan

The kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics are frontal subjects in geosciences and the strong earthquake occurred along the plate boundary result directly from plate movement. By analyzing Ibaraki earthquake sequence, it has been found that the focal fault plane shows a special image of grading expansion along the direction of strike and adjustment along the dip direction respectively. With the consideration of strike, dip and slip directions of focal mechanism, we have confirmed that Ibaraki earthquake belongs to a thrust fault earthquake occurred under the Japan Trench. The cause of the earthquake sequence is discussed in the paper. The study on the temporal-spatial distribution of the earthquake sequence with a time-scale between the year-scale spatial geodetic data and the second-scale moment tensor of the strong earthquake has indicated the dynamic process of Pacific Plate subduction under the Eurasia Plate. According to the average slip distance of earthquake and the velocity of plate movement, it is predicted that a strong earthquake might occur in recent years.

Fluid Evolution and Ore-forming Processes of the Jiama Cu Deposit, Tibet： Evidence from Fluid Inclusions

The Jiama deposit is a large copper deposit in Tibet. Mineralization occurs in three different host rocks： skarn, hornfels and porphyry. A detailed fluid inclusion study was conducted for veins in the different host rocks to investigate the relationship between fluid evolution and ore-forming processes. Based on examination of cores from 36 drill holes, three types of veins （A, B and D） were identified in the porphyries, four types （I, II, III and IV） in the skarn, and three （a, b and c） in the hornfels. The crosscutting relationships of the veins and that of the host rocks suggest two hydrothermal stages, one early and one late stage. Fluid inclusions indicate that the Jiama hydrothermal fluid system underwent at least two episodes of fluid boiling. The first boiling event occurred during the early hydrothermal stage, as recorded by fluid inclusions hosted in type A veins in the porphyries, type a veins in the hornfels, and wollastonite in the skarns. This fluid boiling event was associated with relatively weak mineralization. The second boiling event occurred in the late hydrothermal stage, as determined from fluid inclusions hosted in type B and D veins in the porphyries, type I to IV veins in the skarns, and type b and c veins in the hornfels. This late boiling event, together with mixing with meteoric water, was responsible for more than 90% of the metal accumulation in the deposit. The first boiling only occurred in the central part of the deposit and the second boiling event took place across an entire interlayered structural zone between hornfels and marble. A spatial zoning of ore-elements is evident, and appears to be related to different migration pathways and precipitation temperatures of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag.

Dynamics of Ore-Forming Processesof the Stratabound Skarn Copper Depositsof Tongling, Anhui Province

The skarn and ore bodies of the stratabound skarn copper deposits of Tongling, Anhui Province, are both controlled by definite stratigraphic horizons, and they are concordant with the strata. They occur as layers and layer-like bodies in permeable carbonate rocks of the Middle-Upper Carboniferous Huanglong and Chuanshan Formations which are underlain by impermeable shale or siliceous rocks of the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation. The authors study the dynamics of ore-forming processes of the ore deposits with the dynamic model of coupled transport and reaction, and the following results are obtained: The salinity gradient and flow rate of the ore-forming fluids can both promote the mixing and reaction of juvenile water and formation water, and the permeable strata are favourable sites for the intense transport-reaction of mixing and the formation of deposits. (2) As isothermal transport-reaction took place along the bedding of strata, the moving transport-reaction front formed at the contact between the ore-forming fluids and the rocks advanced slowly along the permeable strata, and then stratiform skarn and ore bodies concordant with the strata were formed. (3) The gradient transport-reaction taking place across the isotherms in the cross-bedding direction caused the mineralogical composition to alter gradually from magnesian skarn to sulphide ore bodies.

Serpentinites of the Ural: Mineralogical Features, Petrophysical Properties and Subduction Processes

The article presents the results of study of composition, structure and properties of three genetic types of serpentinites from Ural: developed by chromite-bearing ultrabasic rocks, by metamorphic zones of carbonate rocks and within the zone of weathering of ultrabasic rocks. The samples were selected from deposits, located along the Main Ural Fault - the Paleozoic subduction zone (named GUR). Peculiarities of microstructure, chemical composition and properties of serpentinites formed in different geological conditions were investigated and their comparative study was held. Three groups of serpentinites with oriented and non-oriented structure, which formed by different protholites, were devided: mantle, lithosphere and crust.

