The effects of co-utilizing green manure and rice straw on soil aggregates and soil carbon stability in a paddy soil in southern China

The co-utilization of green manure (GM) and rice straw (RS) in paddy fields has been widely applied as an effective practice in southern China.However,its effects on soil aggregate and soil organic carbon (SOC) stability remain unclear.In the present study,the effect of GM,RS,and co-utilization of GM and RS on particle size distribution of soil aggregates and SOC density fractions were measured in a field experiment.The experiment included six treatments,i.e.,winter fallow (WF) without RS return (Ctrl),WF with 50%RS return (1/2RS),WF with 100%RS return (RS),GM without RS return (GM),GM with 50%RS return (GM1/2RS) and GM with 100%RS return (GMRS).The results showed that the proportion of small macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates in the GMRS treatment was greater (by 18.9 and 3.41%,respectively) than in the RS treatment,while the proportion of silt+clay particles (<0.053 mm) was lower (by 14.4%).The concentration of SOC in microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm)and silt+clay particles was higher in the GMRS treatment than in GM and RS treatments individually.The concentration and proportion of free light organic carbon (fLOC) in aggregates of various particle sizes and bulk soil was greater in the GMRS treatment than the RS treatment,whereas the concentration and proportion of mineral-associated organic carbon in small macroaggregates,microaggregates,and bulk was lower in the GMRS treatment than in the RS treatment.The proportion of intra-aggregate particulate organic carbon (iPOC) was greater in the GMRS treatment than in GM treatment.The GMRS treatment had strong positive effects on iPOC in small macroaggregates,suggesting that SOC was transferred from fLOC to iPOC.In conclusion,co-utilizing green manure and rice straw cultivated the SOC pool by increasing the concentration of fLOC and improved soil carbon stability by promoting the sequestration of organic carbon in iPOC as a form of physical protection.

Effects of long-term straw return on soil organic carbon fractions and enzyme activities in a double-cropped rice paddy in South China

Long-term straw return is an important carbon source for improving soil organic carbon(SOC) stocks in croplands, and straw removal through burning is also a common practice in open fields in South China. However, the specific effects of long-term rice straw management on SOC fractions, the related enzyme activities and their relationships, and whether these effects differ between crop growing seasons remain unknown. Three treatments with equal nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient inputs, including straw/ash and chemical nutrients, were established to compare the effects of straw removal(CK), straw return(SR), and straw burned return(SBR). Compared to CK, long-term SR tended to improve the yield of early season rice(P=0.057), and significantly increased total organic carbon(TOC) and microbial biomass carbon(MBC) in double-cropped rice paddies. While SBR had no effect on TOC, it decreased light fraction organic carbon(LFOC) in early rice and easily oxidizable organic carbon(EOC) in late rice, significantly increased dissolved organic carbon(DOC), and significantly decreased soil p H. These results showed that MBC was the most sensitive indicator for assessing changes of SOC in the double-cropped rice system due to long-term straw return. In addition, the different effects on SOC fraction sizes between SR and SBR were attributed to the divergent trends in most of the soil enzyme activities in the early and late rice that mainly altered DOC, while DOC was positively affected by β-xylosidase in both early and late rice. We concluded that straw return was superior to straw burned return for improving SOC fractions, but the negative effects on soil enzyme activities in late rice require further research.

Methane production from rice straw carbon in five different methanogenic rice soils:rates,quantities and microbial communities

The input of organic substances(e.g.,rice straw)in rice field soils usually stimulates the production and emission of the greenhouse gas methane(CH4).However,the amount of CH4 derived from the applied rice straw,as well as the response of bacterial and archaeal communities during the methanogenic phase,are poorly understood for different rice field soils.In this study,samples of five different rice soils were amended with 13^C-labeled rice straw(RS)under methanogenic conditions.Immediately after RS addition,the RS-derived CH4 production rates were higher in soils(Uruguay,Fuyang)that possessed a stronger inherent CH4 production potential compared with other soils with lower inherent potentials(Changsha,the Philippines,Vercelli).However,soils with higher inherent potential did not necessarily produce higher amounts of CH4 from the RS applied,or vice versa.Quantitative PCR showed copy numbers of both bacteria and methanogens increased in straw-amended soils.High-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA genes showed distinct bacterial communities among the unamended soil samples,which also changed differently in response to RS addition.Nevertheless,RS addition generally resulted in all the rice field soils in a relative increase of primary fermenters belonging to Anaerolineaceae and Ruminococcaceae.Meanwhile,RS addition also generally resulted in a relative increase of Methanosarcinaceae and/or Methanocellaceae.Our results suggest that after RS addition the total amounts of RSderived CH4 are distinct in different rice field soils under methanogenic conditions.Meanwhile,there are potential core bacterial populations that are often involved in primary fermentation of RS under methanogenic conditions.

