Technical and economic demands of HVDC submarine cable technology for Global Energy Interconnection

Power transmission across the sea is an important part of global energy interconnection(GEI).To support the construction of GEI and to serve the needs of future clean energy trans-sea transportation and offshore wind power development,this study a)analyzes the requirements of the GEI backbone network pertaining to direct current(DC)submarine cable technology,and b)defines the key technical and economic indices of ultrahigh-voltage direct current(UHVDC)submarine cable based on theoretical computations.The research is based on the thermoelectric coupling model and the finite element method.It is shown that the dielectric strength of the insulating materials of the±800 kV~±1100 kV/4000 MW^12000 MW UHVDC submarine cable(extrusion insulation)should be not less than 43~65 kV/mm,while the heat resistance is not less than 110°C.As the cost of submarine cable is 5~10 times higher than that of the overhead line,the project investment need to be decreased to a level within the economical carrying capacity to guarantee extensive applicability of the HVDC submarine cable technology.

Response analysis of a submarine cable under fault movement

Based on the performance of submarine cables in past earthquakes, an analytical method to determine cable performance under seabed fault movement is proposed in this paper. First, common types of earthquake damage to submarine cables are summarized, which include seabed displacement induced by fault movement, submarine landslides and seabed soil liquefaction, etc. The damage is similar to damage observed to buried pipelines following land earthquakes. The Hengchun earthquake of Dec. 26, 2006 is used as a case study. The M7.2 earthquake occurred in the South China Sea at 20：26 Beijing Time, and caused 14 international submarine cables to sever and break. The results show that the proposed method predicts damage similar to that observed in the Hengchun earthquake. Based on parametric studies of the influence of the water depth and the magnitude of the submarine earthquake, countermeasures to prevent damage to submarine cables are proposed.

Research on Electromagnetic Loss Characteristics of Submarine Cables

The electromagnetic losses of submarine cables are mainly caused by the metal shielding layer to prevent the water tree effect and the armor layer that strengthens the strength of the submarine cables.While these losses cause the temperature of submarine cable to rise,and temperature variation will in turn change the conductivity of its metal layer material.In this paper,the electric-magnetic-thermal multi-physical field coupling of the electromagnetic loss variation of the submarine cable is realized by establishing a full coupling system containing Fourier’s law and Maxwell-Ampère’s Law for the photoelectric composite submarine cable.The multi-physical field coupling model is solved and analyzed by using the finite elementmethod.Firstly,the loss of each layer of the optoelectronic composite submarine cable is analyzed,and the lossof eachlayer of the submarine cable and themainfactors leading to the loss of the submarine cable are given.Secondly,the influence of environmental temperature,ampacity and armor layer on the electromagnetic loss of submarine cables is studied,and the main operating factors affecting the electromagnetic loss of submarine cables are summarized.The research shows that the influence of ambient temperature can be ignored,and the loss of shielding layer and armor layer increases with the increase of ampacity,but the impact of shielding layer loss is greater.Finally,this paper studies the electromagnetic loss of each metal layer of the submarine cable and the influence of the laying spacing on the electromagnetic loss.The research results show that the two ways of improving the conductivity of the armor layer and reducing the relative permeability of the armor layer can effectively reduce the loss of each metal layer in the cable structure and increase the current carrying capacity when the tensile strength of the armor layer meets the requirements for single-core and threecore photoelectric composite submarine cables laid horizontally.At the same time,increasing the laying spacing will increase the loss,but it can improve the overall current carrying capacity of the cable.The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of submarine cable carrying capacity,and also provides a reference for the optimization design of submarine cable structures.

Structure and evolution of the submarine cable network of Chinese mainland

Submarine cable network is one of the most important connectivity infrastructures in the digital era.In the past 20 years,the submarine cable network of Chinese mainland has formed a complex connectivity structure.This paper focuses on exploring the structure and evolution of the submarine cable network of Chinese mainland.The results show that the evolution can be divided into four stages:an initial stage(1993-1998),a developmental stage(1999-2002),a stagnation stage(2003-2015)and an accelerated stage(2016-2018).The connectivity structure can be analyzed at micro,meso and macro scales.Statistically,the connectivity increased significantly overall,but showed significant differences in space.For the microscale,the landing cities were characterized by“extensive but low,exclusive and high”;for the mesoscale,the connectivity of countries or regions was characterized by“distance attenuation”as a whole,but,in part,by a“regional identity”;for the macroscale,intercontinental connectivity differences have been declining.The hierarchy has been upgraded from a“3 system”to a“2+3 system”.Finally,this paper discusses the interaction between submarine cable network construction and international relations,and puts forward policy suggestions for China’s submarine cable construction.

