Objective and subjective measures for sleep disorders

Subjective and objective measures of sleep structure or quality could help to characterize the chronic sleep disturbances, with relation to patients＇ risk factor profiles and co-morbidities. Studies have shown that discrepancies can occur between subjective data regarding sleep disturbances and the impact of insomnia and objective assays, and surrogate markers of sleep and sleep disturbances. Both objective and subjective measures should be incorporated into clinic studies. It seems likely that sleep quality is represented by a combination of more than one subjective sleep parameter. Objective and subjective assessments of sleep quality may relate to different parameters. Future studies incorporated both subjective and objective measures could help to address the sleep disorders.

Perceptual Quality Assessment of Omnidirectional Images:Subjective Experiment and Objective Model Evaluation

Virtual reality(VR) environment can provide immersive experience to viewers.Under the VR environment, providing a good quality of experience is extremely important.Therefore, in this paper, we present an image quality assessment(IQA) study on omnidirectional images. We first build an omnidirectional IQA(OIQA) database, including 16 source images with their corresponding 320 distorted images. We add four commonly encountered distortions. These distortions are JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, Gaussian blur, and Gaussian noise. Then we conduct a subjective quality evaluation study in the VR environment based on the OIQA database. Considering that visual attention is more important in VR environment, head and eye movement data are also tracked and collected during the quality rating experiments. The 16 raw and their corresponding distorted images,subjective quality assessment scores, and the head-orientation data and eye-gaze data together constitute the OIQA database. Based on the OIQA database, we test some state-of-the-art full-reference IQA(FR-IQA) measures on equirectangular format or cubic formatomnidirectional images. The results show that applying FR-IQA metrics on cubic format omnidirectional images could improve their performance. The performance of some FR-IQA metrics combining the saliency weight of three different types are also tested based on our database. Some new phenomena different from traditional IQA are observed.

Influence of Subjective Knowledge, Objective Knowledge and Health Consciousness on Olive Oil Consumption—A Case Study

Unlike the case in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil consumption is driven by habit or tradition, in a population where olive oil consumption rates are considerably low, it appears reasonable to suppose that the initial decision to buy a fairly expensive product—as is the case with olive oil in the Uruguayan market—may result from an individual’s overall interest in health-related issues and/or their acquaintance with relevant nutritional properties of the particular product—in this case, olive oil. Consumer subjective and objective knowledge, interest in health-related issues, and demographic variables were studied for their potential relationship (explanatory capacity) with olive oil consumption frequency, using a sample of 256 inhabitants of Montevideo (Uruguay). Several of the studied variables were found to relate to olive oil consumption, such as subjective and objective knowledge, age, education level, marital status, and interest in health-related issues. Subjective knowledge was found to have the highest explanatory capacity. An increase in subjective knowledge is therefore expected to lead to an increase in consumption frequency among regular olive oil consumers, while it may also encourage less frequent or non-consumers to purchase olive oil and become acquainted with the product.

Efficient Spam Filtering System Based on Smart Cooperative Subjective and Objective Methods

Most of the spam filtering techniques are based on objective methods such as the content filtering and DNS/reverse DNS checks. Recently, some cooperative subjective spam filtering techniques are proposed. Objective methods suffer from the false positive and false negative classification. Objective methods based on the content filtering are time consuming and resource demanding. They are inaccurate and require continuous update to cope with newly invented spammer’s tricks. On the other side, the existing subjective proposals have some drawbacks like the attacks from malicious users that make them unreliable and the privacy. In this paper, we propose an efficient spam filtering system that is based on a smart cooperative subjective technique for content filtering in addition to the fastest and the most reliable non-content-based objective methods. The system combines several applications. The first is a web-based system that we have developed based on the proposed technique. A server application having extra features suitable for the enterprises and closed work groups is a second part of the system. Another part is a set of standard web services that allow any existing email server or email client to interact with the system. It allows the email servers to query the system for email filtering. They can also allow the users via the mail user agents to participate in the subjective spam filtering problem.

Subjective V.S Objective Test Item

In this article,I will talk about the definition and discrimination of subjective test and objective test.The strong points and weak points are also discussed.Although each has its own disadvantages,subjective test and objective test will still play important roles at present or in future.A good classroom test will usually contain both subjective and objective test items.