Enhancement of Cd Solubility and Bioavailability Induced by Straw Incorporation in Cd-Polluted Rice Soil

Of the factors affecting migration and bioavailability of toxic metals in heavy metal contaminated soil, DOC （dissolved organic carbon） provides binding sites for metal cations and reduces the fixation and adsorption of heavy metals by soil solid phase. Elevation of DOC level due to the direct incorporation of crop residues may lead to enhanced accumulation of toxic metals in crop body grown in polluted farmland. In this study, an incubation experiment and a pot experiment were conducted respectively to investigate the effects of wheat straw incorporation on DOC level, cadmium availability, and Cd accumulation in rice plant, and to establish the relation between Cd solubility and DOC level. A Cd-contaminated rice soil was used and incorporated with different rates （0%, 0.5% and 1%） of wheat straw in both experiments. Results showed that the change pattern of Cd in soil solution was very similar to that of DOC level. Wheat straw addition significantly elevated Cd and DOC level in soil solution while NH4NO3-extrated Cd was not affected. There existed a close linear correlation between soluble Cd and DOC level. Enhanced Cd accumulation in rice plant, grown in a Cd contaminated soil, induced by wheat straw incorporation was observed in this study.

Study on Water－Soluble Organic Reducing Substances：Ⅲ．Electrochemical Properties of Decomposition Products of Rice Straw and Their Interactions with Variable Charge Soils

Some electrochemical properties,such as PH,Eh,and voltammetric behavior,of the decomposition products of rice straw and the in eractions of these products with soils were studied.The PH,Eh,and amounts of organic reducing substances changed markedly during the 60-day anaerobic decomposition.pH decreased sharply to pH 5 on the tenth day and then increased gradually to 7 on the 45th day.The amouats of organic reducing substances increased almost synchronously with the fall of redox potential during the first 15 days.The differential pulse voltammetric(dpv) behavior changed not only in the peak current but also in the peak potential.The fractions with apparent molecular weights lower than 200 dations appeared to be active in dpv behavior.The electric charge of organic reducing substances was closely related to the decomposition stage.The 6th day of incubation was the crucial time before and after which the major part of the components was negatively charged and positively charged, respectively.The group with a low apparent molecular weight and a negative charge was the main components responsible for the lower anodic peak potentials.They were oxidized first during the interactions of the organic reducing substances with soils.

Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Additions on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Enzyme Activities Under Rice Straw Returning

The effects of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources on the soil microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and related enzyme activities were studied by the simulation experiment of rice straw returning to the field,and the mechanism of the decomposition of rice straw returning to the field was discussed.Completely randomized experiment of the two factors of the three levels was designed,and a total of nine treatments of indoor soil incubation tests were conducted.Full amount of rice straw was applied to the soil in this simulation experiment and different amounts of brown sugar and urea were added in the three levels of 0(no carbon source and nitrogen source),1(low levels of carbon and nitrogen sources)and 2(high levels of carbon and nitrogen sources),respectively.The results showed that the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to the rice straw could increase the soil carbon content.Compared with T0N0,the microbial biomass carbon of T2N2 was increased significantly by 170.48%;the dissolved organic carbon content of T1N2 was significantly increased by 58.14%and the free humic acid carbon contents of T0N2,T1N1 and T2N0 were significantly increased by 56.16%and 45.55%and 47.80%,respectively;however,there were no significant differences among those of treatments at later incubation periods.The addition of different carbon and nitrogen sources could promote the soil enzyme activities.During the incubation period,all of the soil enzyme activities of adding sugar and urea were higher than those of T0N0 treatment.Therefore,the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to rice straw returning could improve soil microbial biomass carbon content,dissolved organic carbon and soil enzyme activities.

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

Production Benefits of Double-Cropping Rice Under Optimized Application of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers Combined with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Co-Returning to Fields

In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.

