Field experiment of subgrade vibration induced by passing train in a seasonally frozen region of Daqing

The vibration characteristics and attenuation of the subgrade caused by passing trains in a seasonally frozen region of Daqing, China are investigated. Three field experiments were conducted during different times through the year, in normal, freezing and thawing periods, respectively, and the influence of the season, train speed and train type, is described in this paper. The results show that： （1） the vertical component is the greatest among the three components of the measured vibration near the rail track, and as the distance to the railway track increases, the dominant vibration depends on the season. （2） Compared with the vibration in the normal period, the vertical and longitudinal vibrations increase while the lateral vibration decreases in the freezing period. However, in the thawing period, the vertical and longitudinal vibrations decrease, and the lateral vibration increases. （3） As train speeds increase, the subgrade vibration increases. （4） The vibration induced by a freight train is greater than by a passenger train. These observations provide a better understanding of the vibration and dynamic stability of the subgrade and may be useful in developing criteria for railway and building construction in cold regions.

Analysis of temperature field characteristics based on subgrade site measurements of Harbin-Qiqihar High-speed Railway in a deep seasonal frozen soil region

Recent years have seen a large number of high-speed railways built and will be built in seasonal frozen soil regions ot China. Although high-speed railways are characterized by being fast, comfortable and safe, higher standards for defor- mation of the railways＇ frozen subgrade are required. Meanwhile, changes in subgrade soil temperatures are the main factors affecting the deformation of frozen subgrade. Therefore, this paper selected typical test subgrade sections of the Harbin-Qiqihar Line, a special line for passenger transport built in the deep seasonal frozen soil regions of China, to monitor field temperatures. Also, the temperature changing laws of railways＇ subgrade in this region was analyzed by using testing data, the aim of which is to provide a technical support for future design and construction of buildings and structures in a deep seasonal frozen soil region.

Seasonal freezing-thawing process and hydrothermal characteristics of soil on the Loess Plateau, China

In seasonally frozen soil regions,freezing-thawing action and hydrothermal effect have strong influence on physical and mechanical behavior of shallow soil.A field experiment on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China was carried out to analyze the freezing-thawing process and hydrothermal characteristics of shallow soil considering the climate influence.The results show that the maximum seasonal freezing depth under bare ground surface in this area is from 20 cm to 50 cm.The ground temperature shows a similar changing trend with air temperature,but it has lagged behind the air temperature,and the ground temperature amplitude exponentially decreases with the increase of soil depth.The seasonally frozen soil has experienced four typical stages:unfrozen period,alternate freezing period,freezing period and alternate thawing period.The freezing-thawing process is characterized by unidirectional freezing and bidirectional thawing.The water content of shallow soil is significantly affected by air temperature,evaporation and precipitation,and the soil water content shows a"low-high-low"changing trend with the increase of depth.The soil temperature and water content interact with each other,and are often coupled.The variation trend of soil moisture with time is consistent with the change trend of the ground temperature with time in each soil layer,andthe degree of consistency is higher in the near surface soil than that in the lower layer.Also,the spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture and temperature is that the volumetric water content and ground temperatureof near surface soil have strong variability,and the range valueKa and coefficient of variation Cvof soil water content and ground temperaturein different seasons show a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.

Response Relationship between the Seasonal Freezing-Thawing Process of Soil and Spatial Factor Changes in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains

