Recursive Filtering for Stochastic Systems With Filter-and-Forward Successive Relays

In this paper,the recursive filtering problem is considered for stochastic systems over filter-and-forward successive relay(FFSR)networks.An FFSR is located between the sensor and the remote filter to forward the measurement.In the successive relay,two cooperative relay nodes are adopted to forward the signals alternatively,thereby existing switching characteristics and inter-relay interferences(IRI).Since the filter-and-forward scheme is employed,the signal received by the relay is retransmitted after it passes through a linear filter.The objective of the paper is to concurrently design optimal recursive filters for FFSR and stochastic systems against switching characteristics and IRI of relays.First,a uniform measurement model is proposed by analyzing the transmission mechanism of FFSR.Then,novel filter structures with switching parameters are constructed for both FFSR and stochastic systems.With the help of the inductive method,filtering error covariances are presented in the form of coupled difference equations.Next,the desired filter gain matrices are further obtained by minimizing the trace of filtering error covariances.Moreover,the stability performance of the filtering algorithm is analyzed where the uniform bound is guaranteed on the filtering error covariance.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed filtering method over FFSR is verified by a three-order resistance-inductance-capacitance circuit system.

Group-Based Successive Interference Cancellation for Multi-Antenna NOMA System with Error Propagation

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)is viewed as a key technique to improve the spectrum efficiency and solve the issue of massive connectivity.However,for power domain NOMA,the required overall transmit power should be increased rapidly with the increasing number of users in order to ensure that the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio reaches a predefined threshold.In addition,since the successive interference cancellation(SIC)is adopted,the error propagation would become more serious as the order of SIC increases.Aiming at minimizing the total transmit power and satisfying each user’s service requirement,this paper proposes a novel framework with group-based SIC for the deep integration between power domain NOMA and multi-antenna technology.Based on the proposed framework,a joint optimization of power control and equalizer design is investigated to minimize transmit power consumption for uplink multi-antenna NOMA system with error propagations.Based on the relationship between the equalizer and the transmit power coefficients,the original problem is transformed to a transmit power optimization problem,which is further addressed by a parallel iteration algorithm.It is shown by simulations that,in terms of the total power consumption,the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional OMA and the existing cluster-based NOMA schemes.

THE FEKETE-SZEG?INEQUALITY AND SUCCESSIVE COEFFICIENTS DIFFERENCE FOR A SUBCLASS OF CLOSE-TO-STARLIKE MAPPINGS IN COMPLEX BANACH SPACES

Let C be the familiar class of normalized close-to-convex functions in the unit disk.In[17],Koepf demonstrated that,as to a function■in the class C,■By applying this inequality,it can be proven that‖a3|-|a2‖≤1 for close-to-convex functions.Now we generalized the above conclusions to a subclass of close-to-starlike mappings defined on the unit ball of a complex Banach space.

A 5MS/s 12-Bit Successive Approximation Analog-to-Digital Converter

With the continuous development of science and technology, digital signal processing is more and more widely used in various fields. Among them, the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is one of the key components to convert analog signals to digital signals. As a common type of ADC, 12-bit sequential approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) has attracted extensive attention for its performance and application. This paper aims to conduct in-depth research and analysis of 12-bit SAR ADC to meet the growing demands of digital signal processing. This article designs a 12-bit, successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) with a sampling rate of 5 MS/s. The overall circuit adopts a fully differential structure, with key modules including DAC capacitor array, comparator, and control logic. According to the DAC circuit in this paper, a fully differential capacitor DAC array structure is proposed to reduce the area of layout DAC. The comparator uses a digital dynamic comparator to improve the ADC conversion speed. The chip is designed based on the SMIC180 nm CMOS process. The simulation results show that when the sampling rate is 5 MS/s, the effective bit of SAR ADC is 11.92 bit, the SNR is 74.62 dB, and the SFDR is 89.24 dB.