The ecological effects of rice straw mulching on vineyard

Yongzhou often encounters drought condition in July and August. Sometimes no rainfall lasts for 20 to 40 days, causes a great damage to grape production Our four-year rice straw mulching test on vineyard indicates that if favorable mulching is supplied properly, it reduces soil temperature and conserves soil moisture in summer, increases soil temperature in winter, keeps soil loose and mellow, depresses weeds, and increases soil organic matter content in vineyard to secure good quality and higher yield even under drought condition.

稻草和紫云英协同还田下钾肥施用量对水稻产量及土壤供钾能力的影响

[目的]水稻生产对钾素的需求量大,研究稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下不同施肥处理对水稻产量和土壤钾素形态变化的影响,旨在保障我国南方水稻的高产和土壤钾素高效利用。[方法]不同轮作模式钾肥定位试验位于中国农业科学院红壤实验站内(始于2016年)。试验处理包括不施肥和冬闲(CK)、氮磷钾肥和冬闲(F)、氮磷钾肥和冬种紫云英(CM)、氮磷钾肥配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(RCM)、氮磷减钾50%配合稻草还田和冬种紫云英(50%KRCM)。在试验第3年(2019年)于水稻收获后调查分析水稻产量和钾素含量,以及耕层土壤中速效钾和缓效钾含量,计算水稻钾素吸收量、钾素生理效率和钾素表观平衡,并进一步探讨水稻产量和钾素各指标之间的相关性。[结果]与CK处理相比,紫云英轮作显著提高水稻年产量,增幅以RCM、50%KRCM较高,分别为59.4%和59.7%。两者协同还田和紫云英单独还田均可显著提高有效穗数,相比化肥冬闲处理(F),增幅为53.1%~63.3%,在稻草和紫云英协同还田下,减钾对水稻产量构成因素的影响不明显。和F处理相比,RCM、50%KRCM处理显著提高了土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,增幅分别为87.6%、41.1%和14.0%、12.1%,紫云英单独还田(CM)可显著提高土壤速效钾含量,对缓效钾含量的影响不显著。与RCM处理相比,50%KRCM处理的土壤速效钾含量显著降低了24.8%,缓效钾含量没有显著变化。和CK处理相比,RCM处理显著提高了稻谷含钾量,增幅为6.7%,4个施肥处理均显著提高了稻草和稻谷吸钾量,钾素表观平衡均表现为盈余,RCM和50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量高于CM处理,但50%KRCM处理的钾素盈余量比RCM处理降低了119.7 kg/(hm^(2)·a)。钾素盈余量与土壤速效钾含量变化呈显著正相关,钾素盈余量每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),土壤速效钾含量提高0.25 mg/kg。施肥降低了钾素生理效率,CM、RCM和F处理的钾素生理效率比CK降低了10.3%~15.5%。土壤速效钾含量、植株总吸钾量、钾素表观平衡和水稻产量之间均显著正相关,植株总吸钾量每增加1 kg/hm^(2),水稻产量提高30.5 kg/hm^(2),钾素表观平衡每增加1 kg/(hm^(2)·a),水稻产量提高9.5 kg/hm^(2)。[结论]稻草和紫云英协同还田可增加水稻有效穗数进而提高稻谷产量,增加钾素盈余量可提高土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,两者协同还田提升水稻产量和土壤供钾能力的作用优于紫云英单独还田。稻草和紫云英协同还田条件下减少钾肥施用量,显著降低钾素盈余量,但没有降低土壤钾素的供应能力,因此,可适当减少钾肥的施用量。

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆对砂姜黑土区水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤碳的影响

