Modeling on Residence Time Distribution in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands by Multi Flow Dispersion Model

As an important design factor for constructed wetlands,hydraulic retention time and its distribution will affect the treatment performance.Instantaneously injected sodium chloride tracers were used to obtain residence time distributions of the lab scale subsurface flow constructed wetland.Considering the presence of trailing and multiple peaks of the tracer breakthrough curve,the multi flow dispersion model(MFDM)was used to fit the experimental tracer breakthrough curves.According to the residual sum of squares and comparison between the experimental values and simulated values of the tracer concentration,MFDM could fit the residence time distribution(RTD)curve satisfactorily,the results of which also reflected the layered structure of wetland cells,thus to give reference for application of MFDM to the same kind of subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

Performance of a subsurface-flow constructed wetland in Southern China

The operational performance of a full scale subsurface flow constructed wetland, which treated the mixed industrial and domestic wastewater with BOD 5/COD mean ratio of 0 33 at Shatian, Shenzhen City was studied. The constructed wetland system consists of screens, sump, pumping station, and primary settling basin, facultative pond, first stage wetland and secondary stage wetland. The designed treatment capacity is 5000 m 3/d, and the actual influent flow is in the range of <2000 to >10000 m 3/d. Under normal operational conditions, the final effluent quality well met the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard（GB 8978\1996）, with the following parameters（mean values）: COD 33 90 mg/L, BOD 5 7.65 mg/L, TSS 7.92 mg/L, TN 9.11 mg/L and TP 0 56 mg/L. Seven species of plants were selected to grow in the wetland: Reed, Sweetcane flower Silvergrass, Great Bulrush, Powdery Thalia and Canna of three colours. The growing season is a whole year round. The seasonal discrepancy could be observed and the plants growing in the wetland are vulnerable to lower temperature in winter. The recycling of the effluent in the first stage of the wetland system is an effective measure to improve the performance of the wetland system. The insufficient DO value in the wetland system not only had significant effect on pollutants removal in the wetland, but also was unfavourable to plant growth. The recycling of effluent to the inlet of wetland system and artificial pond to increase DO value of influent to the wetland is key to operate the subsurface constructed wetland steadily and effectively.

Performance Characteristics of Pollutants along the Longitudinal Profile of a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant in the University of Lagos, Nigeria

The paper reports the findings of a research work carried out to examine the performance and efficiency of a subsurface constructed wetland (SSFCW) for the treatment of domestic sewage in the University of Lagos (Unilag), Nigeria. The removal patterns and efficiencies of the physical, chemical and biological sewage pollutants parameters of domestic waste water generated within Unilag community by the SSFCW were studied. The wastewater was sampled and analysed along the SSFCW from influent (point1) to effluent (point 11). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) reduced from 471 mg/l to 11.85 mg/l (97.48%), Turbidity reduced from 108.75 HTU to 0.05HTU (99.95%), Manganese reduced from 6.05 mg/l to 0.61 mg/ (89.92%), Nitrate reduced from 27.5 mg/l to 2.0 mg/l (92.73%), Sulphate reduced from 48.5 mg/l to 28 mg/l (42.27%), Iron reduced from 1.13 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l (97.35%), BOD reduced from 73.14 mg/l to 12.8 mg/l (82.5%), and E-coli reduced from 874 MPN/100 ml to 0.15 MPN/100 ml (99.98%). On the other hand, Dissolved Oxygen content increased along the SSFCW from 3.14 mg/l to 7.49 mg/l (138.54%) while the pH improved from slightly acid level of 6.49 to slightly above neutral level of 7.05 (9.3%). All the parameters at effluent point are within the Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) acceptable standard. The study concludes that the SSFCW is a cheap, efficient and appropriate technology for the treatment of domestic sewage under tropical conditions.

Research on Nitrogen Removal and Microorganism in a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System in Sihong County

Experiments in monitoring the removal of organic material and nitrogen and determining the amounts of mi- croorganism at different sites in the subsurface flow constructed wetland in Sihong county were performed. The results show that the removal of CODCr agrees with the kinetic equation of a first order reaction. The removal of pollutants varies with different seasons. The removal rates of CODCr, NH3-N, TN in the spring are 15%–23% higher than those in the autumn. The amount of ammonifier is larger than that of denitrifying bacteria and the amount of denitrifying bacte- ria is larger than that of nitrosomonas. The amount of bacteria around the plant roots is larger than that on the surface of the packing medium. No apparent change is observed for the amount of denitrifying bacteria and nitrosomonas between spring and autumn.

