Substantive Consolidation in Bankruptcy of Affiliated Enterprises: The Dilemmas of Judicial Application and Improvements of the Criteria

No consensus has been reached in the academic community regarding the principles and criteria for the application of substantive consolidation in bankruptcy.However,in judicial practices,the substantive consolidation doctrine has been applied to handle enterprise bankruptcy cases.This paper summarizes the dilemmas in the judicial application of substantive consolidation in bankruptcy through case analyses.The paper also proposes pathways for improving the judicial application criteria for the substantive consolidation in bankruptcy of affiliated enterprises in China,that is,comprehensively assessing the degree of corporate personality confusion from multiple perspectives;considering the cost and difficulty of asset segregation as supplementary elements;weighing the protection of creditors’interests;and taking into account the feasibility and necessity of consolidation and reorganization.

On the Choice of the Path for the Development of the Rule of Law in China: From the Perspective of Improving the Rule of Law Quality by Promoting the Substantive Rule of Law

The continuous debate on the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law in the construction of the rule of law in China not only affects the understanding of the connotation of the rule of law in China,but also the choice of the path for the development of the rule of law in China.In the new stage of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China”,the process of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China” is also a process of continuously improving the rule of law quality in China.And from this perspective,the relationship between the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law has got a new meaning.Promoting the substantive rule of law is an important way to realize the development of the rule of law and improve the quality of the rule of law.At the same time,the promotion of the substantive rule of law should follow the “people-centered” nature of the rule of law and the objective is conducive to the promotion of the rule of law and the formation of the “rule of law ecology”.

The Substantive Reform of Court Trials: A Transformation of Logic in the Methods of Evidence Investigation——Summary of the Reform Pilot Project in Chengdu

In the pilot project of the substantive reform of court trials,“unexpected” judgments appeared constantly because the traditional documentary investigation mode has been replaced by an investigation mode under the principle of directness and verbalism. This change in the logic of factual judgments has caused a change in the methods of evidence examination. In traditional evidence examination, evidence obtained from investigations is supposed to be genuine and reliable. In the substantive reform of court trials, it is presumed that evidence obtained from investigations cannot be fully trusted and it is easier to ascertain the facts of the case by investigating using the principles of directness, verbalism and individualized judging methods for evidence examinations. In practice, there are three main factors affecting the genuineness of evidence: the cognitive rules of testifiers, the motivation of the subjects who provide evidence, and the methods used by investigators to obtain evidence. Based on any one of these three factors, it cannot be concluded that evidence obtained from investigations is superior to evidence presented in court. The substantive court investigation is more advantageous to establishing the facts of a case than the traditional court investigation. The essential characteristics of the substantive reform of court trials are pursuing reality in essence instead of in form, and using the files of the court trials instead of the files of the investigation to avoid the evidence obtained through investigations from playing a decisive role in the adjudication thus making criminal procedures trial-centered rather than investigation-centered.

Exploring Paths for Substantive Settlement of Administrative Disputes:An Empirical Analysis Based on Practice in Weiyuan County,Sichuan Province

As an effective means of addressing social contradictions,the substantive settlement of administrative disputes refers to the timely,impartial,and effective handling of such disputes.It embodies the essence of the modern governance system enabled by the principles and methodologies of the rule of law.Administrative reconsideration,the main channel for settling administrative disputes,is an inevitable consequence of its effective role in settling such disputes.The efficient adjudication of administrative litigation is an indispensable prerequisite for achieving the substantive settlement of administrative disputes,while the diverse approaches employed in settling these disputes contribute to achieving source governance of such disputes.Along with the efficient adjudication of administrative litigation and the multiple approaches to settling administrative disputes,the effectiveness of administrative reconsideration decisions constitutes a comprehensive system that ensures the substantive settlement of administrative disputes.

Study on Substantive Derivative Tools for Commercial Bank to Control the Fund Gap

Fund gap control, as an important and major managerial technique, has been widely used in western commercial banks （CBs）. Good management on fund gap can not only avoid interest rate （IR） risk, but also bring benefits to CBs. This paper discusses three substantive derivative tools that can be used to control fund gap, that is, interest rate futures, interest rate options and interest rate swap.