为探讨砂姜黑土区养分资源高效管理和秸秆资源化利用方式,采用田间定位试验,连续2 a研究化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆对该区域水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤碳的影响。试验设5个处理:①不施肥(CK);②常规施肥(100%NPK);③化肥减量20%(80%NPK);④化肥减量20%+秸秆(80%NPK+S);⑤化肥减量20%+生物炭(80%NPK+B),测定并分析水稻籽粒产量、地上部生物量、植株氮、磷、钾养分含量、土壤总有机碳(TOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)。结果显示,化肥减量20%配施生物炭或秸秆均有利于提高水稻产量和地上部生物量,且生物炭较秸秆的效果更为显著。化肥减量20%配施生物炭(80%NPK+B)处理的水稻产量和地上部生物量较100%NPK处理分别增加5.2%和4.7%,较80%NPK处理分别增加7.9%和7.2%;化肥减量20%配施秸秆(80%NPK+S)较100%NPK处理的水稻产量和地上部生物量分别增加3.4%和3.0%;80%NPK与100%NPK处理的籽粒和地上部生物量无显著差异;化肥减量20%配施生物炭显著提高了水稻地上部N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O养分累积量,较100%NPK处理分别提高了10.4%、7.2%和20.0%;化肥减量20%配施秸秆可显著提高氮、钾养分累积量,但却同时显著降低了磷素累积量;化肥减量20%配施生物炭或者秸秆,均有利于改善土壤总有机碳的累积,并且显著提高了土壤微生物量碳的含量,其中生物炭提高土壤总有机碳含量效果优于秸秆,而秸秆提高土壤微生物量碳含量效果优于生物炭。综合来看,在沿淮砂姜黑土区,化肥减量20%配施生物炭或者氮钾减量20%配施秸秆可增加或维持水稻产量,提高水稻对养分的吸收能力,利于固碳培肥。

水稻秸秆碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响机理

秸秆还田显著影响土壤有机碳激发效应,秸秆不同碳组分对土壤有机碳激发效应影响的方向和强度尚不明确,作用机理仍不清楚。本研究以淮北平原的黄潮土为研究对象,以13C标记的水稻秸秆的水溶性碳、脂溶性碳、残余碳组分和全秸秆碳作为外源碳,利用微宇宙培养方法,研究秸秆不同碳组分添加对土壤有机碳激发效应的影响及作用机理。结果表明,添加秸秆不同碳组分土壤CO_(2)-C排放累积量中,添加水溶性碳处理土壤CO_(2)-C排放速率最高,为29.60 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1),而添加脂溶碳、残余碳和秸秆碳之间差异不显著。添加水溶性碳和全秸秆两种外源碳为正激发效应,分别为11.16%和13.39%,而添加脂溶碳和残余碳则表现为负激发效应,分别为-17.04%和-3.06%。相关分析表明,土壤酶活性与秸秆碳组分的TN呈显著正相关(r=0.768**),与C/N呈显著负相关关系(r=-0.776**)。正激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TN和土壤酶活性呈显著正相关关系,负激发效应与秸秆碳组分的TC和TN呈正相关关系,与C/N呈显著负相关。综上,秸秆碳组分与土壤自身有机碳分解的“共代谢理论”是产生正激发效应的主要作用机理,秸秆碳组分C/N的“化学计量比理论”是产生负激发效应的主要作用机理。

二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响

为探讨二次翻耕起垄与稻草还田两种栽培措施及其相互作用对土壤养分和烟叶产质量的影响,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,按照两种不同翻耕起垄方式(一次性翻耕起垄和先翻耕晒垡再二次翻耕起垄)与是否稻草还田进行随机区组设计,在湖南宜章县烤烟种植区进行田间试验,分析比较各处理间的土壤养分和烟叶产质量差异。结果表明,与一次性翻耕起垄(T1+T2)和无稻草还田(T1+T3)相比,二次翻耕起垄(T3+T4)和稻草还田(T2+T4)能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高烟叶糖碱比、氮碱比以及烟叶产量、产值和生产效益,并且两者表现出显著的相互作用;此外,二次翻耕起垄还能显著提高烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,并显著降低烟碱含量,使得糖碱比和氮碱比更趋合理。在感官评吸方面,稻草还田能显著提高烟叶感官评吸质量。从生产效益上分析,由于二次翻耕增加了生产成本,对于基础地力较好的砂质土壤,开展一次性翻耕起垄结合稻草还田可获得更好的经济效益。研究结果为湖南烟稻轮作区烤烟种植提供了科学参考依据。