Correlation of personality with individual reproductive success in shrub-nesting birds depends on their life history style

Two questions in the research of animal personality—whether there is a correlation between a personality trait and individual reproductive success,and what is the genetic basis underlying a personality trait—remain unresolved.We addressed these two questions in three shrub-nesting birds,the Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus,AM),White-collared Blackbird(Turdus albocinctus,WB),and Brown-cheeked Laughingthrush(Trochalopteron henrici,BL).The personality type of an individual was first identified according to its response to a territorial intruder.Then,we compared the fleeing distance,breeding parameters,and differential expressed genes(DEGs) in the brain transcriptome between bold and shy breeders.In the three species,bold breeders exhibited more aggressiveness towards an intruder of their territory than did shy breeders.The reproductive success of bold breeders was significantly higher than that of shy breeders in AM but not in WB and BL.The three species shared one DEG,crabp1,which was up-regulated in bold relative to in shy individuals.By regulating the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone,higher crabp1 gene expression can decrease cellular response to retinoic acid.Therefore,bold individuals are insensitive to external stresses and able to exhibit more aggressiveness to intruders than their shier counterparts.Aggressiveness is beneficial to bold individuals in AM but not in WB and BL because the former could evoke neighbors to make the same response of defending against intruders but the latter could not.Although a personality trait may have the same genetic basis across species,its correlation with reproductive success depends largely on the life history style of a species.

The Emergence of Loving Pedagogy in the L2 Affective Domain:How Affective Pedagogy Accounts for Chinese EFL Teachers’Professional Success and Job Satisfaction?

The success of teachers in professional environments has a desirable influence on their mental condition.Simply said,teachers’professional success plays a crucial role in improving their mental health.Due to the invaluable role of professional success in teachers’mental health,personal and professional variables helping teachers succeed in their profession need to be uncovered.While the role of teachers’personal qualities has been well researched,the function of professional variables has remained unknown.To address the existing gap,the current investigation measured the role of two professional variables,namely job satisfaction and loving pedagogy,in Chinese EFL teachers’professional success.To do this,three validated scales were provided to 1591 Chinese EFL teachers.Participants’answers to the questionnaires were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test and structural equation modeling.The data analysis demonstrated a strong,positive link between the variables.Moreover,loving pedagogy was found to be the positive,strong predictor of Chinese EFL teachers’job satisfaction and professional success.The findings of the current inquiry may help educational administrators enhance their instructors’professional success,which in turn promotes their mental and psychological conditions at work.

A Polarized Radiative Transfer Model Based on Successive Order of Scattering

Based on Successive Order of Scattering approach, a full Vector Radiative Transfer model （SOSVRT） for vertically inhomogeneous plane-parallel media has been developed. To overcome the computational burdens of convergence, a simple approximation technique by truncating scattering orders with a geometric series is used to reduce computational time. Analytical Fourier decomposition of phase matrix with three symmetry relationships and two mutual inverse operators have been implemented to further improve the computational efficiency. To improve the accuracy, a post-processing procedure is implemented to accurately interpolate the Stokes vector at arbitrary angles. Comparisons with the benchmarks for an atmosphere of randomly orientated oblate spheroids show excellent agreement for each Stokes parameter （within 0.1%）. SOSVRT has been tested for different atmospheric condition against RT3, which is based on doubling-adding method, and the results prove that SOSVRT is accurate and much more efficient in vector radiative transfer modeling, especially for optical thin atmosphere, which is the most common case in polarized radiative transfer simulations. SOSVRT is written in Fortran 90 and the code is freely accessible by contacting the author.

Response of successive three generations of cotton,bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner),fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO_2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.

Relationship between rooting ability and endogenous phytohormone changes in successive continuous generation cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, an endangered woody species in China

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of successive continuous generation （SCG） cuttings of Buxus sinica var. parvifolia on the rejuvenation of ortets at the hormone level, detect levels of indoleacetic acid （IAA）, abscisic acid （ABA）, isopentenyladenosine （iPA）, zeatin riboside （ZR） and gibberellin4 （GA4） during the rooting process of different generations by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） technology and statistically analyze the rooting characteristics of cuttings. The results show that, the root systems of subsequent generations （generation 1998, 2000） developed satisfactorily, only a few initial generation （generation 1990, 1994） cuttings rooted and the root growth was inhibited. Around the period of callus formation and root projection through the epidermis, there was a marked, regular variation in the levels of IAA, ABA and GA4 between the initial generations and subsequent generations.

Successive lag synchronization on dynamical networks with communication delay

In this paper, successive lag synchronization （SLS） on a dynamical network with communication delay is investigated. In order to achieve SLS on the dynamical network with communication delay, we design linear feedback control and adaptive control, respectively. By using the Lyapunov function method, we obtain some sufficient conditions for global stability of SLS. To verify these results, some numerical examples are further presented. This work may find potential applications in consensus of multi-agent systems.