LATE MESOZOIC SUBDUCTION PROCESS BENEATH SOUTHEASTERN CHINA AS REVEALEDBY THE SPATIAL- TEMPORAL PATTERN OFMAGMATISM

Southeastern China covers an extensive area from the lowerreaches of the Yangtze Riverto the southeast coastof China mainland.One of its main geological features isthe extensiveJura- Cretaceous (Yanshanian) magmatism and related metallogenesis. Recently,some re-searchers advocate the mantle plume model as an explanation,but all of their evidences artoo ambiguous.Meanwhile,the seaward convex shape of the SE China coastline,which isdominantly composed of Jura- Cretaceous batholiths and volcanic strata,implies thatit was aconvergent margin between SE China continent and the palaeo- Pacific plate during the lateMesozoic era.Fora betterunderstanding on the relation among magmatism,tectonic regimeand dynamics,the spatial- temporal pattern of late Mesozoic (180 - 90 Ma) igneous rocks isconstructed by nearly2 0 0 isotope age valuesfrom literatures.Among these age values,mostwere obtained by Rb- Sr isochron method,and others from zircon U- Pb or40 Ar- 3

Lithium Isotopic Geochemistry in Subduction Zones:Retrospects and Prospects

Subduction zones involve many complex geological processes, including the release of slabderived fluids, fluid/rock interactions, partial melting, isotopic fractionations, elemental transporting, and crust/mantle interactions. Lithium（Li） isotopes（~6Li and ~7Li） have relative mass difference up to 16%, being the largest among metal elements. Thus, Li isotopes have advantage to interprete trace various geological processes. Most importantly, during crust/mantle interactions in deep subduction zones, surface materials and mantle rocks usually have distinct Li isotopic compositions. Li isotopes can be potential tracer for subduction processes, from the onset of subduction to the release of Li from subducted slabs and interaction with mantle wedge, as well as the fate of Li in slab-derived fluids and residual slabs. Moreover, the Li isotopic composition of subducting output materials can provide useful information for understanding global Li circulation. With developments in measurement and expansion of Li isotopic database, Li isotopic geochemistry will provide more inference and be a powerful tracer for understanding subduction-related processes. This work retrospected the application of Li isotopes in tracing successive subduction processes, and made some prospects for further studies of Li isotopes.

Micro-textures in plagioclase from 1994-1995 eruption, Barren Island Volcano: Evidence of dynamic magma plumbing system in the Andaman subduction zone

A systematic account of micro-textures and a few compositional profiles of plagioclase from high-alumina basaltic aa lava erupted during the year 1994-1995, from Barren Island Volcano, NE India ocean, are presented for the first time. The identified micro-textures can be grouped into two categories： （i） Growth related textures in the form of coarse/fine-sieve morphology, fine-scale oscillatory zoning and resorption surfaces resulted when the equilibrium at the crystal-melt interface was fluctuated due to change in temperature or H20 or pressure or composition of the crystallizing melt; and （ii） morphological texture, like glomerocryst, synneusis, swallow-tailed crystal, microlite and broken crystals, formed by the influence of dynamic behavior of the crystallizing magma （convection, turbulence, degassing, etc.）. Each micro-texture has developed in a specific magmatic environment, accordingly, a first order magma plumbing model and crystallization dynamics are envisaged for the studied lava unit. Magma generated has undergone extensive fractional crystallization of An-rich plagioclase in stable magmatic environment at a deeper depth. Subsequently they ascend to a shallow chamber where the newly brought crystals and pre-existing crystals have undergone dynamic crystallization via dissolution-regrowth processes in a convective self- mixing environment. Such repeated recharge-recycling processes have produced various populations of plagioclase with different micro-textural stratigraphy in the studied lava unit. Intermittent degassing and eruption related decompression have also played a major role in the final stage of crystallization dynamics.