Spatial pattern of global submarine cable network and identification of strategic pivot and strategic channel

As a kind of large-scale connectivity infrastructure,submarine cables play a vital role in international telecommunication,socio-economic development and national defense security.However,the current understanding about the spatial pattern of global submarine cable network is relatively limited.In this article,we analyze the spatial distribution and connectivity pattern of global submarine cables,and identify their strategic pivots and strategic channels.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The spatial distribution of global submarine cables is significantly unbalanced,which is characterized by the facts that the distribution of submarine cable lines is similar to that of sea lanes,and the agglomerations of landing stations are distributed unevenly along the coastline.(2)The connectivity pattern of global submarine cable network has a significant scale effect.At the micro,meso and macro scales,the connectivity structure presents chain model,cluster model and hub-and-spoke model,respectively.(3)The distribution of strategic pivots and strategic channels shows a pyramidal hierarchical feature.Singapore ranks highest among all the strategic pivots,while the Gulf of Aden and the Strait of Malacca rank highest among the strategic channels.Based on the identification of strategic pivots and channels,six strategic regions have been divided,which face various network security risks and need special attention and vigilance.

海上风电单芯海缆接地环流影响因素分析

单芯海缆在生产、施工方面相对于三芯海缆更具优势,但是其接地环流异常引起的海缆故障频繁发生。单芯海缆接地环流运行机理及检测策略有待深入研究。建立了基于阻抗矩阵的单芯海缆数学模型,揭示了铠装电阻率、铠装层相对磁导率、接地电阻、短路电阻等因素对阻抗矩阵内参数和接地环流的影响规律。结合实际工程案例分析了海缆接地环流分配不均的机理,为海缆的运行状态评估及检修提供了参考依据。

单芯海缆两端环流不匹配问题及评价方法研究

海缆是海上风电系统重要构成部分,接地环流是制约海缆设计及运行状态的关键要素。实际运行经验表明部分海上风场的单芯海缆存在陆上段和海上段接地环流严重不匹配现象,但是造成这种不匹配工况的原因不明,更无法根据这一现象对海缆运行状态进行清晰判断。该文依据现场海缆实际结构建立其分布参数模型,针对铠装接地和铠装金属护套全线接地两种接地方式对海缆接地环流进行分析,指出铠装全线接地时出现不匹配接地环流的原因为铠装和金属护套之间存在短路电阻;而铠装和金属护套全线接地情况下,出现不匹配接地环流的原因为铠装和金属护套之间存在短路电阻或者海缆两端接地电阻不匹配。在此基础上,提出基于环流的海缆运行情况评价方法,为实际海缆运行状态的判断提供参考依据。

不同覆盖物清理状态下海底电缆打捞受力仿真

该文通过对海缆深浅水打捞过程机理的分析,确定覆盖物对打捞过程存在一定影响。通过OrcaFlex考虑水动力建立打捞过程模型,研究覆盖物厚度与覆盖物位置对海缆打捞过程中张力及曲率的影响。研究发现,覆盖段被打捞时,海缆张力会出现明显的波动;打捞过程覆盖段海缆曲率极值明显增大。随着覆盖物厚度的增加,覆盖段海缆曲率极值逐渐增大,海缆的张力波动也更加明显。覆盖物只对覆盖段曲率极值有明显影响;当吊点处覆盖物未完全清理时海缆易发生弯曲失效,远离吊点处的覆盖物对打捞过程海缆沿缆曲率极值影响不大。在实际工况下可进行针对性工作和保护,降低工作量并提高打捞效率,防止电缆在打捞过程中受到二次破坏。

基于PSO-SVR的海缆刚度预测模型研究

海缆刚度是表征海缆截面力学特性的重要指标。精细数值模拟方法可考虑层间接触、摩擦等非线性行为,实现刚度的精确获取。但在海缆的截面初步设计中需进行不同几何参数下刚度的对比分析,这一过程需投入大量的人力物力以完成多个对比模型的建模与计算。依托Nysted海上风电工程,建立海缆的有限元模型,采用正交试验法确定影响海缆抗拉刚度、逆时针抗扭刚度和顺时针抗扭刚度的主要因素;将主要影响因素作为粒子群优化算法-支持向量回归模型(PSO-SVR)的特征输入,分别建立海缆抗拉刚度、逆时针抗扭刚度和顺时针抗扭刚度的预测模型,并对比分析PSO-SVR模型与GRNN神经网络模型、BP神经网络模型的预测性能。计算结果表明:导体直径、钢丝直径、钢丝节距和铠装层数对海缆刚度的影响较大,而钢丝弹模对其影响较小;PSO-SVR模型的决定系数高于0.95且误差较低,预测效果均优于GRNN神经网络模型和BP神经网络模型,该预测模型可为海缆结构初步设计提供技术支撑。