Objective: In this study, the influence and response relationship between the seasonal freezing-thawing process of soil and the spatial factor changes in the management and utilization of water resource processes were explored. Methods: The monitoring equipment in this study was arranged at different altitudes, gradients, and slope directions, such as the typical forest sample area in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains. The spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil were analyzed, and a regression model was established. Results: 1) The results of this study determined that the rate of the soil’s freezing increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. However, the rate of the thawing of the frozen soil was found to have an opposite trend. The variation degree of the freezing-thawing process increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. The end time of the approximate soil freezing with altitude increased in a volatility trend ahead of schedule. However, the opposite was observed in the thawing rate of the frozen soil;2) The rate of the soil’s freezing under the mosses of the spruce forest at an altitude of 3028 m was found to be the lowest. However, in the sub-alpine scrub forest at an altitude of 3300 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.9 cm·d-1. The thawing rate of the frozen soil in scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3300 m was found to be minimal. However, in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.5 cm·d-1. In the spatial ordering of the variation degree of the process of freezing-thawing with an average of 1.2, the scrub-grassland at an altitude of 2518 m was found to be the lowest, and the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3195 m was also low;3) The soil freezing began on approximately October 20th, and the rate of soil freezing gradually became reduced. The arrival time of the frozen soil of up to 150 cm in depth in sub-alpine scrub forest was first observed at an altitude of 3028 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m did not become frozen until approximately January 12th on average. Then, the thawing rate of the frozen soil increased gradually. The end time of the thawing was earliest observed in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m was found to be the last to thaw, and averaged approximately July 27th. The average durations of the freezing and thawing of the soil were 77 and 121 days, respectively, and the average duration of the entire process of freezing-thawing was 199 days;4) This study’s established regression models of the duration time of frozen soil’s thaw, and the rate of frozen soil’s thaw, all passed the R test of goodness of fit, F test of variance, and t test. Conclusions: The characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil with the spatial changes were seasonal. However, the characteristics under the different spatial factor influences were not the same.

Summary of research on frost heave for subgrade in seasonal frozen ground

The building of railways on seasonally frozen ground is inevitable as China pursues economic development and the improvement of its citizens'living standards.However,railway construction in seasonally frozen soil areas is often faced with frost heave,leading to uneven subgrades which seriously threaten traffic safety.This article summarizes extant research results on frost heave mechanism,frost heave factors,and anti-frost measures of railway subgrades in seasonally frozen soil areas.

Propagation of vibrations in thawing deep seasonally frozen soils in railway subgrade

In this study, in-situ testing results are given, and the analytical relationship of the vibrations＇ amplitudes inside an em- bankment by the thawing of the subgrade surface of seasonably deep frozen soils is provided. The peculiarities of the vi- bration waves＇ propagation during the springtime thawing of soils compared to those during the summertime period and the correlation of the vibrations with the under-rail basement moduln~ nf ala^tieitv nro dofinod

Experimental study of the dynamic behavior of high-grade highway-subgrade soil in a seasonally frozen area

Regarding the freezing damage of high-grade highway subgrade in seasonally frozen area,the thesis explores the effect on the dynamic behavior of subgrade soil under freeze–thaw cycles and draws the change law of parameters(including dynamic strength,dynamic cohesion,and internal friction angle;and dynamic elastic modulus)of high-grade highway-subgrade soil with the number of freeze–thaw cycles.It aims to provide the reference for operation and maintenance of a high-grade highway.Conclusions:(1)Dynamic strength tends to decline evidently after freeze–thaw cycles,with 60%~70%decline after three cycles,and remains stable after five to seven cycles.(2)With the number of freeze–thaw cycles increasing,the internal friction angle fluctuates within a certain range without an obvious change law,only presenting the tendency of dropping off.The dynamic cohesion declines obviously,about 20%~40%after seven freeze–thaw cycles,and then tends to be stable.(3)With the number of freeze-thaw cycles increasing,the dynamic elastic modulus and maximum dynamic elastic modulus are inclined to decrease distinctly.After five freeze–thaw cycles,the former declines 30%~40%and then remains stable.Meanwhile,the latter falls 20%~40%.

Accounting for the solar radiation in thermal regime prediction for railway subgrade in cold regions

This paper presents a comparative analysis of simulation processes of seasonal freezing-thawing of railway subgrade and permafrost degradation, with and without accounting for solar radiation. Also, the effect of sun screens to reduce the degradation of subgrade permafrost under different climatic conditions is numerically substantiated. And finally, the temperature criterion of the origination of permafrost is illustrated.

Shear strength of frozen clay under freezing-thawing cycles using triaxial tests

Using a new low-temperature dynamic triaxial apparatus, the influence law of freezing-thawing cycles on clay shear strength is studied. In this research, the concept of correction coefficients of freezing-thawing cycles on clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles is proposed, and the change patterns, correction curves and regressive formulae of clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles under freezing-thawing cycles are given. The test results indicate that with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, the clay static strength and cohesion decrease exponentially but the internal friction angle increases exponentially. The performance of static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles are different with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, i.e., the static strength decreases constantly until about 30% of the initial static strength prior to the freezing-thawing cycling and then stays basically stable. After 5-7 freezing-thawing cycles, the cohesion decreases gradually to about 70% of the initial cohesion. The internal friction angle increases about 20% after the first freezing-thawing cycle, then increases gradually close to a stable value which is an increase of about 40% of the internal friction angle. The freezing-thawing process can increase the variation of the density of the soil samples; therefore, strict density discreteness standards of frozen soil sample preparation should be established to ensure the reliability of the test results.