Formation of the adakite-like granitoid complex and porphyry copper-gold deposit in Shaxi from southern Tancheng-Lujiang fault belt: A clue to the West Pacific plate subduction

On the basis of the geological and geochemical studies, including chemical analysis of bulk rocks, rare-earth and trace element studies, fluid inclusion, and S and O isotopic analyses, the authors described the geological background of the deposit in detail and presented significant proofs for the conditions of formation of the Shaxi porphyry copper-gold deposit. Compared with other large and supper-large porphyry copper deposits in China and the adjacent Cu-Au mineralized areas, the ore-forming processes and conditions were analyzed; and the possibility of forming large porphyry copper deposits in the Shaxi area was discussed. The present study indicated that the ore-forming fluid and material were mainly of magmatic origin, while meteoric water played a certain role in the ore-forming processes. Interactions between subducting and overriding plates provided a major driving force for the formation of igneous rocks and the deposition of metal elements in East China since Jurassic. Based on the geo- chemical data of the Shaxi intrusive, it is found that the copper (gold) mineralization is closely related to the genesis of adakite-like intrusive in the Shaxi area. This adakite-like intrusive was formed in the subduction environment as a result of the subduction of the West Pacific plate toward the East China continent, where there is a great potentiality to form a large porphyry copper deposit.

西藏东巧—北拉地区班公湖—怒江洋俯冲闭合及对南羌塘盆地演化的制约

应用地层对比、砂岩岩相学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学的方法,重建东巧—北拉地区物源转换和班公湖—怒江洋多期次俯冲及微陆块的拼合过程。研究表明:东卡错微陆块南侧的中下侏罗统希湖群下段表现为上三叠统确哈拉群的再旋回沉积,而北侧上段则开始出现来自羌塘地区的物质。这标志着北侧早侏罗世俯冲的东巧分支洋盆消亡,东卡错微陆块在中侏罗世与羌塘地块拼合开始形成初始周缘前陆盆地。接奴群的物源完全来自南羌塘地区,表明周缘前陆盆地在微陆块南侧北拉洋俯冲挤压下持续发育。晚侏罗世—早白垩世(147~141 Ma)拉萨地块和羌塘地块东西向全面碰撞,至早白垩世晚期(约120 Ma)南侧的分支洋盆北拉洋消亡代表碰撞结束。南羌塘地区受班公湖—怒江洋俯冲作用控制在早侏罗世发育由弧前—岩浆弧—弧后盆地组成的“一隆两坳”古地貌,并沉积了曲色组页岩和布曲组石灰岩。微陆块碰撞导致南羌塘盆地的隆起和海平面的下降,形成夏里组含膏质泥岩的潮坪相沉积。随着拉萨地块和羌塘地块的全面碰撞,南羌塘盆地从弧相关盆地卷入前陆盆地褶皱冲断带中,发生差异埋藏和隆升剥蚀。晚侏罗世—早白垩世,南羌塘盆地曲色组烃源岩和布曲组石灰岩在构造挤压作用下发生快速埋藏,进入生油和白云石化阶段,成为南羌塘盆地最重要的成藏期。

天山造山带壳幔速度结构及深部构造过程综述

天山作为陆内造山带的典型地区,其深部构造一直是国内外地学界关注的热点问题.天山造山带下方速度异常结构的分布特征,是天山造山带深部构造过程响应的深刻体现,对深入理解其活化机制具有重要的指示作用.本文系统总结了天山不同区段的壳幔速度异常结构研究结果,讨论了天山造山带下方不同速度异常结构的形成机制以及天山隆升变形的动力学演化过程.天山造山带不同区段的层析成像结果以及接收函数图像等多种地震学探测与GPS观测研究成果显示,区域速度异常结构分布特征与天山造山带及周边地区的地质构造特点、动力学演化过程具有相关性:天山造山带下方高速异常结构的倾斜方向、形态、位置,凸显了天山地区独特的陆内俯冲机制;不同区域的低速异常结构表明,存在软流圈热物质上涌形成的小地幔柱或小尺度地幔对流,以及岩浆底侵作用导致壳内物质发生部分熔融.相关研究结果对进一步理解天山陆内俯冲、地壳缩短变形、岩石圈拆沉和软流圈热物质上涌等动力学过程具有重要意义,并对深入研究天山地区地震活动性分布规律提供有利的参考依据.