不同秸秆还田方式对烟稻轮作土壤细菌群落多样性和结构的影响

为探究不同秸秆(烟秆和稻秸)还田方式下烟稻轮作土壤细菌多样性和群落组成的变化特征及其影响因子,设置对照(CK)、改良剂(BP)、烟秆/稻秸直接还田(S0)、烟秆/稻秸-牛粪堆腐物还田(S1)、烟秆/稻秸-菜籽饼堆腐物还田(S2)以及还田物与改良剂配施(S0BP、S1BP、S2BP)处理进行烟草-水稻轮作盆栽试验,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对土壤细菌群落结构组成进行分析。结果表明:秸秆直接还田与秸秆还田配施改良剂还田能有效改善土壤理化性质;秸秆还田配施改良剂显著提高了细菌群落丰度,S1BP处理的细菌群落丰度最高;各处理对土壤细菌群落多样性指数没有显著影响。土壤中优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria,16.42%~26.01%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,15.62%~20.46%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota,8.71%~15.86%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota,7.08%~11.47%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,7.29%~11.74%)。秸秆还田显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度;与秸秆还田相比,秸秆还田配施改良剂显著提高了拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)的相对丰度,显著降低了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)的相对丰度。进一步的冗余分析和聚类热图分析表明,土壤pH、最小持水量、孔隙度、速效钾含量、溶解性有机碳含量、微生物生物量碳含量与脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度呈正相关关系,与硝化螺旋杆菌门(Nitrospirota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和装甲菌门(Armatimonadota)相对丰度呈负相关关系,是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要环境因子。研究表明,烟草和水稻秸秆直接还田及其与改良剂配施还田均可改善土壤理化性质,并有利于提高土壤细菌群落的丰度。

节水灌溉下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N_(2)O排放与产量的影响

为探寻不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N_(2)O排放与产量的影响,于2023年进行大田试验,设置常规灌溉(F)与控制灌溉(C)两种灌溉模式,同时设置秸秆还田(S)、秸秆炭化为生物炭还田(B)、秸秆过牛腹为有机肥还田(O)3种还田形式,以及秸秆不还田(N)作为对照组,共计8个处理。分析不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对稻田N_(2)O排放通量与水稻产量的影响,测定了水稻各生育期稻田土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量、pH值,并分析了N_(2)O排放总量和水稻产量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:除返青期外,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量均表现为增加。相同秸秆还田形式下,控制灌溉模式下各处理生育期内土壤平均铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量较常规灌溉模式高36.23%~60.82%、14.16%~19.61%。同时,秸秆还田与生物炭还田能提高稻田土壤pH值。相同灌溉模式下,与秸秆不还田处理相比较,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理N_(2)O排放总量分别增加14.44%~24.09%、8.22%~14.44%,生物炭还田处理N_(2)O排放总量降低14.31%~23.90%。生物炭还田与有机肥还田各处理水稻产量提高3.28%~13.07%,其中控制灌溉模式下生物炭还田处理产量最高。综上所述,控制灌溉下生物炭还田可以实现节水、增产、减排的目的。

外源秸秆对污染土壤氧化还原过程水分散性胶体态重金属的影响

土壤胶体尤其是水分散性胶体,作为一种重要的污染物载体,在重金属吸附、迁移以及生物吸收过程起着重要作用。通过土壤培养试验探讨了外源添加水稻秸秆在氧化还原波动条件下如何影响土壤液相中及水分散性胶体中重金属的分布。结果表明,外源秸秆增加厌氧过程液相中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、砷(As)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、钙(Ca)、钾(K)、硅(Si)、铝(Al)、镁(Mg)等浓度,降低了厌氧过程氧化还原电位(Eh)及铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)等浓度,提高了好氧过程Pb浓度。利用非对称流场流分馏-紫外可见-电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用技术(AF4-UV-ICP-MS),测得水分散性胶体颗粒主要分布在0.3~3 kDa、3~40 kDa和130 kDa~450 nm三个粒径范围,各粒径颗粒的组成有所差异,主要含有机质、无机黏土矿物和铁矿物等。外源秸秆促进液相中Fe和As由胶体态向溶解态转化,促进镉(Cd)和Cu由溶解态向胶体态转化。本研究有助于揭示农业活动影响重金属迁移转化及有效性的界面机制。

长期不同施肥措施对盐碱地稻田土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响

为阐明盐碱地稻田长期不同施肥对表层土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响,以大安站盐碱地水稻长期定位施肥试验土壤为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法研究了单施氮肥(N)、无机肥配施(NPK)、有机肥单施(M)、有机肥与无机肥配施(MNPK)和秸秆还田配施无机肥(RNPK)对土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理土壤中共检测出57种PLFA生物标记,M、MNPK、RNPK和NPK处理的PLFA含量较N处理分别增加26.47%、29.76%、25.07%和13.20%,其中M、MNPK和RNPK处理显著高于N处理(P<0.05)。MNPK处理土壤中的真菌/细菌的比值最大,较二者之比最小的M处理高6.00%,说明有机肥配施化肥对盐碱地稻田土壤生态系统的稳定性具有更好的改善作用。RNPK处理土壤中革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌之比最小,较二者之比最大的M处理降低了13.71%,说明秸秆还田配施化肥处理的土壤营养胁迫小,能有效改善土壤的营养状况。不同施肥处理微生物群落多样性大小表现为N处理土壤的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Simpson优势度指数(D)最大,分别较3项指数最小的NPK处理增加10.91%、12.00%和13.79%。冗余分析结果表明,盐分电导率(EC)、有机质和pH对土壤微生物群落变化具有显著影响,解释量分别为54.8%、39.8%和33.1%。因此,长期有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施和秸秆还田配施无机肥能有效增加土壤微生物生物量并优化微生物群落结构,进而改善土壤生态环境。

