Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases(SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica(Md SUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Md SUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, Md SUS1 s and Md SUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas Md SUS2.2/2.3 and Md SUS3 s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most Md SUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both Md SUS2.1 and Md SUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different Md SUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.

Genome-wide identification and function analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase MdSPS gene family in apple

Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)is a rate-limiting enzyme that works in conjunction with sucrose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SPP)for sucrose synthesis,and it plays an essential role in energy provisioning during growth and development in plants as well as improving fruit quality.However,studies on the systematic analysis and evolutionary pattern of the SPS gene family in apple are still lacking.In the present study,a total of seven MdSPS and four MdSPP genes were identified from the Malus domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1.The gene structures and their promoter cis-elements,protein conserved motifs,subcellular localizations,physiological functions and biochemical properties were analyzed.A chromosomal location and gene-duplication analysis demonstrated that whole-genome duplication(WGD)and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdSPS gene family expansion.The Ka/Ks ratio of pairwise MdSPS genes indicated that the members of this family have undergone strong purifying selection during domestication.Furthermore,three SPS gene subfamilies were classified based on phylogenetic relationships,and old gene duplications and significantly divergent evolutionary rates were observed among the SPS gene subfamilies.In addition,a major gene related to sucrose accumulation(MdSPSA2.3)was identified according to the highly consistent trends in the changes of its expression in four apple varieties(‘Golden Delicious’,‘Fuji’,‘Qinguan’and‘Honeycrisp’)and the correlation between gene expression and soluble sugar content during fruit development.Furthermore,the virus-induced silencing of MdSPSA2.3 confirmed its function in sucrose accumulation in apple fruit.The present study lays a theoretical foundation for better clarifying the biological functions of the MdSPS genes during apple fruit development.

Molecular cloning,characterization and expression profile of the sucrose synthase gene family in Litchi chinensis

Sucrose synthase(SUS,EC 2.4.1.13)is widely considered as a key enzyme involved in plant sucrose metabolism,and the gene family encoding different SUS isozymes has been identified and characterized in several plant species.However,to date scant information about the SUS genes is available in Litchi chinensis Sonn.Here,we identified five SUS genes in litchi.These Lc SUSs shared high levels of similarity in both nucleotide and amino acid sequences.Their gene structure,phylogenetic relationships,and expression profiles were characterized.Gene structure analysis indicated that the Lc SUSs have similar exon-intron structures.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five members could be classified into three groups(LcSUS1 and LcSUS2 in SUSⅡ,LcSUS4 and LcSUS5 in SUSⅢ,and LcSUS3 in SUSⅠ),demonstrating evolutionary conservation in the SUS family across litchi and other plant species.The expression levels of Lc SUSs were investigated via real-time PCR in various tissues and different developmental stages of aril.For tissues and organs,Lc SUSs exhibited distinct but partially redundant expression profiles in litchi,being predominantly expressed in young leaves(sink).During aril development,the expression pattern of LcSUS1 was consistent with the trend of sugar accumulation,indicating it may play important roles in determination of sink strength in aril.Moreover,transcript levels of LcSUS2,LcSUS4,and LcSUS5 varied between cultivars with different hexose/sucrose ratios,which may regulate the sugar composition in aril.Our results provide insights into physiological functions of SUS genes in litchi,especially roles in regulating sugar accumulation in aril.

Overexpression of aspen sucrose synthase gene promotes growth and development of transgenic Arabidopsis plants

In plants, sucrose synthase (SUS) enzymes catalyze conversion of sucrose into fructose and UDP-glucose in the presence of UDP. To investigate the impact of overexpression of heterologous SUS on the growth and development of Arabidopsis, we transformed Arabidopsis plants with an overexpression vector containing an aspen SUS gene (PtrSUS1). The genomic PCR confirmed the successful integration of PtrSUS1 transgene in the Arabidopsis genome. PtrSUS1 expression in transgenic Arabidopsis plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. The SUS activity was dramatically increased in all transgenic lines examined. The three selected transgenic PtrSUS1 lines exhibited faster growth and flowered about 10 days earlier compared to untransformed controls, and also possessed 133%, 139%, and 143% SUS activity compared to controls. Both fresh weights and dry biomass yields of the whole plants from these three selected transgenic lines were significantly increased to 125% of the controls. Transgenic PtrSUS1 lines also had a higher tolerance to higher concentration of sucrose which was reflective of the increased SUS activity in transgenic versus wild-type plants. The growth differences between wild-type and transgenic plants, either in root and hypocotyl length or in fresh and dry weight of whole plant, became more pronounced on the media containing higher sucrose concentrations. Taken together, these results showed that the early flowering, faster growth and increased tolerance to higher sucrose in transgenic lines were caused by the genome integration and constitutive expression of the aspen PtrSUS1 gene in transgenic Arabidopsis.