Source Lithology and Magmatic Processes Recorded in the Mineral of Basalts from the Parece Vela Basin

Since the Early Cenozoic,the Philippine Sea Plate(PSP)has undergone a complex tectonic evolution.During this period the Parece Vela Basin(PVB)was formed by seafloor spreading in the back-arc region of the proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana(IBM)arc.However,until now,studies of the geological,geophysical,and tectonic evolution of the PVB have been rare.In this study,we obtained in situ trace element and major element compositions of minerals in basalts collected from two sites in the southern part of the PVB.The results reveal that the basalts from site CJ09-63 were likely formed via~10%partial melting of spinel-garnet lherzolite,while the basalts from site CJ09-64 were likely formed via 15%–25%partial melting of garnet lherzolite.The order of mineral crystallization for the basalts from site CJ09-64 was olivine,spinel,clinopyroxene,and plagioclase,while the plagioclase in the basalts from site CJ09-63 crystallized earlier than the clinopyroxene.Using a plagioclase-liquid hygrometer and an olivine-liquid oxybarometer,we determined that the basalts in this study have high H2O contents and oxygen fugacities,suggesting that the magma source of the Parece Vela basalts was affected by subduction components,which is consistent with the trace element composition of whole rock.

Magma Evolution Processes in the Southern Okinawa Trough:Insights from Melt Inclusions

The Okinawa Trough is an initial back-arc basin that is influenced by the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate and develops on the continental crust.The Okinawa Trough is a natural laboratory for the study of basin evolution,magmatism,and crustmantle processes in the early stage of back-arc spreading.Melt inclusions are small droplets of magma that are captured during the mineral crystallization process and can record the geochemical composition changes during magma evolution.In this study,the geochemical compositions of melt inclusions in host plagioclases of two volcanic rock samples at Station nos.9-1 and 9-2 from the southern Okinawa Trough are systematically analyzed.Based on previous studies,the origin and evolution of magma and the introduction of subducting materials in the study area are discussed.Results show that melt inclusions are characterized by the relative enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements,depletion of high-field-strength elements,and slight enrichment of rare earth elements.Indeed,the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate introduced sediment-derived melts and fluids into the magma source area of the southern Okinawa Trough.Subsequently,4%to 5%partial melting of the hydrated mantle produces basaltic magma.The melt inclusions of andesite and dacite investigated in this study were formed by fractional crystallization of basaltic magma.Finally,the crystallization of plagioclase,pyroxene,and magnetite occurred during the late stage of magma evolution.The temperature-pressure data show that the melt inclusions in plagioclase have two capture periods:one is at temperatures above 1250℃and the other is at temperatures between 1180℃and 1200℃.The capture pressure of the inclusions at temperatures between 1180℃and 1200℃is between 5.6 kPa and 6.1 kPa,corresponding to the depth of 15–17 km below the seafloor.The geochemical characteristics of major and trace elements in inclusions show that the samples from two stations(i.e.,9-1 and 9-2)have similar or identical magma source areas.However,the crystallization differentiation reflected by inclusions in sample 9-1 is more obvious than that in sample 9-2.The inclusions were captured during magma evolution and were not contaminated by crustal materials.

锂同位素地球化学行为综述

锂(Li)的2个稳定同位素^(6)Li和^(7)Li二者具有较大的相对质量差(约17%)和不同的扩散速率,因此在地质过程中能发生显著分馏,可追溯物质来源和流体地球化学行为。^(6)Li相对易于进入矿物相,^(7)Li倾向于进入流体相中,导致流体中的Li同位素越来越重。同时,随着温度的降低锂同位素的分馏程度增大。由于二者的质量差异,^(6)Li比^(7)Li的扩散速率快。在风化过程中,风化作用越强,锂同位素分馏越显著。不同的锂同位素可指示不同的风化层物质。俯冲作用中,高δ^(7)Li值流体交代上覆地幔,可导致与俯冲板片相邻的地幔锂同位素组成变重。锂同位素的分馏不受花岗岩分异结晶的影响,而只在低温伟晶岩中存在较大锂同位素分馏。

The solubility of a metallic mineral with other coexisting minerals and the ore-forming processes of metallic sulfides

Most metallic minerals in ore deposits are sulfides. When a sulfide mineral coexists with rock-forming minerals, its solubility is distinctly different from itself alone. The change in dissolution character of a mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals leads to particular geochemical be-havior. The concept of solubility of a metallic mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals and its theory and model of calculation are put forward. Taking Tianmashan Cu-Au ore deposit of sulfide minerals in Tongling district as an example, solubilities of some metallic minerals with other coex-isting minerals, such as pyrite or chalcopyrite with quartz (representing sandstone) or calcite (rep-resenting limestone), are calculated. The results show the mechanism of ore-forming processes. As the ore-forming fluid flows through sandstone, it dissolves pyrite in the sandstone at first, then transports the iron and sulfur to the interface between sandstone and limestone and eventually precipitates them on the interface.