水稻秸秆生物炭对土壤理化性质及不同形态硫含量的影响

以不同炭化温度下制备的水稻秸秆生物炭(BC300和BC600)为对象,通过厌氧培育实验,考察了生物炭对土壤pH、电导率(EC)、土壤有机质(SOM)含量、酶活性、总硫(TS)含量和不同形态S含量的影响。实验结果表明:随生物炭添加量的增加,土壤pH和EC逐渐增大;添加生物炭后,初始阶段,SOM含量均增加,培养15周后,添加BC300的土壤中SOM含量增加,添加BC600的土壤中SOM含量有所降低;生物炭对土壤中脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用;添加生物炭后,土壤中TS含量明显提高;初始阶段,随着生物炭添加量的增大,土壤中水溶性S含量明显增加、吸附性S和盐酸可溶性S的含量有所降低,培养15周后,土壤中水溶性S含量明显降低,吸附性S含量略有降低,盐酸可溶性S含量明显升高。

稻秆生物炭添加对红壤性水稻土磷素生物有效性的影响

为明确稻秆生物炭添加对红壤性水稻土磷生物有效性组分的影响,基于水稻种植的盆栽试验,采用模拟生物活化的磷素分析方法(BBP法),分析了生物炭在不施加(CK)、施加一年(B1)和两年(B2)条件下,不同水稻生育期稻田土壤中可溶性磷(CaCl_(2)-P)、易被酶矿化的有机磷(Enzyme-P)、易被有机酸活化释放的磷(Citrate-P)和潜在无机磷(HCl-P)4个组分磷与全磷(TP)、有效磷(Bray-P)及磷素活化系数(PAC)的变化差异和影响因素。研究表明:与CK相比,B1处理的稻田土壤TP、Bray-P及BBP磷组分均无显著变化;B2处理稻田土壤TP、Bray-P、Citrate-P和HCl-P含量均显著增加,而CaCl_(2)-P、Enzyme-P含量无显著变化。随着水稻生育期的延长,各处理HCl-P/TP均显著上升;B2处理下CaCl_(2)-P/TP与Enzyme-P/TP均显著上升。相关分析表明:生物炭添加后稻田土壤Bray-P、TP与土壤pH显著正相关;CaCl_(2)-P与HCl-P、TP显著正相关,与土壤有效铁呈显著负相关;Citrate-P与TP、HCl-P极显著正相关,与Enzyme-P、pH显著正相关,与土壤有效铝极显著负相关。稻秆生物炭通过影响稻田土壤pH、有效铁和有效铝含量,间接地调控且显著增加了红壤性稻田土壤中TP、Bray-P、PAC及生物有效磷组分含量,稻秆生物炭的合理施用有利于农田生态环境保护和土壤磷素有效性的提升。

秸秆还田培肥稻田土壤的研究进展

稻田土壤肥力是保障水稻可持续生产的重要物质基础,也是影响水稻优质高产的重要因素。秸秆是作物收获时的重要副产品,我国每年产生约8亿t秸秆,导致土壤中养分的流失不断加剧。秸秆也是一种重要的有机肥源,将其进行还田对维持土壤肥力、提高秸秆资源综合利用效率等方面具有重要作用。然而,不合理的秸秆还田不仅直接危害水稻生长,而且存在加重第二年病虫害发生风险等问题。综述了国内外近年来在秸秆还田培肥稻田土壤研究中所取得的重要进展,剖析了目前所面临的主要问题和未来的发展趋势,并提出了秸秆高效还田、降低病虫害发生的可能技术途径,将为秸秆科学还田、保障粮食安全、实现农业绿色高质量可持续发展提供借鉴。