Reference Interval of Thyroidal Function of Women in the Early,Middle and Late Pregnancy in Jingzhou City,Hubei Province

[Objectives]To study the reference value of thyroid function in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City.[Methods]362 healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)were selected as the study group,and 360 non-pregnant women were selected as the control group.Serum thyroid hormone levels in the two groups were detected,and the reference value was expressed as the median(M)and 95%confidence interval(CI).On this basis,the chart of changing trend of thyroid hormone in the early,middle and late pregnancy were plotted.[Results]Compared with the control group,FT3,TT4,TT3,FT4and TSH in the early,middle and late pregnancy were significantly different in the study group(P<0.05).In the study group,there were significant differences in the early,middle and late pregnancy(P<0.05).[Conclusions]This trend chart has certain reference value in the screening,diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City of Hubei Province.

Age- and Gender-Specific Changes in Thyroid Size and Thyroid Function Test Values of Euthyroid Subjects

Background: The thyroid status is evaluated by two clinical diagnostic tests which are thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function tests. The objective of this research is to critically analyze the age and gender based variations of thyroid volume and thyroid hormone levels in the hospital based euthyroid subjects. Methodology: A total of 221 euthyroid subjects aged 1 - 86 years were selected to observe the normal thyroid size by ultrasonography at Department of Radiology and the thyroid function test values (FT3, FT4 and TSH) of 2413 euthyroid subjects aged (Results: The best fitted equations with significant correlation coefficients and p Conclusion: The thyroid size first increases and then decreases whereas the thyroxin level first decreases and then increases with aging. Left lobe volume is almost same for both genders and right lobe volume is higher in males. The thyroid size in menarche and menopause periods of females is larger than that of males. Such age- and gender-specific changes recommend the new refer-ence ranges for the normal thyroid functions.

Relationship between Serum TSH Level with Obesity and NAFLD in Euthyroid Subjects

To explore the relationship between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in euthyroid subjects,1322 subjects were sub-jected to a questionnaire survey and physical examination.Fasting blood samples were collected to test serum TSH,plasma glucose and lipids.Fatty liver was diagnosed by type B ultrasonography.The rela-tionship between serum TSH level and body mass index (BMI),percentage of body fat and NAFLD was analyzed.The results showed that serum TSH level was significantly higher in females than in males at the same group,and it was significantly higher in overweight group than in control group.Levels of body weight,BMI,waist circumference and percentage of body fat were increased in TSH >2.5 group compared to TSH ≤2.5 group in women.However,plasma lipids showed no significant differences.In males all the parameters showed no significant differences between two groups.Serum TSH was sig-nificantly correlated with body weight,BMI,waist circumference and percentage of body fat after ad-justment for age in females.Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that percentage of body fat and BMI contributed significantly to the variance of TSH.Serum TSH level was significantly higher in non-alcoholic fatty liver group than in normal group in females.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TSH level was not the independent risk factor of NAFLD.Taken together the data suggest that se-rum TSH in normal range is significantly correlated with BMI and percentage of body fat in females.And the change of TSH level would not influence the prevalence of NAFLD.

The Effect of TSH Suppression Therapy on the Efficacy and Immune Function of Postoperative Patients with Thyroid Cancer

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and immune function of thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)suppression therapy in postoperative thyroid cancer patients.Methods:Sixty thyroid cancer patients admitted from July 2020–July 2022 were recruited and randomly divided into two groups.The control group(30 patients)received hormone replacement therapy,while the study group(30 patients)received TSH suppression therapy.The thyroid function,clinical efficacy,immune function,and tumor markers of the two groups were compared.Results:After treatment,the levels of free triiodothyronine(FT3)and thyroxine(FT4)in both groups increased significantly,while TSH levels decreased significantly.Moreover,the magnitude of change in the study group was greater than that in the control group(P<0.05).The total effective rate in the study group was significantly higher as compared to the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of CD3+and CD4+cells in both groups of patients increased significantly,with the study group showing significantly higher levels than the control group,whereas the level of CD8+cells decreased significantly,with the study group having lower levels than the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of Tg and CEA in both groups were significantly lowered as compared to before treatment,and the levels of Tg and CEA in the study group were significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:TSH suppression therapy in postoperative thyroid cancer patients can improve thyroid function,suppress the levels of tumor markers,and enhance immune function,thereby achieving good clinical outcomes.

Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests in poisoned patients admitted to toxicology ICU

BACKGROUND: Prognostic value of cortisol and thyroid function tests(TFTs) has previously been evaluated in medical ICUs. We aimed to evaluate prognostic efficacy of cortisol and TFTs in critically ill poisoned patients admitted to toxicology intensive care unit(ICU).METHODS: In a prospective study of consecutively enrolled subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU, lab analyses included TFTs(total T3 and T4 as well as TSH) and cortisol levels drawn between 8 am–10 am during period of the first 24 hours post-ingestion/exposure. Simplified Acute Physiology Score Ⅱ(SAPS Ⅱ) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) were recorded. All scores were compared to detect the best prognostic factor. Type of poisoning was also included.RESULTS: In 200 patients evaluated, 129 were male and mean age was 31 years. In general, SAPS Ⅱ, T4, and cortisol could prognosticate death. After regression analysis, only cortisol had such efficacy(P=0.04; OR=1.06; 95%CI=1.05–1.08; cut-off=42 μg/d L; sensitivity=70%; specificity=82%). Between aluminium phosphide(ALP)-and non ALP-poisoned patients, level of consciousness, mean arterial pressure, and cortisol level could prognosticate death in ALP poisoning(all Ps<0.001 in both uni and multivariate analyses). Median(interquartile range; IQR) GCS was 7(6, 10) and 15(8, 15) in non-ALP and ALP-poisoned patients(P<0.003). SAPS Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅱ could not prognosticate death at all.CONCLUSION: Cortisol best prognosticated outcomes for subjects admitted to the toxicology ICU. Its level is higher in ALP-poisoned patients probably due to the higher stress while they remain conscious till the final stages of toxicity and are aware of deterioration of their clinical condition or may be due to their significantly lower blood pressures.

Association between thyroid function and gallstone disease

AIM： To investigate those associations using data of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. METHODS： A study population of 3 749 residents aged 20-79 years without previously diagnosed thyroid disease was available for analyses. Serum TSH was used to assess thyroid function. Cholelithiasis was defined by either a prior history of cholecystectomy or the presence of gallstones on ultrasound. Logistic regression was performed to analyze independent associations between thyroid function and cholelithiasis. RESULTS： There were 385 persons （10.3%） with low （〈0.3 mIU/L）, 3 321 persons （88.6%） with normal and 43 persons （1.2%） with high serum TSH levels （〉3 mIU/L）. The proportion of cholelithiasis among males and females was 14.4% and 25.3%, respectively. Among males, there was an independent relation between high serum TSH and cholelithiasis （OR 3.77; 95%-CI 1.06-13.41; P〈0.05）. Also among males, there was a tendency towards an elevated risk of cholelithiasis in persons with low serum TSH （OR 1.40; 95%-CI 0.96-2.02; P= 0.07）. In the female population, no such relation was identified. CONCLUSION： There is an association between thyroid and gallstone disease with a gender-specific relation between hypothyroidism and cholelithiasis.

Effects of High Fluoride and Low Iodine on Thyroid Function in Offspring Rats

Thirty-two Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight with six females and two males in each group. The rats were exposed to high fluoride drinking water （45 mg F-L^-1 from 100 mg NaF L-1）, low dietary iodine （0.0855 mg kg-1）, or both together in order to assess the effects of these three regimens on the thyroid function of the offspring rats. After the animal model was established, the offspring rats were bred and 10-, 20-, 30-, 60-, and 90-d-old rats were used for the experiment. The treatments for the offspring rats were the same as those of their parents. In comparison with control rats, the relative thyroid glands were changed by three regimens, but the mean values of thyroid weight in the experimental groups saw no marked difference. Serum TT3 levels were increased in all stages in the low iodine （LI） group. In the high fluoride （HiF） group, increase in TT3 levels was observed except in 20-d-old rats. Decrease in TT3 at 20- and 90-d and increase in TT3 at 30- and 60-d were found in HiF＋LI group. Serum TT4 levels first saw an increase, and then dropped in the LI and HiF＋LI group. However, an increase in TT4 was found in the HiF group. The levels of TSH in serum rocketed at d 20, and then dropped in the next stages in experimental groups. The results suggested that thyroid disorder could be induced by high flroride in drinking water, low iodine diet, or both of them. Exposure time to fluoride or low iodine diet was one of the important factors that fluoride can induce the development of thyroid dyfunction.