Substantive Strategic Partnership

The China-Africa relationship has a solid platform from which to gain momentum in 2011 by Liu Wei The Chinese Government will help African countries to build 50 China-Africa friendship schools,admit 200 middle-and high-level African administrative personnel to MPA programs in China,and train 1,500 school headmasters and teachers for primary,secondary and vocational schools in Africa. The ambitious three-year plan is part of the follow-up action of the Fourth Ministerial Conference of FOCAC(Forum on China-Africa

对“阅核制”的认识论检讨

学界和实务界对阅核制存在认识分歧,分歧的根源是如何看待正当程序与实体公正的关系。若认为实体正当性来源于程序正当性,会质疑阅核制;若认为实体正当性可以独立于程序正当性,则未必会质疑阅核制。从认识论的角度来看,阅核制以理性主义认识论为基础,认为应该会有一个具有真理性的裁判方案在等待被发现。但即使是理性主义认识论也承认绝对的真理很难到达,当案件无法在真理性判断的基础上达成时,裁判的正当性只能通过正当的诉讼程序来得到保证。从现象学的视角出发,正当的裁判应当是通过诉讼程序对案件所形成的具有“主体间性”的认识结论,因此实体正当性不仅由程序正当性提供担保,实际上也只能通过程序正当性才能生产出来。基于此,程序的正当性就体现在它能够促成具有“主体间性”的裁判结论的形成。哈贝马斯的交往行为理论可以为建构这样的程序提供支撑。阅核制不仅违背了诉讼程序的正当性,实际上也不能增加裁判在实体上的正当性。应通过完善诉讼程序机制来增强诉讼程序的正当性,通过增强诉讼程序的正当性来提升裁判结果的正当性。

平台灵活就业人员劳动权益保护的立法困境与对策

以人力资源和社会保障部颁布的规范性文件为代表,中国关于平台灵活就业人员劳动权益保护的立法取得了重要的成就,但也存在着程序重于实体、形式重于实质、立法重点与实践需要有所偏离等困境。应以实质公平为理念,促进平台与灵活就业人员的利益平衡,在尊重平台组织管理权力的基础上激励其履行社会责任;合理规制平台的利益分配权和劳动规则制定权,强化平台利益分配和规则制定的公平性;完善社会保险、职业伤害保障和纠纷解决领域的公共产品供给。

民营经济促进法中实质平等理念的立法表达

《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法》(以下简称民营经济促进法)的立法规划是在中国式现代化发展的新时代背景下,进一步完善民营经济促进型立法的产物。作为促进类企业立法的“总则性”“统领性”立法文件,市场主体平等原则不仅是其促进性功能的逻辑起点,更是确保该法律功能落实的关键。现代企业家精神缺失的价值失范与无法消解的所有制壁垒,不仅是民营经济发展的现实障碍,也是立法须直面的前置性问题。相对应的,一方面,立法应击破形式平等面向而走向实质平等之路,并以实质平等为制度设计理念,通过政策及资源的倾斜,使民营经济在市场中取得与国有经济相当的竞争地位与发展权利;另一方面,通过资源的倾斜性供给和利导性的激励机制,为民营经济发展提供独特的竞争优势,促进新质生产力的发展,进而赋能整个经济体的发展活力。

随机过程课程思政元素有效融入路径探索

课程思政是落实习近平总书记在全国高校思想政治工作会议讲话精神的重要措施,是落实立德树人的重要一环。随机过程作为研究生必修数学类基础课起着承上启下的重要作用。特别是对于哈尔滨工程大学水声工程专业这一类具有国防特色的学科,要面向国家重大战略需求,解决水声探测等一系列“卡脖子”问题。通过对随机过程课程思政元素融入的探讨,阐明如何将课程思政元素与教学目标、课程内涵与应用案例有机结合,让学生对专业知识和学科发展有更清晰的认识。通过课程专业知识讲授与思政育人协同,以实现高等教育“立德树人”的根本任务。