Biomass Productivity of Taiwania flousiana Plantation and Successive Rotation Plantation of Cunninghamia lanceolata in Cutover Forest Land of C.Lanceolata

[Objectives] The aim was to reveal the accumulation characteristics and differences of biomass productivity of Taiwania flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of Cunninghamia lanceolata .[Methods] The biomass and productivity of the 23-year-old T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C. lanceolata were studied at Nandan Shankou Forestry Farm of Guangxi., China.[Results] There were differences in the biomass distribution of different organs of T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C.lanceolata. The biomass for the T. flousiana plantation was distributed in the order of stem 〉 branch 〉 leaves 〉 bark, and the successive rotation plantations of C. lanceolata was stem〉 root 〉 branch 〉 bark 〉 leaves. The biomass of tree layer of 23-years-old T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantations were 195.21 and 136.82 t/hm^2, respectively, including 113.32 and 87.91 t/hm^2 of economic biomass （stem）. The annual net productivity of tree layer of the 2 plantations were 8.49 and 5.95 t/（hm^2·a）, respectively, including 5.14 and 3.82 t/（hm^2·a） of stem. Therefore, T. flousiana plantation has higher biomass accumulation ability than that of successive rotation plantations of C.lanceolata, and can be used as an excellent substitute tree species for the regeneration of C.lanceolata cutover plantation.[Conclusions]

MHD flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid over porous stretching sheet using successive Taylor series linearization method

This paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic （MHD） boundary layer flow of an incompressible upper-convected Maxwell （UCM） fluid over a porous stretching surface. Similarity transformations are used to reduce the governing partial differential equations into a kind of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The nonlinear prob- lem is solved by using the successive Taylor series linearization method （STSLM）. The computations for velocity components are carried out for the emerging parameters. The numerical values of the skin friction coefficient are presented and analyzed for various parameters of interest in the problem.

New Formulas of Earth Pressure on Large Successive Cylinders

The retaining wall made of large successive cylinders is a kind of structure which draws much attention in coastal engineering of China. The earth pressure on the arched back of large successive cylinders is different from that on the plane back of a general wall. On the basis of equilibrium of forces on the strip element taken from the soil between two cylinders, the differential equation is established and the analytic solution to the equation is obtained. The formulas of earth pressure on large successive cylinders are given in this paper. The distribution of earth pressure around the circle given by the present formulas is different from that given by the formulas commonly used at present, but it is identical with that measured in the model test.

A Successive Shift Box-Counting Method for Calculating Fractal Dimensions and Its Application in Identification of Faults

Fractal dimensions of a terrain quantitatively describe the self-organizedstructure of the terrain geometry. However, the local topographic variation cannot be illustrated bythe conventional box-counting method. This paper proposes a successive shift box-counting method,in which the studied object is divided into small sub-objects that are composed of a series of gridsaccording to its characteristic scaling. The terrain fractal dimensions in the grids are calculatedwith the successive shift box-counting method and the scattered points with values of fractaldimensions are obtained. The present research shows that the planar variation of fractal dimensionsis well consistent with fault traces and geological boundaries.

Local vs. cross station simulation of suspended sediment load in successive hydrometric stations: heuristic modeling approach

The present paper aims at modeling suspended sediment load(SSL) using heuristic data driven methodologies, e.g. Gene Expression Programming(GEP) and Support Vector Machine(SVM) in three successive hydrometric stations of Housatonic River in U.S. The simulations were carried out through local and cross-station data management scenarios to investigate the interrelations between the SSL values of upstream/downstream stations. The available scenarios were applied to predict SSL values using GEP to obtain the best models. Then, the best models were predicted by SVM approach and the obtained results were compared with those of GEP. The comparison of the results revealed that the SVM technique is more capable than the GEP for modeling the SSL through the both local and cross-station data management strategies. Besides, local application seems to be better than cross-station application for modeling SSL. Nevertheless, the cross-station application demonstrated to be a valid methodology for simulating SSL, which would be of interest for the stations with lack of observational data. Also, the prediction capability of conventional Sediment Rating Curve(SRC) method was compared with those of GEPand SVM techniques. The obtained results revealed the superiority of GEP and SVM-based models over the traditional SRC technique in the studied stations.