Subjective Well-being and Family Functioning among Adolescents Left Behind by Migrating Parents in Jiangxi Province, China

We sought to identify the differences between adolescents left behind in their home villages/towns （LBA） and non-left behind adolescents （NLB） on subjective well-being and family functioning due to parental migration in south China. We used a stratified cluster sampling method to recruit middle school students in a city experiencing population-emigration in Jiangxi Province in 2010. Participants included adolescents from families with： （1） one migrant parent, （2） both parents who migrated, or （3） non-left behind adolescents （i.e., no migrant parent）. To determine predictors of subjective well-being, we used structural equation models. Adolescents left behind by both parents （LBB） were less likely to express life satisfaction （P = 0.038） in terms of their environments （P = 0.011） compared with NLB. A parent or parents who migrated predicts lower subjective well-being of adolescents （P = 0.051） and also lower academic performance. Being apart from their parents may affect family functioning negatively from an adolescent＇s viewpoint. Given the hundreds of millions of persons in China, many who are parents, migrating for work, there may be mental health challenges in some of the adolescents left behind.

Impact of Nonlethal Levels of Metacid-50 and Carbaryl on Thyroid Function and Cholinergic System of Channa punctatus

With regard to brain acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine and serum triiodothyronine(T_3) and thyroxine(T_4)profiles,a biphasic response pattern was elicited in Channa punctatus chroni- cally exposed to nonlethal doses of locally used pesticides,namely,Metacid-50 and Carbaryl. Data revealed that these xenobiotics caused significant inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase activity and a decrease in thyroxine level accompanied by a concurrent increase in acetylcholine accumulation and T_3 level.It is surmised that Metacid-50 and Carbaryl influence both neural and hormonal functions.1989 Academic Press.Inc.

Peripheral blood NKT cell number and function in patients with Graves disease and their correlation with hyperthyroidism

Objective:To assess the peripheral blood NKT cell number and function in patients with Graves disease and study their correlation with hyperthyroidism.Methods: The patients who were diagnosed with Graves disease in our hospital between May 2014 and September 2016 were selected as GD group, and 55 healthy volunteers who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as control group. Peripheral blood was collected to determine the number of CD3+CD56+NKT cells, and serum was collected to detect the contents of cytokines and thyroid function indexes.Results: Peripheral blood CD3+CD56+NKT cell number in Graves disease group was significantly lower than that in control group;serum IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β contents in GD group were significantly lower than those in control group and positively correlated with peripheral blood CD3+CD56+NKT cell number while IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, FT3, FT4, TPOAb, TgAb and TRAb contents were significantly higher than those in control group and negatively correlated with peripheral blood CD3+CD56+NKT cell number.Conclusion:The abnormal reduction of peripheral blood NKT cell number in patients with Graves disease can affect the balance of Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg and increase the TRAb secretion to cause hyperthyroidism.

TSH RECEPTOR GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN THE AUTONOMOUSLY FUNCTIONING THYROID ADENOMAS

Objective To determine the relationship between TSH receptor gene mutations and autonomously functioning thyroid adenomas (AFTAs). Methods The thyroid samples from 14 cases of diagnosed AFTAs were analyzed, with normal thyroid specimens adjacent to the tumors as controls. The 155 base pairs DNA fragments which encompassed the third cytoplasmic loop and the sixth transmembrane segments in the TSH receptor gene exon 10 were amplified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analyzed by the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Direct sequencing of the PCR products was performed with Prism Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Core Kit. Results 6 of 14 AFTA specimens displayed abnormal migration in SSCP analysis. In sequence analysis of 3 abnormally migrated samples, one base substitution at nucleotide 1957 (A to C) and two same insertion mutations of one adenosine nucleotide between nucleotide 1972 and 1973 were identified. No mutations were found in controls. Conclusion This study confirmed the presence of TSH receptor gene mutations in AFTAs; both one-point substitution mutation and one-base insertion mutation were found to be responsible for the pathogenesis of AFTAs.