考虑ESG行为类别的碳减排与经济增长均衡机制研究

“双碳”目标视域下,探究企业ESG(Environmental、Social and Governance)行为对碳排放的作用机理具有重要意义。考虑ESG行为存在表面上顺应迎合而实质上“言行不一”,构建了划分ESG行为类别的动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,研究实质性ESG行为与策略性ESG行为对碳排放等宏观经济因素的动态传导机制。研究发现:相比难以实现碳减排的策略性ESG行为,企业采取实质性ESG行为能够显著降低碳排放量且对宏观经济有正向影响,推动经济向低碳绿色转型,实现减排与经济发展的“共赢”。企业实质性ESG行为对碳减排与经济增长的影响机制为:(1)内部资本投入机制:企业采取实质性ESG行为对碳减排技术研发投入形成溢出效应,且实质性ESG行为激励企业将生产要素投入由高碳产品转移到低碳产品,以实现“增低碳降高碳”,达到碳减排与经济增长的协调统一;(2)外部政策激励机制:企业采取实质性ESG行为可获得更多的政府碳减排补贴,促使企业增加低碳产出投入,实现外部政策激励与内部低碳转型的协同效应;(3)金融机构信贷优惠机制:企业采取实质性ESG行为能够激发金融机构对其实行差异化信贷优惠利率,增加企业碳减排技术的研发投入,推动绿色金融与绿色技术的协同发展。研究为辨识ESG行为类别推动企业低碳转型发展提供理论依据与政策启示。

形式与实质创新相结合:法治宣传教育的发展与创新

法治宣传教育对于实现全民守法、构建法治社会具有重要意义。尤其对于保障推进新时代全面依法治国,具有无可替代的思想启蒙、文化传播与创新引领作用。自1985年开始,我国法治宣传教育工作已经实施了近40年,陆续开展了8个五年普法规划,在推进实践工作的内容、形式、主体、机制等多个“形式创新”层面积累了诸多有益经验,有效提升了法治宣传教育的深度与广度,大幅提升了公民法治素养和水平。然而在更为抽象与深层的基础理论层面,围绕普法工作的本质属性、原则理念以及客观规律等问题,实践理论工作的“实质创新”仍然存在不足,一定程度上抑制了普法主体与学法对象的主动性、积极性与能动性。为持续有效地健全完善法治宣传教育,未来应坚持“形式创新”与“实质创新”相结合,在稳步推进“形式创新”的基础上,重点推进法治宣传教育在基础理论层面的“实质创新”。

数字化转型对专精特新中小企业创新绩效的影响

以2011-2021年中国A股专精特新上市公司为研究样本,研究数字化转型对专精特新中小企业创新绩效产生的影响。研究发现:数字化转型可以提升专精特新中小企业的创新绩效,该结论在考虑内生性以及一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;异质性结果表明,具有国际化战略、处于高新技术行业、位于宽带中国战略试点城市和自贸试验区城市的专精特新企业受到数字化转型的促进作用更加明显;机制分析表明,数字化转型可以通过人力资本积累效应、信息效应和客户多元化效应提升其创新绩效。进一步研究发现,数字化转型有助于提升该类企业的实质性创新。

实体法视角下低龄未成年人“核准追诉”的理解与展开

《刑法》第十七条第三款规定的“核准追诉”并非纯粹的程序法要件,而是同时具备实体法意涵。就逻辑前提而言,立法者并未以“个别下调刑事责任年龄”的法律拟制路径改变应负刑事责任的“一般人形象”,只是在极端个案中赋予司法机关具体证明个别刑事责任年龄以下者具备刑事责任能力的权力。就权力性质而言,核准追诉权不是以“是否有必要惩罚低龄未成年人”的需罚性考量为中心的自由裁量权,而是以“惩罚低龄未成年人是否正当”的应罚性判断为中心的例外反证权。实体法要件不能独立解决应罚性问题,多数观点完全切割程序法要件与实体法要件的做法不能成立,司法机关应当根据低龄未成年人是否在家庭、学校等具体场景进行充足的法律社会化为根据,补足刑事责任能力的具体证明,这正是“核准追诉”在实体法有责性层面的具体意涵。