A Contrastive Study on the C-E Translation of the Verb of Perception zhijian from the Perspective of Subjective Consciousness and Objective Consciousness

Verbs of perception include sight,hearing,smell,taste and touch,of which zhijian belongs to sight is very common in literary works,and its semantic meaning also begins to change with the development of time.Based on the original text and two translated versions of the Water Margin,this paper makes a comparative analysis of the translation strategies of zhijian on the basis that Chinese emphasizes subjective consciousness and the mixed consciousness of subjectivity and objectivity,while English stresses objective consciousness with a clear boundary between subjectivity and objectivity.According to previous studies,this paper regroups the appearance of zhijian and divides it into two categories,namely zhijian at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a minor sentence.On the basis of the context and the changing function of zhijian,that is,the function of being a verb and being a discourse marker,it can be concluded that as the meaning of a verb,the real action,the meaning of zhijian is expressed by“seeing”,so translators usually adopt literal translation;while as a discourse marker,it is no longer the main component of sentence structure,but to highlight the following information,translators will adopt deletion,conversion and retaining.It can be seen that translators often need to convert Chinese characterized by subjective consciousness into English dominated by objective consciousness,thus conforming to various meaning of zhijian.

一种基于Subject-Action-Object三元组的知识基因提取方法

以专利引证网络为载体,从知识基因稳定性、遗传性以及变异性等基本特征出发,提出一种基于subject-action-object三元组的知识基因提取方法.应用连接度算法分析专利引证关系,挖掘引证专利和被引专利之间继承和发展的知识流,建立知识进化轨迹;利用文本语法分析技术,从专利权利要求书中提取subject-action-object三元组;基于语义词库WordNet进行语义加工,计算语义相似度,合并同义的subject-action-object三元组,绘制知识基因图谱.从美国专利数据库中采集了5 073项1975—1999年授权的数据挖掘领域的相关专利,分析了专利的地区分布情况和年度分布情况.从NBER(National Bureau of Economic Research)的专利数据集中查询得到专利引证关系,利用网络分析软件Pajek构建专利引证网络,作为实验数据样本,对所提出的知识基因提取方法进行验证.实验结果表明:所提取的subject-action-object三元组具备了知识基因稳定性、遗传性和变异性等特征,可以作为知识基因的一种表现形式.

Argument Ambiguities Make Subject Relative Clause More Difficult to Process than Object Relative Clause in Mandarin

Relative clauses(RCs)processing has been a hot issue in decades.Studies from head-initial languages have found that SRCs were easier to comprehend than ORCs,and many different models were constructed to account for SRCs preference.Chinese are head-final languages and the head noun phrases are behind the internal-clause.Such a great difference in syntactic structure made Chinese to be the optimum material to test the models mentioned above.In the paper,two experiments were carried out using eye-movement tracking methods to explore the difficulty with RCs processing in mandarin,and results showed that:when the two noun phrases were both from animate category,SRCs were more difficult than ORCs,but when the noun phrases in the internal-relative-clause were inanimate and the noun phrases in the matrix were animate,the difficulties with SRCs were greatly reduced.Based on these findings,we hold that the linear syntactic distance between the gap and the filler was not the key reason to the difficulty with SRCs.On the contrary,the ambiguity in argument construction may be the most important.

What is the subject and object of social security？

The subject and the object are a pair of concepts within the philosophical category. Dialectical materialism takes practice as the medium, and holds that subject is the existence of an active objective world, and that the object is the object of practical activity. Under certain conditions, the subject and object can In terms of social security, the main body of responsibility is the government that allows the transfer of citizens＇ rights. Thereforethe government is the main body of production and providers of public goods, and the object is the main body＇s guaranteed rights and obligations. Commonly pointed objects or things generally refer to specific material information in practical operations, abstract information economy, legal norms, and the entire practice process.

Subject,Object and Target Systems of Rural Human Resource Development

From subject,object and target subsystems,we analyze the rural human resource development system.The subject system includes government,education and training organizations,society,and rural human resource itself.Different development subject bears different responsibility.Object system includes farmers engaged in farming,farmer workers,rural unemployed people,rural students,rural left-behind people,and other people in rural areas.Different development object has different features.Development target system includes raising quality of rural human resource,keeping reasonable population size,optimizing structure of rural human resource,and improving vitality of rural human resource,etc.

Subjectivities of the Scientific Endeavor:Noting the Illusion of Objectivity in the History of Science and Medicine

The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.