Investigating the Association of Smoking with Thyroid Volume and Function

This study was conducted to explore possible correlation between smoking habit and thyroid volume and function in Jeddah. A total of 226 volunteers i.e. 128 male and 98 female were screened at Radiology Department King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital. They were categorized as smokers and non- smokers;the number of smokers was 99 cases i.e. 48 Cigarette smokers and 51 Shisha smokers, and the non-smokers were 127 cases. The information was gathered via a questionnaire distributed at the radiology department. Ultrasonography of thyroid and thyroid function test were performed for 166 participants;and data were analyzed Using SPSS version 22 and Microsoft excel. The study was carried out based on random selection and findings revealed that most of the cases were in the age group between 20 to 30 years old, high body mass index (BMI) was 33.1 kg/m2 in persons above 60 years old and the highest percentage smokers in the age group from 20 to 30 years (40.02%). Ultrasonography of thyroid showed 96 (58%) normal cases, 46 (28%) abnormal “solid” cases and 24 (14%) abnormal “cyst” cases. A lower proportion of cigarette and shisha smokers (15.4% and 5.6% respectively) had an enlarged thyroid gland compared to no cigarettes or shisha smokers (47.9% and 47.3% respectively). The difference between these frequencies was statistically significant (Chi-square = 9.446 and 11.424, p = 0.002 and p = 0.001 for cigarette and shisha smoking respectively). Consequently, it can be concluded from this research that there are no direct significant values correlating smoking habit to thyroid volume or function. However, it is always recommended not smoke due to other well-known threats.

The Optimized Design of The Fuzzy Controller(Ⅱ)——the disquisition of optimized triangle subjection function

The subjection function of the fuzzy quantity is bell like,which is on the base of the theory;but during the course of the control,each fuzzy grade should be predigested into a triangle of W=4.

Changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function in postmenopausal women after hormone replacement therapy

Objective:To investigate the changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function in postmenopa-usal women;and the relationship between hormone replacement therapy(HRT)and thyroid andadrenal function.Methods:The levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT4,TSH and cortisol were measured in 60 postmeno-pausal women(30 cases in HRT group;30 cases in control group)before and 12 months afterHRT.Results:The serum levels of tT_3,tT_4,fT_3,fT_4,TSH and cortisol had no significant differ-ence before and 12 months after HRT in postmenopausal women.The values of them were all innormal ranges.Conclusion:Changing pattern of thyroid and adrenal function was not as significant as that ofgonads in postmenopausal women and the impact of HRT on it was not so significantly evident.

Thyroid function profile, and its association to consumption of cassava and <i>Moringa stenopetala</i>in pregnant women

Background: Pregnancy is associated with the change in thyroid function. Thyroid function is also affected by goitrogenic substances in some plant foods, like cassava. Aim: This study aims to assess thyroid function status and its association to consumption of foods containing goitrogenic substances. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on a total of 65 pregnant women attending Sawla Health Center, South Ethiopia. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for TSH, total T4 and total T3 by using ELISA kit. Data on consumption of foods containing were obtained from food frequency questionnaire. Results: The median TSH of the first, second and third trimesters, respectively are 2.57, 1.86 and 2.42 mIU/L, which are within the reference interval (0.30-6.20 mIU/L) of the test kit. The median total T4 values (9.8, 10.0 and 10.3 μg/dl in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively) were also within the reference interval (4.8-11.6 μg/dl) of the test kits. The median total T3 in the first (2.60 ng/ml) and third (2.35 ng/ml) trimesters were elevated, but it was within the reference interval (0.69-2.02 ng/ml) in the second trimester (1.92 ng/ml). Though statistically non-significant median TSH was increased in women grouped as cassava consumers and M. stenopetala consumers while median total T4 values were decreased in these groups. Conclusion: The study subjects have normal thyroid function as the median values of TSH and total T4 were within the reference interval of the test kit. Frequent consumption of cassava and Moringa stenopetala may affect thyroid function.

Correlation between thyroid function and nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone

Objective： The purpose of the study wass to explore the correlation between thyroid function and nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone. Methods： We collected 120 cases about nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone and 128 cases about nodular goiter and establish 50 healthy control groups. Detected t level of hyrotropic hormone （TSH）, total triio- dothyronine （TT3）, total thyroxine in the peripheral venous blood of these cases in the three groups by using electrochemilu- minescenca immunoassay, measure level of total cholesterol （TC）, high-density tipoprotein cholesterol（HDL-C）, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） and total bile acid （TBA） levels by using enzymic method, and observed the changes of thyroid function and blood lipid among the three groups. Results： The serum TT3 level in nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone group and the nodular goiter group was significantly lower than that in control group （P 〈 0.01）, and TSH level in the nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone group is significantly higher than that in control group （P 〈 0.01）, There were no statistical significance about difference of TT4 level among the three groups （P 〉 0.05）. Accordingly, TC and LDL-C level in nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone group was significantly higher than that in nodular goiter and control group （P 〈 0.01）, while TBA level in nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone group was significantly lower than that in simple nodular goiter group and control group （P 〈 0.01）. There was no statistical significance about difference of TC and LDL-C level between simple nodular goiter group and control group （P 〉 0.05）. The HDL-C level in nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone group and control group was higher than that in simple nodular goiter group （P 〈 0.01）. Conclusion： The originating etiologic factor of nodular goiter accompanied with gallstone may be related to that the decreased TT3 induced sub-clinical hypothyroidism.

DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF THYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA

Accelerating cell growth is one of the functions of thyroid hormone. In the absence or lack of this hormone, hematopoietic disorder may occur. Dynamic observation of thyroid function in aplastic anemia (AA) state has not been reported yet.

Efficacy of Xiaojin Capsules Combined with Selenium Yeast Capsules on 120 Cases of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Abnormal Thyroid Function

[Objectives]To explore the efficacy of Xiaojin Capsules combined with Selenium Yeast Capsules in the treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT)with abnormal thyroid function.[Methods]A total of 180 HT patients who were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital from December 2020 to December 2021 were selected as the research subjects and randomly divided into the observation group(n=120)and the control group(n=60)in at a tratio of 2∶1 ratio according to their visiting time.The observation group was treated with Xiaojin Capsules(oral,5 capsules each time,twice a day for 12 weeks)and Selenium Yeast Capsules(oral,1 capsule each time,twice a day for 12 weeks).The control group was treated with only Selenium Yeast Capsules(oral,1 capsule each time,twice a day for 12 weeks).[Results]The difference in the levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPO-Ab),thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb),serum free triiodothyronine(FT_(3)),serum free thyroxine(FT_(4)),and thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)between the observation group and control group was statistically significant(P<0.05).The diameters of thyroid between the observation group and the control group before,during and after treatment were significantly different(P<0.05).The total effective rate of the observation group was 82.5%(99/120),which was significantly higher than 56.67%(34/60)in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The cure rate(22.50%)in the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(3.33%),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).The ineffective rate of the observation group was 17.50%,which was significantly lower than that of the control group(40.00%),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).The markedly effective rate of the observation group was 40.83%,which was significantly higher than that of the control group(31.67%),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The effective rate in the observation group was 191%,and the effective rate in the control group was 21.67%,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).[Conclusions]Xiaojin Capsules combined with Selenium Yeast Capsules in the treatment of HT can eliminate or alleviate the clinical symptoms and signs,significantly reduce the levels of TPO-Ab and TGAb in serum,restore thyroid function,improve thyroid shape and structure in the treatment of HT,and the clinical effect is satisfactory.

Effects of selenium supplementation on thyroid function, immune response and oxidative stress in HT patients

Objective:To explore the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function, immune response and oxidative stress in HT patients with normal thyroid function.Methods: A total of 120 Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients with normal thyroid function admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to March 2018 were randomly divided into treatment group and control group with 60 cases in each group. The control group was given oral placebo, while the treatment group was given selenium yeast. The expression levels of thyroid function [including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4)], immune response [including thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4)] and oxidative stress [including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] were observed and compared between the two groups.Results: The two groups showed significant changes in auxiliary diagnosis, immune response and oxidative stress. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the levels between the two groups. After treatment, there was no significant difference in the above indexes between the control group and that before treatment. There was no significant difference in thyroid function related indexes between the treatment group and the control group. The levels of TPOAb, TGAb, IFN-γ and MDA in the treatment group were significantly lower than those before treatment and in the control group, while the levels of IL-4, GPx and SOD were significantly higher than those before treatment and in the control group.Conclusions: Selenium supplementation can stabilize thyroid function, reduce the level of thyroid antibody production, and improve immune response and oxidative stress response in HT patients.

Effects of <i>Nigella sativa</i>L. Seed Extract on Fatigue, Blood Biochemical Parameters and Thyroid Function in Male Mice

Nigella sativa L. (Black seed), is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used for many purposes. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of nigella sativa L. (NS) on performance of Forced Swimming Test (FST), blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue and thyroid functions. Therefore, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH), and Total Protein (TP), triiodothyronine T3, thyroxin T4 and TSH tests were investigated. Thirty five male adult mice were randomly divided into five groups: three NS-fed groups, one fluoxetine treated group and one control group. Three NS experimental groups received hydro-alcoholic extract of NS at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg orally for two weeks. Immobility time decreased in all NS groups compared with control group. Administration of NS significantly increased the concentration of T3 and T4 of the treatment groups. On the contrary, the amount of BUN, CK, LDH, TP and TSH decreased. In conclusion, black seed extract at the experimented doses showed anti-depressant, anti-fatigue and hyperthyroid effects.