Coupling effect of pond ash and polypropylene fiber on strength and durability of expansive soil subgrades:An integrated experimental and machine learning approach

This study explores the coupling effect of pond ash(PA)and polypropylene(PP)fiber to control the strength and durability of expansive soil.The PA is used to chemically treat the expansive soil and PP fiber is adopted as reinforcement against tensile cracking.The sustainable use of PA and PP fiber are demonstrated by performing mechanical(i.e.unconfined compressive strength,split tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity),chemical(pH value,electrical conductivity and calcite content),and microstructural analyses before and after 2nd,4th,6th,8th and 10th freezing-thawing(F-T)cycles.Three curing methods with 7 d,14 d and 28 d curing periods are considered to reinforce the 5%,10%,15%and 20%PA-stabilized expansive soil with 0.25%,0.5%and 1%PP fiber.In order to develop predictive models for mechanical and durability parameters,the experimental data are processed utilizing artificial neural network(ANN),in association with the leave-one-out cross-validation(LOOCV)as a resampling method and three different activation functions.The mechanical and durability properties of the PA-stabilized expansive soil subgrades are increased with PP fiber reinforcement.The results of ANN modeling predict the mechanical properties perfectly,and the correlation coefficient(R)approaches up to 0.96.

Field monitoring of differential frost heave in widened highway subgrade

In cold regions,the widened subgrade could produce uneven frost heave that is detrimental to the pavement.This study investigates the differential frost heave characteristics in a widened subgrade.The field monitoring system mainly consists of temperature,moisture,and displacement sensors and distributed optical fiber cables for strain measurement.The monitoring results show that the cooling period in the subgrade is longer than the warming period.Water content in the subgrade changes significantly within 0−2 m below the subgrade surface but stabilizes within 2−5 m.The maximum frost heave occurs from February to March.In comparison,the existing subgrade has a longer freezing period and larger heave value,caused by the higher density and water content inside.Water in the existing subgrade migrates into the new one after widening,leading to frost heave reduction in the existing subgrade.Simultaneously,the traffic loads result in the consolidation of the new subgrade,thus reducing the heave value in the second year.In the third year,the water supply from the existing subgrade facilitates the frost heave in the new subgrade.The tensile strain distributions obtained by the distributed optical fiber cables show that the maximum differential frost heave occurs at the joint between the existing and new subgrades.The differential frost heave gradually stabilizes after three years.Finally,an improved frost heave prediction model is developed based on the segregation potential concept and monitoring results.

Numerical simulation of vibrational response characteristics of railway subgrades with insulation boards

This study presents a numerical method based on the surface temperature data and the ground temperature increase in Daqing for predicting temperature field distribution in the Binzhou Railway subgrade and analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution of freeze−thaw status of railway subgrade.The calibrated numerical method is applied to simulate the temperature field distribution and roadbed vibrational response of the railway subgrade with a thermal insulation layer at different seasons.The results show the following:(1)The thermal insulation layer can remarkably increase the soil temperature below it and maximum frost depth in the subgrade.(2)Thermal insulation can effectively reduce the subgrade vibration and protect it from frost damage.(3)Given that the strength requirements are met,the insulation layer should be buried as shallow as possible to effectively reduce the subgrade vibration response.The research findings provide theoretical support for the frost damage prevention of railway subgrades in seasonally frozen regions.