Non-Rigid Object Tracking by Anisotropic Kernel Mean Shift

Mean shift,an iterative procedure that shifts each data point to the average of data points in its neighborhood,has been applied to object tracker.However,the traditional mean shift tracker by isotropic kernel often loses the object with the changing object structure in video sequences,especially when the object structure varies fast.This paper proposes a non-rigid object tracker by anisotropic kernel mean shift in which the shape,scale,and orientation of the kernels adapt to the changing object structure.The experimental results show that the new tracker is self-adaptive and approximately twice faster than the traditional tracker,which ensures the robustness and real time of tracking.

The integration model of objective and subjective data of residential indoor environment quality in Northeast China based on structural equation modeling

Currently the indoor environment quality is described or evaluated mainly by the subjective or objective data.However,research increasingly has demonstrated that objective and subjective data both had some weaknesses to characterize the indoor environment quality,and they can compensate for each other's relative weaknesses.Hence,this study aims to develop an integration model to allow indoor subjective and objective data to be combined based on the structural equation modeling approach,using the Northeast China residential indoor environmental survey data.The results indicated that the integration model had a good fit for the survey data,and the model validity was confirmed.Moreover,in contrast to the subjective data(R^(2)=0.363)and objective data(R^(2)=0.239),the integrated data(R^(2)=0.553)improved the explanatory power on the satisfaction with the overall indoor environment.Furthermore,this integration model demonstrated that indoor subjective data assigned more weights to the integrated data than the corresponding objective data.The association strength of thermal environment and indoor air quality(0.43 or 0.47)was the strongest among the interactions of thermal,air quality,acoustic,and lighting environments.Consequently,the main contribution of this paper was that it provided a comprehensive model to accomplish the integration of indoor environmental subjective and objective data,promoting the ability to describe and assess the indoor environment quality.

不同成像参数下CBCT的成像质量分析

目的:主观评价和客观评估不同成像参数下CBCT的图像质量,分析图像质量的主观评价和客观评价间的关系。方法:分别采用6台不同品牌CBCT扫描仪〔3D Accuitomo(Morita)、i-CAT(Kavo)、5G(NewTom)、Smart3D(北京朗视)、DCT Pro(Vatech)、VGi(NewTom)〕,在各个品牌的典型曝光条件下(电压和电流强度不同)扫描空间分辨率模体和高仿真头模,7位医师对拍摄的CBCT图像进行主观评价打分,比较不同CBCT扫描仪的空间分辨率和对常见口腔解剖结构的可见性。客观评价指标采用各仪器所获的图像空间分辩率(LP/mm)。结果:7位医师的组内一致性和组间一致性均无显著性差异。主观评价New Tom 5G为2分,i-CAT为5分,其余4个品牌匀为4分,客观评价i-CAT的LP/mm为1.8,Smart3D为2.0,其余4个品牌为1.0~1.7。在相同管电流条件下,不同管电压的图像主观质量有显著性差异。在相同管电压条件下,不同管电流的图像主观质量有显著性差异。结论:图像质量的主客观评价具有一定的一致性,不同品牌之间的客观评价差异可能与电压、电流强度不同有关。

主客观建成环境、社会支持与流动人口心理融入——以武汉东湖高新区为例

流动人口心理融入是推进以人为本新型城镇化建设的重要内容。以武汉东湖高新区为例,采用结构方程模型,揭示中部地区流动人口心理融入的整体特征和主要影响因素。研究表明,流动人口心理融入水平整体上不高,且身份认同维度得分最低。建成环境的客观测度和主观感知对流动人口心理融入具有显著的直接效应。主客观建成环境也会通过情感支持和社交支持对心理融入产生显著的间接影响。此外,社会支持对心理融入具有显著的促进作用,但仅社交支持的影响显著。

全球空间安全治理视域下临近空间飞行监管研究

临近空间作为全球一体化的重要连接点,是实现长期驻空侦察、全球精准打击的军事战略高点。受空天划界论争的影响,临近空间飞行的监管规则仍依附于国内立法,在国际层面尚未实现有效规制和协调。在临近空间法律地位不清、监管主体不明、监管客体不定、监管内容复杂、飞行活动存有争议的情况下,现有国际航空航天法律制度已无法满足调整此类新型利益关系的实践需要。构建针对性的监管制度不仅是行业有序发展的基础,也是确保地面国国防安全和临近空间资源有序开发利用的重要保障。在国内立法层面,中国可参鉴《临近空间管制公约(草案)》的相关条款,积极推进临近空间融入航空法或航天法的制度设计,或制定单行的临近空间法,以国内立法引领国际立法;在国际立法层面,应以国际民用航空组织为主导,通过修订《国际民用航空公约》(又称《芝加哥公约》)相关附件或增设临近空间飞行的新附件标准,推进国际统一规则的构建。