Effect of Different Factors on Nitrogen Removal Rate in Constructed Wetlands

Factors affecting total nitrogen(TN) removal rates in constructed wetland were investigated by intermittent operation in the subsurface flow(SSF) constructed wetland system.The results demonstrated that removal rates of TN increased with the rising of TN pollution load(1.40-12.40 g/m2) when the retention time was determined by 60% TN removal efficiency(n=180,p<0.05) in SSF wetlands.The maximum TN removal rate was 1.71 g/(m2·d) in SSF Phragmites australis-soil-slag system.TN removal rates were affected by total phosphorus load in case of higher TN load.TN removal rates in SSF Phragmites australis wetlands were greater than that in SSF Calamagrostis angustifolia wetlands at the same experimental cycle.Effect of wetland substrates on TN removal rates varied with the pollutants loading in SSF constructed wetland system,plant species and plant-growing period.

Study on the Heavy Metals Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetlands with Different Substrates

In this study constructed wetlands (CWs) were used to remove three heavy metals (Zn, Cu and Pb). The two tested substrates were made of coke and gravel, respectively. First order dynamic model was appropriate to describe removing of Zn and Cu. The experimental results showed that first dynamic removal rate constants of Zn in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2326 h-1 and 0.1222 h-1, respectively. And those of Cu in CWs with coke and gravel were 0.2017 h-1 and 0.3739 h-1. However, removal efficiencies of Pb in the coke system and the gravel system were within 95-99%, so the first order dynamic model failed to fit the experimental data because the hydraulic resident times of Pb did not affect outlet concentration of Pb. From the removal rate constants, it is found that the coke and gravel system have different absorption efficiencies of heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, it is suggested that the removal efficiencies of heavy metals are influenced by the choice of substrates to some extent.

生物接触氧化-潜流型人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水的应用案例研究

以浙江省永康市某农村的生活污水处理及灌溉回用工程为例,对“生物接触氧化-潜流人工湿地”组合工艺处理农村生活污水的设计参数、运行效果和工程效益等进行了分析。该工程设计规模为30 m^(3)/d,研究期间实际处理规模12~20 m^(3)/d,出水中TP、NH_(3)-N、COD、BOD5、SS、粪大肠菌群等11项主要指标灌溉期(4月至10月)满足《农田灌溉水质标准》,作为该村苗木基地灌溉用水,非灌溉期(11月至次年3月)出水满足《浙江省农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》,作为该村荷花种植塘的用水。工程运行期间对TP、NH_(3)-N、COD、BOD_(5)、粪大肠菌群、阴离子表面活性剂、色度、SS和浊度的平均去除率分别为44.3%、65.3%、63.8%、61.7%、76.2%、65.7%、74.2%、54.3%和50.5%。

潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的应用研究及展望

基质的选择直接影响着潜流人工湿地全生命周期及污水处理效果,不同类型的基质对脱氮除磷具有差异性效果。综述了不同类型潜流人工湿地基质的研究现状,分析了其脱氮除磷机理,总结了各类基质的应用效果,展望了天然矿石基质、固体废弃物基质和人工合成基质研究方向和研究重点,以期为潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷基质的研发提供参考。

Hybrid constructed wetlands for highly polluted river water treatment and comparison of surface-and subsurface-flow cells

A series of large pilot constructed wetland(CW) systems were constructed near the confluence of an urban stream to a larger river in Xi'an, a northwestern megacity in China, for treating polluted stream water before it entered the receiving water body. Each CW system is a combination of surfaceand subsurface-flow cells with local gravel, sand or slag as substrates and Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis as plants. During a one-year operation with an average surface loading of 0.053 m3/(m2·day), the overall COD, BOD, NH3-N, total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) removals were 72.7% ± 4.5%, 93.4% ± 2.1%, 54.0% ± 6.3%, 53.9% ± 6.0% and 69.4% ± 4.6%, respectively, which brought about an effective improvement of the river water quality. Surface-flow cells showed better NH3-N removal than their TN removal while subsurface-flow cells showed better TN removal than their NH3-N removal. Using local slag as the substrate, the organic and phosphorus removal could be much improved. Seasonal variation was also found in the removal of all the pollutants and autumn seemed to be the best season for pollutant removal due to the moderate water temperature and well grown plants in the CWs.