冻融条件下路基温度场和湿度场分布式感知试验

搭建土体冻融多物理场感知室内试验装置,布设传统点式传感器和分布式光纤,对土体冻融过程中路基温度场、湿度场和变形情况开展试验监测,探究单端冻结、双端融化条件下土体温度场和湿度场的分布式感知特征,验证主动加热分布式光纤技术的监测效果。试验结果表明,-15℃单端冻结条件下,土体冻结过程按降温速率分为快速冷却、逐步降温、稳定平衡三阶段,冻结锋面逐渐下移,最大冻深约占土柱高度的35%。孔隙水受冻胀迁移力影响向冻结锋面移动,引起冻融前后土体湿度场重分布,并导致土体冻胀变形,变形量为土体最大冻深的7.8%~10.9%。分布式光纤可准确得到冻融过程中土体温度场、湿度场变化特征,识别土体内冻结区域范围,温度、湿度监测拟合优度R2分别达0.98和0.94。

岛状多年冻土区高速铁路路基热状态及工程措施效果分析

为揭示岛状多年冻土区高速铁路路基热状态,提出合理有效的制冷结构,在新建哈尔滨至伊春高速铁路某车站试验段开展现场监测,获得岛状多年冻土的地温数据;基于实测地温数据,采用冻土水热耦合理论,对将在试验段实施的两侧双排普通热棒路基、两侧双排+中心单排全季热棒路基、两侧单排+基底横向通铺全季热棒路基3种制冷路基结构进行数值模拟,对比了3种制冷路基结构的地温分布特征及对下伏岛状多年冻土的降温效果。研究结果表明:铁力地区年均气温和降水呈增大趋势,天然场地岛状多年冻土地温在-0.3℃左右,属于高温极不稳定多年冻土。3种制冷路基结构中,两侧单排+基底横向通铺全季热棒对岛状多年冻土保护及降温效果最优,两侧双排普通热棒最差。普通热棒路基的多年冻土上限呈“两侧凸,中间凹”形态,抬升不明显;全季热棒路基的多年冻土上限呈“上凸缓斜平顶”形态,抬升显著。研究成果可对多年冻土区高速铁路路基建设和结构优化提供技术支撑。

高海拔地区季节性冻土路基施工技术研究

甘南藏区季节性冻土问题给公路工程的路基施工造成较大难度。为了实现道路工程质量建设,并科学地选择施工技术措施,保证道路品质工程和实现项目功能目标提供技术保障,本文主要针对西北区域季节性冻土区域的公路路基冻害,通过研究在项目施工管理过程中对季节性冻土分布问题所进行的处治方法,提供具体的工程技术措施,对道路工程建设关键技术问题加以总结剖析,为西北区域其他高寒、高海拔区域道路工程建设经验提供借鉴。

冻胀变形下高速铁路车辆-轨道-路基耦合系统的动力效应

季冻区严酷的自然环境对高速铁路的高标准运行产生了极大影响,甚至会对高速铁路造成永久性破坏。为探究季冻区高速铁路路基冻胀变形作用下对车辆-轨道-路基耦合系统动力效应的影响,以银西高速铁路某冻胀区段为背景,结合车辆-轨道-路基系统动力学的原理和分析方法,建立了简化后的动力学模型;选取了典型的单波余弦冻胀波形(冻胀波长λ=10 m,冻胀峰值f=10 mm),分别探讨了轨道系统与车辆系统的动力学效应,并据此确定了轨道刚度的合理取值。研究结果表明:在路基冻胀变形作用下,轨道系统中轨道各部件动压力、动位移及动加速度幅值在低频段(0~200 Hz)发生明显波动,扣件刚度与道床刚度的最优刚度比为0.5,轨道总刚度的合理取值在62~87 kN/mm范围为宜;车辆系统中车辆轮重减载率及车体垂向加速度与冻胀波长λ成反比关系,与冻胀峰值f成正比关系。

那曲-羊八井季节性冻土区高速公路路基温度场变化规律研究

季节性冻土在温度的正负变化下会给公路路基的稳定性带来安全隐患。西藏那曲地区季节性冻土分布广泛,那曲-羊八井段高速公路贯穿季节性冻土区,为明确该路段的温度场分布变化特征,通过对那曲-羊八井段典型路基断面展开温度、含水率现场监测,依据2020年的地温资料进行回归分析,并结合室内试验对监测断面地温振幅、滞后时间和土体热扩散系数等进行分析。结果表明:监测断面地温整体在外界气温的波动下大致呈正弦曲线状变化,地温振幅随深度的增加而减小,并且伴随着滞后时间的顺延,路基在0~4.7 m深度处的每米滞后时间约为24 d/m,路基在0~5.4 m深度处的每米滞后时间约为30.8 d/m;监测断面不同位置土体热扩散系数的不同导致地温对气温的响应程度不同,路基土体的热扩散系数为0.0414~0.0628 m^(2)/d,对气温的响应最明显,地基土体的热扩散系数为0.0223~0.0379 m^(2)/d,对气温的响应较弱;路基的修建增加了对热量的吸收,在路基中形成一个高温区,通过两侧边坡和坡脚向外散热;路基内部土体含水率较低,且不存在明显的水分迁移;对称式的路基结构不存在明显的阴阳坡效应。据此可以判定该路基监测断面整体不存在因冻胀产生不均匀变形引发路基失稳的安全隐患。

