Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Methodothologies—A Review

The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CCS) was previously considered a crucial and time-sensitive approach for diminishing CO2 emissions originating from coal, oil, and gas sectors. Its implementation was seen necessary to address the detrimental effects of CO2 on the atmosphere and the ecosystem. This recognition was achieved by previous substantial study efforts. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) cycle concludes with the final stage of CO2 storage. This stage involves primarily the adsorption of CO2 in the ocean and the injection of CO2 into subsurface reservoir formations. Additionally, the process of CO2 reactivity with minerals in the reservoir formations leads to the formation of limestone through injectivities. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the final phase in the CCS cycle, mostly achieved by the use of marine and underground geological sequestration methods, along with mineral carbonation techniques. The introduction of supercritical CO2 into geological formations has the potential to alter the prevailing physical and chemical characteristics of the subsurface environment. This process can lead to modifications in the pore fluid pressure, temperature conditions, chemical reactivity, and stress distribution within the reservoir rock. The objective of this study is to enhance our existing understanding of CO2 injection and storage systems, with a specific focus on CO2 storage techniques and the associated issues faced during their implementation. Additionally, this research examines strategies for mitigating important uncertainties in carbon capture and storage (CCS) practises. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities can be considered as integrated systems. However, in scientific research, these storage systems are often divided based on the physical and spatial scales relevant to the investigations. Utilising the chosen system as a boundary condition is a highly effective method for segregating the physics in a diverse range of physical applications. Regrettably, the used separation technique fails to effectively depict the behaviour of the broader significant system in the context of water and gas movement within porous media. The limited efficacy of the technique in capturing the behaviour of the broader relevant system can be attributed to the intricate nature of geological subsurface systems. As a result, various carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies have emerged, each with distinct applications, associated prices, and social and environmental implications. The results of this study have the potential to enhance comprehension regarding the selection of an appropriate carbon capture and storage (CCS) application method. Moreover, these findings can contribute to the optimisation of greenhouse gas emissions and their associated environmental consequences. By promoting process sustainability, this research can address critical challenges related to global climate change, which are currently of utmost importance to humanity. Despite the significant advancements in this technology over the past decade, various concerns and ambiguities have been highlighted. Considerable emphasis was placed on the fundamental discoveries made in practical programmes related to the storage of CO2 thus far. The study has provided evidence that despite the extensive research and implementation of several CCS technologies thus far, the process of selecting an appropriate and widely accepted CCS technology remains challenging due to considerations related to its technological feasibility, economic viability, and societal and environmental acceptance.

BACK TO NATURE: URBAN STRUCTURES EMBRACE PHILADELPHIA’S NEW STORMWATER MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS

Now in its first official year of operation,Philadelphia’s“Green City,Clean Waters”program addresses the problem of stormwater flow into sewer systems that then overflow,polluting streams and rivers.Four institutional projects by SaylorGregg Architects are useful case studies of stormwater management techniques in urban buildings.Subsurface storage beds,extensive and intensive vegetated roofs,and other effective means of capturing stormwater and reducing heat islands in urban development are discussed.

EVALUATING TWO RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN AN URBAN SETTING IN OREGON'S WILLAMETTE VALLEY

INTRODUCTION The recent trend toward more extreme periods of drought has been a shock to the residents of the Pacific Northwest-many of whom have relied upon heavy water-use in the summer months in order to make a living(i.e.producers of grass seed and sod,berries,or nursery crops),or to maintain their landscapes at high levels(i.e.certain homeowners,recreational facilities,or commercial properties).Further-more,population growth has reached the point where even an average year of pre-cipitation has proven insufficient for urbanities that had not previously experienced issues with water scarcity(McDonald et al.,2011).This modern climate scenario has forced people of the Pacific Northwest,and people from all around the world,to rethink their water-use strategies,as the global trend has shifted toward greater sustainability(Tilman,2001;McDonald et al.,2011).