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 differ-ent inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15months. The removal efficiency of four different sets ofbeds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, themixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied.The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rateof these beds under different inflow loadings and pollutionloadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 sub-surface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 , while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 . The results showed that the inflow and outflowloading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obviouslinear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run thesystem was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 . Averageremoval rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m^(2) ·d) 21 .SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control.TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bedwere 63% and 27% higher than the control bed,respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption ofplants indicated that the absorption amount was verylimited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved thatplants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving thewater flow, andincreasingthe biomass, as wellas activitiesof microorganisms around the roots. The researchprovided a perspective for understanding the TN removalmechanism and design for SFS.

两种不同基质的垂直潜流人工湿地对尾水的处理效果研究

为提高人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水的处理效率,采用以黄铁矿和砾石为基质的两种垂直潜流人工湿地处理武汉某污水处理厂尾水,研究了不同水力负荷下人工湿地去除污染物的效果,并分析了基质的微生物群落结构。结果表明,在低水力负荷(0.4~0.7 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,两种人工湿地对尾水化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、NO_(3)^(-)和总磷(TP)具有较好的去除效果;在高水力负荷(1.0~1.3 m^(3)/(m^(2)·d))下,对氨氮去除效果较好。黄铁矿人工湿地对尾水COD、TN、NO_(3)^(-)和TP的去除效果好于砾石,分析基质微生物发现,黄铁矿人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫氧化菌属(Sulfurifustis),相对丰度分别为16.68%和4.62%,且硫杆菌属具有提高磷去除能力的功能;而砾石人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter),相对丰度为4.56%,采用黄铁矿为基质后,人工湿地中的脱氮除磷菌丰度和多样性升高,有利于人工湿地对尾水的脱氮除磷。黄铁矿人工湿地出水存在SO_(4)^(2-)含量偏高的现象,建议工程应用中在人工湿地底部填充黄铁矿以达到出水SO_(4)^(2-)含量降低的目的。

铁碳强化潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地处理模拟养殖尾水的启动运行效果

为探究潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地对含四环素养殖废水处理效果的影响,本研究构建陶粒(一级系统)和铁碳+陶粒(二级CCW系统)基潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地(TC组),以及陶粒(一级系统)和陶粒(二级PCW系统)基潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地(对照组),研究其对模拟养殖尾水的启动运行效果及微生物群落结构特性.结果表明:①加入0.2 mg/L的四环素在一定程度上会抑制人工湿地启动期对污染物的去除,尤其对一级系统的抑制作用更加明显,CODCr、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N和TN平均去除率分别降低0.59%、1.51%、9.57%和1.97%;②二级CCW系统去除率均高于二级PCW系统,且四环素实验组(TC组)中促进作用更为明显.CODCr、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN在TC组中平均去除率分别增加5.81%、2.47%、0.91%、1.02%,铁碳填料的加入强化了常规污染物的去除;③TC组和对照组填料表面生物膜差异较小,二级CCW系统较二级PCW系统生物膜附着更为明显,铁碳填料的加入有利于微生物的生长繁殖;④二级CCW系统物种丰富度及生物多样性高于二级PCW系统.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)作为人工湿地典型菌落,铁碳填料的加入使二者丰富度明显增加,对氮的去除产生积极作用.研究显示,铁碳填料的加入强化了潮汐流-潜流复合人工湿地系统对氮磷的去除,该结果可为养殖尾水的净化处理提供数据支持和一定的理论支撑.