职业学校关键办学能力提升:内涵实质、理论基础、构成要素

研究职业学校关键办学能力的实质内涵、理论基础,构成要素,对于加快职业学校关键办学能力建设,提升职业学校核心竞争力具有理论价值和现实意义。借鉴组织效能理论,职业学校关键办学能力是指职业学校获取资源实现系统目标,达到政府、职业院校、学生、社会等多主体利益协调统一的可持续发展能力。实践指向呈现出职业学校关键办学能力提升具有较好的政策基础与实践推进。聚焦当前职业教育的发展定位,紧扣《关于深化职业教育体系建设改革的意见》具体要求,目前职业学校关键办学能力建设提升要素框架由二个维度和十个要素内容组成。

数据合规协同激励体系的构建与完善

企业是否选择合规是一个典型的权衡问题。现阶段,我国数据合规秩序的构建受困于反向激励欠缺刚性、正向激励供给不足等问题,合规激励机制的孱弱难以促动企业自觉建立全流程数据合规管理体系。法律作为“一套具备激励功能的机制”,应基于实体法与程序法双重维度,持续开展数据合规协同激励的体系性作业:厘清数据合规实体标准,以明确数据合规激励措施的适用前提;明晰数据合规从宽的制度原理与实体法依据,以全面释放合规激励效应;增加数据合规程序性激励机制供给,以确保合规激励效果落地。通过实体法与程序法在数据合规领域的呼应与联动,共同打造完备的数据合规协同激励体系。

从实质刑法典到形式刑法典:刑法的进阶之路

刑法的再法典化是我国当前刑法学界关注的一个重要问题,它与刑法的立法完善密切相关。我国目前的刑法本身已经是一部实质意义上的刑法典,尤其是立法机关按照统一刑法典打造刑法的立法方式,为我国刑法的法典化奠定了基础。因此,刑法的法典化不同于其他部门法的法典化,其建立在实质刑法典的基础上,所要进行的是再法典化。通过刑法的再法典化,完成从实质刑法典到形式刑法典的进阶。在刑法的再法典化过程中,应当正确处理一元立法体制与多元立法体制、罪名分类与章节设置、罪状表述的精细与粗疏等问题,进一步贯彻罪刑法定原则,利用刑法的再法典化的契机,较大幅度地提升我国刑法典的立法水平。

程序出罪的内涵重塑与判断标准

随着犯罪治理多元化进程的加快,程序出罪的重要性日益凸显。如何在实体入罪的同时通过程序出罪实现犯罪治理多元化成为理论研究的重点课题。既有研究未能妥善解决程序出罪的概念共识问题,导致程序出罪的理论基础不清、适用范围不明、体系协调性不足。对此,应通过逐级分析“不入罪”与“出罪”,以及“实体出罪”与“程序出罪”的理念差异,凸显程序出罪的独立性。程序出罪的本质属性表现为因裁量性程序终止行为使行为人在法律意义上无罪。因存在犯罪阻却事由、法益恢复事由、证据不足、欠缺诉讼条件导致的法定性程序终止因不具有个案利益衡量特性,与程序出罪存在本质差异。在此基础上,应进一步明确程序出罪的判断标准,处理好不同属性利益之间的衡量问题,即制定不同出罪情节的叠加适用标准,以及出罪与入罪情节之间的冲突衡量标准。

论中国特色调解型行政复议模式

调解原则载入总则规定之中,是《行政复议法》修改的一大亮点,预示着中国特色调解型行政复议模式的生成。依法化解矛盾纠纷成为各级政府分内职责,行政争议实质化解成为新兴政法话语,复议化解行政争议主渠道地位的实现,共同构成了中国特色调解型行政复议模式的社会背景。就规范内涵而言,调解优先、应调尽调是新模式的基本特质,调解覆盖到各类型行政复议案件、贯穿于行政复议办理全过程、调解结案方式和效力多样化则是新模式的核心要义。中国特色调解型行政复议模式的有效运作,需要从加强行政复议人员能力建设、建立科学考评体系和充分借助体制内外力量等方面予以保障。中国特色调解型行政复议模式的发展,将重塑行政争议化解整体格局,进一步推进国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化。