载人航天商业化的国际损害责任制度:困境与应对

载人航天商业化的发展需要平衡外层空间的公共性和商业载人航天的私营性,国际损害责任制度对管控商业载人航天的成本和风险至关重要。国际外空法对国际损害责任进行了一般性、原则性规定,部分航天国家在国内法中对商业载人航天的损害责任予以明确。基于外空领域的现有责任规则,构建国际损害责任制度面临着责任主体和索赔主体不明、过失作为例外要件存在不合理、国际保险标准难统一、责任分配制度待完善的困境。对此,可考虑通过关联性确认责任主体和索赔主体、对损害统一适用绝对责任、引入强制责任保险、形成双重责任制度,为国家载人航天商业化发展提供制度构建思路;同时,促进国际社会达成共识,推动人类命运共同体理念在外空领域的进一步实现。

腋拐的使用角度对人机舒适性的影响研究

目前单臂操作助行器具产品的舒适性评价标准体系不完善,产品设计过程中缺乏充分的生物力学及人机工程学分析,从而导致了诸如腋神经损伤、腕关节损伤等二次伤害的发生。结合人机工程学理论和实验,通过人体生理结构解剖分析、使用动作姿态分析、简易模型受力分析及使用舒适性主客观实验结合分析等方法,研究腋下拐杖各参数对人机舒适性的影响,得出腋下拐杖对人体使用舒适性产生影响的角度参数的最佳范围,为后续腋拐的设计与创新研究提供参考和借鉴。

基于跨模态注意力融合的煤炭异物检测方法

为解决原煤智能化洗选过程中煤流中夹杂的异物对比度低、相互遮挡导致异物图像检测时特征提取不充分的问题,提出了一种基于跨模态注意力融合的煤炭异物检测方法。通过引入Depth图像构建RGB图像与Depth图像的双特征金字塔网络(DFPN),采用浅层的特征提取策略提取Depth图像的低级特征,用深度边缘与深度纹理等基础特征辅助RGB图像深层特征,以有效获得2种特征的互补信息,从而丰富异物特征的空间与边缘信息,提高检测精度;构建了基于坐标注意力与改进空间注意力的跨模态注意力融合模块(CAFM),以协同优化并融合RGB特征与Depth特征,增强网络对特征图中被遮挡异物可见部分的关注度,提高被遮挡异物检测精度;使用区域卷积神经网络(R-CNN)输出煤炭异物的分类、回归与分割结果。实验结果表明:在检测精度方面,该方法的AP相较两阶段模型中较优的Mask transfiner高3.9%;在检测效率方面,该方法的单帧检测时间为110.5 ms,能够满足异物检测实时性需求。基于跨模态注意力融合的煤炭异物检测方法能够以空间特征辅助色彩、形状与纹理等特征,准确识别煤炭异物之间及煤炭异物与输送带之间的差异,从而有效提高对复杂特征异物的检测精度,减少误检、漏检现象,实现复杂特征下煤炭异物的精确检测与像素级分割。

利用Transformer的多模态目标跟踪算法

目前目标跟踪方法大多通过融合不同模态信息进行定位决策,存在信息提取不充分、融合方法简单、弱光场景无法准确跟踪目标的问题。为此,提出一种基于Transformer的多模态目标跟踪算法(Trans-RGBT):利用伪孪生网络对可见光图像和红外图像分别进行特征提取,并在特征层面充分融合;将首帧目标信息调制到待跟踪帧的特征向量中,得到一个专用跟踪器;应用Transformer的方法对视野中的目标进行编解码,通过空间位置预测分支预测目标在视野中的空间位置,并结合历史信息滤除干扰目标,得到目标的准确位置;使用矩形框回归网络预测目标的外接矩形框,从而实现目标准确跟踪。在最新的大规模数据集VTUAV、RGBT234上进行了实验,与孪生网络(Siambased)、滤波(filter-based)算法相比,Trans-RGBT精度更高、鲁棒性更好、速度接近实时,达22 FPS。