以硫自养为核心填料的人工湿地脱氮效率及工艺研究

基于现有研究已知硫自养反硝化作为一种无需外加碳源、出水无二次污染的技术,对于低C/N比值污水脱氮效果好,在此情况下,研究者们开发出了硫自养核心填料技术产品,这种新型填料能够作为缓释型电子供体驱动自养反硝化微生物脱氮。该填料目前主要应用于市政污水、工业废水的处理中,本文主要讨论了硫自养滤料在人工湿地的应用研究,通过设置实验装置,模拟人工湿地运行方式,研究以硫自养为核心填料在人工湿地的脱氮效果,及确定最适于硫自养核心填料湿地的潜流类型、进水方式,为后续工程应用提供理论依据。

基于AHP-FCE法的垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞影响评价

堵塞已成为限制人工湿地健康长久运行的关键问题。应用AHP-FCE法构建了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞影响因素综合评价体系,从水质特征、工艺参数、管理措施和环境条件4个方面共选取了17个评价指标,并划分了湿地堵塞指标评价标准。以容城人工湿地为研究案例,结果表明:容城湿地的堵塞评价结果为“良”,具有较好抗堵塞能力,其中,固体悬浮物、布水集水方式及植物管理等指标在抗堵塞方面处于较优水平,可根据进水水量水质变化适当增加间歇运行频次、减小水力负荷或增设预处理措施等方式来降低湿地堵塞风险。评价结果反映了湿地堵塞风险情况,可为缓解堵塞问题提供参考。

潜流式人工湿地中农村生活污水处理设施尾水的微生物特性

农村生活污水经A1/O1/A2/O2设施处理后流入潜流式人工湿地(简称人工湿地),为揭示其生物降解特性,通过脲酶活性和微生物扩增子测序对人工湿地微生物特性进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地进水处的脲酶活性高于出水处的脲酶活性,出水处的脲酶活性与总氮去除率呈显著正相关,出水处脲酶活性越高,总氮的去除效果越好;微生物扩增子测序表明,人工湿地的优势菌门有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),由进水处到出水处变形菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度分别下降8.41个百分点和12.14个百分点,厚壁菌门上升12.91个百分点;人工湿地进水处、出水处脱氮菌属含量较大,相对丰度分别为20.51%、14.18%,其中,具有异养硝化反硝化功能的菌属也相对丰富,分别为8.54%、7.44%。

外加碳源对生物炭基潜流人工湿地净化污水处理厂尾水效能的影响

生物炭作为一种多功能生态环保材料,近年来被广泛应用于人工湿地污水处理中,其可为异养反硝化提供碳源,从而提高人工湿地的脱氮能力。通过室内构建石英砂/杏仁壳生物炭基质(体积比7∶3)人工湿地,同时以石英砂基质人工湿地为对照,运行后期通过外加碳源设计不同碳氮比(C/N),且分别采用连续流和间歇流的运行方式,探究外加碳源对生物炭基水平潜流人工湿地深度净化实际污水处理厂尾水效果的影响。结果表明:外加碳源前,人工湿地的化学需氧量(COD)去除率为负,总氮(TN)和硝氮(NO_(3)^(−)-N)去除率在41 d内持续降低;而外加碳源后,石英砂单元和石英砂/生物炭单元的COD去除率分别增至37.88%~90.44%和73.60%~97.90%,TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率也明显提高。在外加碳源使进水C/N为8且间歇流运行时,石英砂/生物炭单元的TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率最高,分别达65.61%和74.20%。生物炭添加提高了湿地微生物生物量,同时创造了有利于反硝化作用发生的氧化还原环境,使石英砂/生物炭单元的COD、TN和NO_(3)^(−)-N去除率分别提高了5.66%~130.35%、9.34%~54.03%和8.71%~63.04%。外加碳源与生物炭添加可作为一种有效手段强化实际污水处理厂尾水人工湿地系统的脱氮效能。