基于能量守恒原理的海缆结构力学特性理论分析研究

基于能量守恒原理建立海缆在轴对称荷载作用下的3种力学分析理论模型,3种模型均可计入层间初始间隙,不同于螺旋层的变形考虑,模型1只考虑轴向变形,模型2在此基础上将径向变形考虑在内,模型3进一步计入局部弯曲和扭转;接着,通过具体实例验证理论模型的可靠性;最后,分析海缆的结构力学特性。研究结果表明:螺旋层的径向变形、局部弯曲和扭转对海缆轴对称力学响应影响较小,建议采用模型1进行分析;轴对称荷载作用下,螺旋层是主要的承载构件,且荷载的作用会导致层间发生分离,分离位置与荷载类型及方向有关;层间初始间隙越大,海缆刚度越小;铠装螺旋角度的增加会降低海缆抗拉刚度,增大顺/逆抗扭刚度;海缆的顺/逆扭转截面性能有所不同,其顺抗扭刚度较逆抗扭刚度大;外水压会增大海缆逆抗扭刚度,对抗拉刚度及顺抗扭刚度无影响。

规则波作用下悬跨海缆垂向动力响应试验研究

为探究不同规则波要素下悬跨海缆垂向动力响应的变化规律,本文开展了波浪作用下海缆振动模型试验。基于水弹性相似原理制作海缆模型,改变试验波高以及波周期,并引入Morison方程描述海缆所受垂向力。试验结果表明:波浪作用下海缆的振动频率以波浪频率为主,同时伴随着海缆表面弱涡脱落活动产生的波浪多倍频;波高的增大使得海缆周围水质点水平运动速度增大,导致漩涡脱落所引发的升力增大,进而垂向力增大;波周期的减小使得水质点垂向运动速度增加,海缆所受垂向波浪力增强,进而垂向力增大;海缆自振存在约2.8 N的临界垂向力,低于临界垂向力时,海缆未产生自振,大于临界垂向力时,波浪动力作用增强,海缆出现波浪周期的间歇性自振,垂向力增大,应变幅值显著增大。

基于开放海缆通信系统的海缆登陆站优化研究

国际互联网带宽的快速增长推动了海底光缆及海缆登陆站的加速建设需求。分析了我国内地海缆登陆站的当前布局及其在未来需求的不足,并结合开放海缆通信系统的发展趋势,研究了将海缆传输终端设备从传统的海缆登陆站转移到核心机房的技术和经济可行性。最后,在此基础上提出了海缆登陆站优化部署的建议。

垂直洋流下500 kV海缆电热耦合场和载流量研究

发展海上风电是实现“双碳”目标的重要举措。直流海缆是海上风电输电工程的重要装置,而海缆稳态载流量等研究对推动远海风电大规模开发具有重要意义。近年来高压直流海缆稳态载流量的相关研究考虑海洋环境因素较为单一且未充分考虑绝缘层温差的限制。文中建立了500 kV直流海缆与海水系统的电-热-流耦合模型,研究了单根和双极海缆在不同敷设方式下垂直洋流(垂直于海缆长度方向流动的洋流)流速,考虑绝缘层温差限制、双极不同间距等对载流量的影响。结果表明,相较于仅考虑线芯温度70℃限制,综合考虑绝缘层温差20℃限制的载流量更小,且相较于其他敷设方式,直埋敷设时绝缘层温差20℃限制对载流量的影响更小;双极海缆的载流量随双极间距增大而增加,流速为0.1 m/s时涡旋对海缆载流量有较小的提升作用;在绝缘层温差为6℃附近,电场发生翻转。研究结果可为敷设方式的选择以及载流量的预测和评估提供重要指导和参考。

声学探测技术在海上风电桩基检测中的应用

海上风机维护是保障海上风电场正常运行的重要工作,水声学海底探测方法在海上风电场运维中的应用越来越广泛。提出在风电桩基检测中综合使用多波束测深仪、侧扫声纳、浅地层剖面仪的联合探测作业技术,利用多波束获取全覆盖水深地形,利用侧扫声纳获取海底地貌,利用浅地层剖面仪获取海缆埋藏状态,通过对3类声纳数据综合分析,确定风电桩基及附近地形、地貌、电缆等的位置、深度、状态等信息。将该方法应用于阳江风电场故障风机抢修项目中,验证了方法的有效性。实践表明:该方法可以广泛应用于海上风电桩基检测等海洋工程领域,对其他海上风电场桩基检测有一定借鉴意义。

联合多波束与侧扫声纳的海缆检测方法

为解决海底电缆路由检测中多波束扫测分辨率低、侧扫声纳(SSS)图像位置不准且存在误识别问题,提出了一种联合多波束与侧扫声纳的海底电缆路由自动检测方法,利用多波束图像高精度的位置信息纠正侧扫声纳图像,并顾及侧扫声纳图像海缆成像特点进行线状特征增强与边缘提取,实现海底电缆目标的自动、准确检测。实验结果表明,该方法能实现非掩埋海缆探测的准确探测,为海底电缆检测提供了多源测量信息融合的新思路,丰富了海底电缆检测的技术方法。