Carbon Accumulation and Distribution in Ecosystems of Taiwania flousiana Plantation and Successive Rotation Plantation of Cunninghamia lanceolata

The 23-year-old T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C. lanceolata at Shankou Forest Farm of Nandan County, Guangxi were tested by the method of plot investigation combining with biomass measurement. Carbon storage and spatial distribution of different components in the two forests were analyzed. The results indicated that carbon content in different organs of T. flousiana ranged from 426.0 to 503.9 g/kg, and the order was bark 〉stem 〉 root 〉 branch 〉 leaf. The carbon contents in shrub, herb and litter layers were452.9 , 408.0 and 428.9 g/kg, respectively. Carbon content in the soil （0 -80 cm）was 16.59 g/kg. The carbon content in different organs of C. lanceolata ranged from 464.5 to 508.9 g/kg, and the order was bark 〉 stem 〉 branch 〉 root 〉 leaf. The carbon contents in shrub, herb and litter layers were 456.2, 416.3 and 468.1 g/kg, respectively. Carbon content in the soil （0 -80 cm）was 15.77 g/kg. Total carbon storage amounts of T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C. lanceolata were 245.83 and 213.52 t/hm^2, respectively. The carbon storage order of different structure layers from T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C. lanceolata was soil layer （0 -8 0 cm） 〉 vegetation layer 〉 litter layer. Annual net productivity in the arbor layers of T. flousiana plantation and successive rotation plantation of C. lanceolata plantations was 10.75 and 17.13 t/（hm^2 · a） ; annual net carbon fixation amounts were estimated as 5.05 and 3.47 t /（hm^2 · a） ; annual net absorption C02 amounts were 18.53 and 12.73 t/（hm^2 · a） respectively.

Successive Interference Cancellation and Alignment in K-User MIMO Interference Channels with Partial Unidirectional Strong Interference

Recently cellular networks have been densely and heterogeneously deployed indoors and outdoors to expand the network capacity,and thus the in-building propagation loss and the transmit power diversity of access points will exacerbate link heterogeneity and result in partial unidirectional strong interference.To make full use of the strong interference feature,we propose the successive interference cancellation and alignment(SICA)scheme in the K-user interference channel with partial unidirectional strong interference.SICA is designed to transmit two kinds of data streams simultaneously,the alignment streams and superposition streams.The alignment streams will follow the interference alignment criterion to maintain the optimal degrees of freedom(DoF)performance;the superposition streams are handled via successive interference cancellation at all the strongly interfered receivers to improve the overall achievable rate.The joint transceiver designs for SICA is modeled as a weighted sum rate(WSR)maximization problem,and then can be alternately solved for a local optimum according to the optimality equivalence between WSR and its corresponding weighted mean square error(WMMSE)problem.Simulation results have confirmed the sum rate improvement and DoF optimality of the proposed SICA scheme.

A variational successive corrections approach for the sea ice concentration analysis

The sea ice concentration observation from satellite remote sensing includes the spatial multi-scale information.However,traditional data assimilation methods cannot better extract the valuable information due to the complicated variability of the sea ice concentration in the marginal ice zone.A successive corrections analysis using variational optimization method,called spatial multi-scale recursive filter(SMRF),has been designed in this paper to extract multi-scale information resolved by sea ice observations.It is a combination of successive correction methods(SCM)and minimization algorithms,in which various observational scales,from longer to shorter wavelengths,can be extracted successively.As a variational objective analysis scheme,it gains the advantage over the conventional approaches that analyze all scales resolved by observations at one time,and also,the specification of parameters is more convenient.Results of single-observation experiment demonstrate that the SMRF scheme possesses a good ability in propagating observational signals.Further,it shows a superior performance in extracting multi-scale information in a two-dimensional sea ice concentration(SIC)experiment with the real observations from Special Sensor Microwave/Imager SIC(SSMI).

Acid Release from an Acid Sulfate Soil Sample Under Successive Extractions with Different Extractants

An acid sulfate soil sample was successively extracted with deionized water, 1 mol L-1 KCl and 0.000 5 mol L-l Ca(OH)2 solutions. The results showed that only very small amounts of acidity were extracted by deionized water, possibly through slow jarosite hydrolysis. Acid release through jarosite hydrolysis was greatly enhanced by Ca(OH)2 extraction at the expense of the added OH- being neutralized by the acid released. Successive extraction of the sample with KCl removed the largest amounts of acidity from the sample. However, it is likely that the major form of acidity released by KCl extraction was exchangeable acidity. The results also show the occurrence of low or non charged Al and Fe species in water and Ca(OH)2 extracts after first a few extractions. It appears that such a phenomenon was related to a decreasing EC value with increasing number of extractions.

Successively bilateral cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patient with Good's syndrome

Dear Editor,I am Dr. Feng Hu, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. I write to present a case report of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in Good’s syndrome (GS).GS is an extremely rare primary immune-deficiency syndrome,which consists of simultaneous occurrence of