复合潜流-潮汐流人工湿地基质对微污染水体的净化性能研究

为强化组合人工湿地对微污染水体的修复,构建了两级复合潜流-潮汐流组合人工湿地(IVCW-TFCW1)和一个单独运行的潮汐流人工湿地(TFCW2)。连续运行结果表明:在进水中,COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为106.69、9.36、14.36和1.03 mg·L^(-1)的条件下,IVCW-TFCW1能够有效地净化微污染河水,其对COD、NH_(3)-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为93.79%、98.62%、77.24%、18.16%。其中,IVCW对COD、NH_(3)-N的去除率达到87.38%和97.29%,二级TFCW1在此基础上进一步净化,使其出水浓度降至6.60和0.13 mg·L^(-1),达到了国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准。通过对实验结果的比较,发现不同湿地单元对COD、NH_(3)-N、TN的净化效果均表现为:IVCW-TFCW1>IVCW>TFCW2;对于TP的净化效果:TFCW1>IVCW>IVCW-TFCW1。微生物群落分析结果表明,IVCW中硝化螺菌属丰度显著高于TFCW1和TFCW2。TFCW2中具有除磷作用的黄杆菌属丰度明显高于IVCW和TFCW1,揭示了不同湿地单元微生物进行脱氮除磷机制与净化能力。

多层介质水平潜流人工湿地对微塑料的去除研究

以具有相同结构的两个多层介质水平潜流人工湿地为研究对象,考察了湿地单元进水、出水和植物根系附近的微塑料丰度、物理尺寸变化特征,并分析了湿地内部植物根系、湿地生物系统、悬浮物等去除微塑料的机理。结果表明,近年来在河道水质提升工程中常使用的较大粒径多层介质人工湿地能够有效降低天然河流水体中的微塑料丰度。在连续7 d的监测中,两个湿地单元对微塑料的平均去除率分别为26.91%和27.00%,最高分别达到了44.83%和44.59%。湿地单元对400~<800μm的微塑料去除率在20%~50%,而对800~<1200μm和≥1200μm的较大尺寸微塑料去除率可达到50%以上。湿地单元前部的植物根系对微塑料具有更明显的截留作用,且对≥800μm的较大尺寸微塑料截留效率更佳。人工湿地去除微塑料的效率可能与微塑料形状、湿地植物、水流速度、内部填料粒径及生物膜生长状况等多种因素有关。

正交试验优化垂直潜流人工湿地实现短程硝化

采用垂直潜流人工湿地(VSFCW)处理生活污水并实现短程硝化.将温度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)、HRT分别控制在:(30±2)℃、(8.4±0.2)、(1.5±0.2)mg/L、12h的条件下,COD去除率与NH4+-N去除率(ARE),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)分别为73.14%、98.51%、65.18%.向VSFCW中投加羟胺(NH2OH),来进一步提高NAR.通过设计4因素5水平正交试验获取NH2OH浓度、DO、温度、pH值的最佳控制条件.在本试验中,方差分析结果表明:NH2OH浓度和温度对NAR的影响极其显著(P≤0.01).DO与pH值对NAR的影响不显著(P>0.05).对方差分析结果进行优化验证,当投加1.0mg/L的NH2OH时,即使温度从30℃降低至23℃,NAR仍可达到89.15%.COD去除率与ARE为75.67%与88.76%.Nitrosomonas的丰度从1.62%增长至4.06%,Nitrospira的丰度从1.65%降至0.95%.

外加碳源时分流比对人工湿地脱氮性能的影响

以生活污水作为外加碳源,探究了分段进水策略下分流比对垂直潜流人工湿地(VFCW)深度处理猪场沼液的影响.结果表明,将生活污水通过分流管泵入VFCW时,分流比会影响系统的运行性能及其微生物学特征.随着分流比由0:1增至1:3,VFCW填料层中反硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)的丰度均显著提高,硝化/反硝化作用和短程反硝化/厌氧氨氧化(DMOA)作用成为了系统中氮素脱除的主要途径,VFCW的TN去除性能随之得以优化;当分流比增至1:2后,VFCW的反硝化性能及厌氧氨氧化性能虽可进一步提高,但其运行性能却因分流管进水在系统中过短的水力停留时间而下降.当分流比为1:3时,VFCW可高效去除进水中污染物,出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,其填料层中的优势菌属包括Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira、Thauera和Candidatus_Brocadia,此时系统中氮素的转化主要依赖硝化/反硝化作用和DMOA作用,对应的TN和NH_(4)^(+)-N去除速率分别可达(5.90±1.86)和(4.63±1.43)g/(m^(2)·d).