季节冻土区路基土的损伤本构模型研究

为探索不同冻融循环次数和围压作用对季节冻土区路基土在不同含水率条件下的应力-应变关系及损伤机理,以辽宁阜新市某公路区间为试验路段,采用环刀法选取试验路段路基土样,通过冻融循环及三轴压缩试验,得到在不同冻融循环次数及围压作用下路基土的应力-应变曲线变化规律;根据损伤力学及统计学原理,将Weibull分布与Lemaitre有效应力原理相结合,建立了季节冻土区路基土损伤本构模型。结果表明:冻融循环作用可导致路基土试件强度降低,且随着试件含水率的增加,应力-应变曲线呈现由应变软化逐渐表现为应变硬化特征,试件最优含水率为应变软化与应变硬化的分界点;随着围压的增大试件强度增加,在冻融循环次数较少且围压较低时,试件的应力-应变曲线出现峰值应力,曲线表现出应变软化特征,在冻融循环次数较多且围压较大时容易出现应变硬化现象;经对比分析,所建立的损伤本构模型与试验应力-应变曲线吻合度较好,且模型所需参数均可通过三轴试验获得,说明该模型能够较好地描述季节冻土区路基土的应力-应变关系,具有实用性。另由试验结果可知,为降低东北地区冻融循环作用对季节冻土区路基强度的影响,提前做好路基的防排水工作对于路基冻融病害防治是非常重要的。

季节冻土区纤维改良路基土冻胀融沉特性研究

为研究冻融循环下纤维改良路基土含水率、纤维掺量对土体冻胀融沉特性的影响规律,通过开展室内单向冻融试验,测得不同含水率、纤维掺量下路基土的冻融特性,获得水分场变化、冻胀率、融沉系数、冻融全过程温度场以及结冰温度变化规律。结果表明,1)试样单向冻融过程中,随着深度的增加水相变程度越来越小,且冻融结束后各位置含水率不一致。不同初始含水率下的土样经历冻融循环后其水分重分布比较明显,不同纤维掺量的土样经历冻融循环后其水分分布基本相似。随着纤维掺量的增加,其水分迁移程度减小;2)8%~16%含水率范围内,其冻结竖向位移最大达到1.19 mm,其融化竖向位移最大达到2.56 mm,达到12%含水率时其冻胀率和融沉系数基本趋于稳定。在0%~0.5%纤维掺量范围内,其冻结竖向位移最大达到1.10 mm,其融化竖向位移最大达到2.85 mm;3)随着纤维掺量的增加其相变潜热越明显,土体结冰温度先降低后上升,在纤维掺量为0.3%时其结冰温度最低为-1.95℃,且达到结冰温度时间最长为14.1 min。研究成果可以为西部粉砂土分布地区铁路及工程建设提供参考。

季冻区高速铁路路基改良填料冻融性能研究

针对季冻区高速铁路路基填料冻融性能问题,将水泥和水泥粉煤灰掺入级配碎石作为改良措施。为了研究水泥和水泥粉煤灰改良碎石填料的抗冻融耐久性能,对填料的水稳定性、冻融变形特性和冻融耐久性进行试验,分析改良剂的种类、掺量以及养护龄期等因素的对路基填料性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:水泥改良填料相较于水泥粉煤灰改良填料有较高的无侧限抗压强度;填料单向冻胀量随着水泥掺量的增加而降低,掺入粉煤灰后会提高填料的冻胀率;水泥粉煤灰改良填料在28 d养护后水稳定性性能较水泥改良填料更佳优异,抗冻融性能则会低于水泥改良填料。