俯冲板块脱水相变对板块俯冲过程的影响

板块俯冲是地球上最重要的动力学过程之一,关于俯冲带相变对地幔楔和上覆板块影响前人已开展大量研究,但关于相变反应对俯冲板块的动力学影响研究较少。本研究在拉格朗日积分点有限元代码的基础上,实现了俯冲板块的相变,建立了二维自由俯冲模型,研究了俯冲过程中俯冲板块上矿物脱水相变对俯冲速度、俯冲板块形态、板块上的应力变化的影响。同时我们研究了薄弱带的黏度变化对俯冲起始与俯冲过程的影响。数值模拟实验结果显示:(1)俯冲板块脱水相变现象的发生降低了板块俯冲的速度,改变了俯冲板块的形态,在俯冲板块的相变界面处发生应力累积;(2)相较于矿物相变导致的黏度增大,俯冲起始角度仍是影响俯冲板块俯冲速度的主要因素;(3)薄弱带黏度越高越不利于俯冲板块与上覆板块的解耦,抑制了俯冲过程的进行。该研究为探究板块回卷的控制因素以及俯冲板块应力状态变化的影响因素提供了新的视角。

南海东部马尼拉俯冲带的地壳结构和俯冲过程

全球汇聚板块边缘是产生8级以上大地震和破坏性海啸的地方,一直以来是全球科学家关注的焦点和热点区域。马尼拉俯冲带位于南海东部,也是许多地震、海啸和活火山活跃的区域。本文依据以往穿过马尼拉俯冲带的多条多道反射地震测线和海底地震仪剖面数据,分析了马尼拉俯冲带海沟沉积物充填厚度变化、增生楔宽度变化、海底变形特征以及地壳速度结构变化,提出马尼拉俯冲带具有明显的分段特征,分为北吕宋区段、海山链区段和南部西吕宋区段。不同区段的俯冲过程明显不同,提出俯冲增生和俯冲剥蚀(构造剥蚀)两种机制分别控制了该俯冲带的南、北区段。北段主要受到俯冲增生机制的控制,在海沟和弧前盆地之间形成巨大的增生楔构造,在南海北部大陆边缘10~15km厚的减薄陆壳不断俯冲作用下,引起许多与俯冲有关的地震活动和构造变形。南段海山链区段海底地形复杂和粗糙,在俯冲增生、剥蚀或构造剥蚀的联合控制下,5~6km厚大洋板块不断俯冲形成较小的增生楔结构,部分沉积物可能随着板块的俯冲被拖曳到板块边界的深部。

缅甸弧及邻区的壳幔S波速度结构与动力学过程

用适配滤波频时分析技术处理了锡龙（SHIO）、清迈（CHTO）、昆明（KMI）和拉萨（LSA）台记录的长周期数字化面波记录,获取了穿过缅甸弧及周边地区的530条路径的Rayleigh波频散,这些频散的周期范围为10.45-105.03s.在此基础上,以分格频散反演方法从混合路径频散中提取了1°×1°网格内的纯路径频散,并且由网格内的纯路径频散反演出深达200km的S波速度结构,最后重建了缅甸弧及周边地区的S波速度三维结构.所得结果表明：大致以实皆断裂为分界,其东部地壳波速较低,其西部地壳波速较高.印度-缅甸地区岩石圈厚度为110-130km,上地幔顶部S波速度为4.3-4.4km/s;而缅甸弧东侧的滇缅泰地块下方为一低速地幔柱上涌区,其宽度为150-200km左右,这里的岩石圈厚度为70-80km,上地幔顶部S波速度为4.1-4.2km/s.另外,S波速度结构还反映出这一构造格局呈南北向的空间展布,并且与该区地震震源分布、断裂走向、火山分布有很好的对应关系.