海底电缆液压剪切系统设计

在海底电缆抢修任务中,针对多层海底脐带缆的切割需求,提出一种基于水下机器人作业的水下液压剪切机构。结合海底脐带缆多层复合及金属绞线的特殊结构建立剪切失效模型,并对水下液压剪的切割机构进行设计。运用Abaqus软件分析切割过程中脐带缆的力学响应,对脐带缆逐层连续变化的力学特性进行研究,提出海底脐带缆切割需要满足的剪切力及水下液压剪机构的主要参数。

基于修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型的高压XLPE海缆绝缘评估

为利用频域介电谱准确评估高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)海缆的绝缘状态,建立考虑直流电导率的修正分数Poynting-Thomson模型(分数P-T模型)以解析高压XLPE海缆的介电特性。首先,通过加速老化试验制备不同老化程度的高压XLPE海缆试样,并测得各组老化试样的力学、理化和介电数据。然后,应用修正分数P-T模型对实测介电曲线进行拟合,对比修正前后分数P-T模型表征实测介电曲线的效果。最后,通过仿真探究模型参数对介电曲线的影响规律,构建模型参数与绝缘程度之间的联系,将提出的老化特征参数与断裂伸长率(EAB)进行量化研究。研究结果表明,修正分数P-T模型能够准确拟合出不同老化程度高压XLPE海缆试样的介电曲线,提出的老化特征参数α、ε_(a)、ε_(b)和σ_(dc)可实现对高压XLPE海缆绝缘状态的量化评估。

基于ATP-EMTP的海上风电送出海缆工频过电压仿真分析

海底长电缆线路的充电电容较高,在不同的运行工况下会产生较严重的过电压,而在高抗退出运行情况下,陆上架空送出线路故障产生的过电压会传送至海底电缆。结合工程实际,基于ATPEMTP软件对某海上风电场220 kV送出海缆及架空线路进行建模,对不同运行工况下送出海缆工频过电压、送出架空线路短路故障及断线故障时的海缆工频过电压进行仿真计算,结果表明,合理的高抗配置方案可有效降低海上风电送出海缆的工频过电压水平。

高质量数字连接驱动了数字服务出口增长吗?——来自国际海缆扩展的经验证据

本文以国际海缆扩展深度作为衡量高质量数字连接的新指标,刻画了国际海缆的连接数量、连接强度、连接广度与一国数字服务出口的关联,提出高质量数字连接是驱动数字服务出口增长的重要动力,它与数据增值服务优势的互补作用是一国数字服务出口比较优势的重要来源。研究结果表明,一国数字服务出口随着国际海缆连接数量的提高而增长。国际海缆通过提供满足大数据跨境传输所需的容量与带宽,来缓解数字鸿沟约束,降低市场进入的固定成本,从而促进数字服务出口。对比较优势来源的进一步讨论表明,一国的数字连接能力与数据增值服务优势构成数字服务出口促进的关键互补条件,即国际海缆扩展的数字服务出口促进效应随本国数据增值服务能力的提高而增强,且数据增值服务优势关于国际海缆扩展的数字服务出口促进效应的正向调节作用随国际海缆扩展的深化而加强。对不同扩展模式即扩展路径、地理范围和投资主体的拓展性分析还表明,连接强度相较于连接广度扩展、洲内相较于洲际扩展、传统电信商相较于数字平台商主导扩展的数字服务出口促进效应更强。上述结论为提高数字连接质量来驱动我国数字服务出口增长提供了经验证据,也为扩展国际海缆基础设施以实现数字服务出口结构升级提供了决策参考。

基于模型预测的海缆铺设用水下航行器最优避障控制

[目的]自主水下航行器(AUV)在海底复杂地形环境下执行独立铺缆作业时,需要兼顾铺缆质量和自身安全,即在避障的同时还需要保持船体与海底平面的相对高度。为此,设计一种基于模型预测的海缆铺设AUV最优避障控制方法。[方法]首先,基于模型预测控制(MPC)建立AUV的路径跟踪模型,将海底不规则障碍物分类为凸起和凹陷地形,并分别建立障碍物的工程简化数学模型;然后,根据不同地形和海缆铺设要求来设计多个目标优化函数;最后,根据地形特征点迭代计算与海底平面保持稳定高度且路径最短的最优避障路径。[结果]仿真结果表明,该方法响应性能好、可靠性高,能够使AUV选择最短路径并避开意外障碍物。[结论]在复杂的海底环境下,该方法既保障了AUV作业过程中的自身安全,又极大提高了海缆的铺设质量。