Regulation of sucrose synthase activity and sugar yield by nitrogen in sugar beet

The content of sugar is influenced by sucrose synthase （SS） activity in roots. The effects of nitrogen level in the aminonitrate ratio on SS activity of leaves and roots, roots yield and sugar content in sugar beet were studied in the field experiment by nutrient solution culture. The results showed that SS activity in leaves was lower than that in roots. With nitrogen level increasing, SS decomposition activity enhanced, and synthesis activity reduced. SS activity was regulated by different nitrogen forms and the ratio of NO3 and NH4^＋. SS synthesis activity was enhanced as NH4^＋ increasing when NO3 ： NH4^＋≥ 1, and it decreased as increasing NH4^＋ when NO3 ： NH4^＋≤ 1, and it was the highest when NO3 ： NH4^＋=1. SS decomposition activity was enhanced as NO3- increasing. Sucrose content in root was lowed as nitrogen level increasing, but it was enhanced as NH4^＋ increasing in the same nitrogen level. Root and sugar yield were the highest in the medium nitrogen level and NO3 ： NH4^＋=1. The result in field experiment corresponded with that in the nutrient fluid culture. It provides a basis for using reasonably nitrogen fertilizer in sugar beet production.

Effect of High Temperature on Sucrose Content and Sucrose Cleaving Enzyme Activity in Rice Grain During the Filling Stage

Dynamic changes of sucrose, fructose, glucose contents and differences in activities of sucrose synthase, vacuolar invertase, and cell wall bound invertase in rice grain after flowering stage were studied under natural and high temperatures by using two japonica rice varieties Koshihikari and Sasanishiki. In rice grains, the sucrose synthase activity was higher than that of invertase, which was significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate, indicating that the sucrose synthase played an important role in sucrose degradation and starch synthesis. Under high temperature, the significant increase in grain sucrose content without any increase in fructose and glucose contents, suggested that the high temperature treatment enhanced sucrose accumulation, while diminished sucrose degradation in rice grains. Compared with the control plants, the decrease in activities of sucrose synthase, vacuolar invertase, and cell wall bound invertase with high temperature treated plants indicated that the deceleration of sucrose-degradation was related to the decrease in activities of sucrose synthase and invertase.

Variations in Carbohydrate Content and Sucrose-Metabolizing Enzymes in Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>L.) Stamen Parts during Pollen Maturation

The formation of mature and fertile pollen grains, taking place inside the anther, depends on supply of assimilates, in the form of sucrose, provided mainly by the leaves. Data is limited, however, with respect to the understanding of sucrose metabolism in microspores and the supporting tissues. The aims of the present work were to 1) follow the changes in total and relative concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch in the stamen parts and microspores up until anthesis, 2) follow the activities of sucrose-metabolism-related enzymes, in the anther walls fraction and microspores of the crop plant tomato. Sucrose was found to be partially cleaved in the filament, decreasing by more than twofold in the anther wall layers and the locular fluid, and to accumulate in the mature pollen grains, constituting 80% of total soluble sugars. Thus, sucrose was both the starting sugar, supporting microspore development, and the main carbohydrate accumulated at the end of the pollen-development program. The major invertase found to be active in both the anther wall layers and in maturing microspores was cell-wall-bound invertase. High fructokinase 2 and sucrose phosphate synthase activities during pollen maturation coincided with sucrose accumulation. The potential importance of sucrose accumulation during pollen dehydration phase and germination is discussed.

Transformation of Sucrose to Starch and Protein in Rice Leaves and Grains under Two Establishment Methods

Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage（14 d after flowering） in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase（cleavage） significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites（amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar） under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase（synthesis） and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties.

转Susy基因对棉花农艺性状的影响

以新陆早13号为受体,对利用花粉管通道法得到的转蔗糖合成酶基因(Sucrose Synthase Gene,Susy)棉花进行研究,比较转Susy基因植株T5代株系与受体新陆早13号形态性状、产量性状和纤维品质的差异,结果表明,Susy基因的导入对棉花各农艺性状有不同程度的影响,各性状变异系数增加,其中果枝数和皮棉产量差异显著;植株叶片和茎秆的表皮茸毛密集,数量比对照显著增加5倍;纤维长度和强度略有增加,马克隆值降低,品质得到改善。有望为棉花品质育种提供优良材料。

花生蔗糖合酶基因AhSuSy的克隆和干旱胁迫表达分析

蔗糖合酶（sucrose synthase,SuSy）是蔗糖代谢途径中的关键酶,在植物生长、发育和渗透调节过程中起着重要的作用。本研究利用同源克隆、RACE和TAIL-PCR相结合的方法从花生叶片中分离了蔗糖合酶基因,命名为AhSuSy（Gen Bank登录号为JF346233）。该基因cDNA序列全长2790bp,包含一个2421bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,5′端非编码区57bp,3端非编码区为312bp。根据编码区预测AhSuSy编码806个氨基酸,与大豆、拟南芥、玉米等植物中相关蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性达75%以上;成功构建了该基因的原核表达载体pET32a-AhSuSy,在IPTG诱导下得到92kD左右的蛋白,与理论值一致。半定量RT-PCR分析表明AhSuSy在花生根、茎、叶中均有表达。利用10%PEG模拟干旱处理花生幼苗,分析胁迫后AhSuSy的转录水平,同时测定蔗糖合酶活性和蔗糖含量,发现三者均表现为处理后4~12h逐渐升高,相关性分析显示花生中蔗糖含量与蔗糖合酶活性的相关系数达0.993（P=0.007〈0.01）,处理后12~24h逐渐降低。推测该基因响应干旱调控,在花生抗旱胁迫中可能起着一定的作用。

棉花蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)分子结构特征与功能预测分析

从生物信息学角度,利用http://www.us.expasy.org、http://www.ch.embnet.org和NCBI的核酸/蛋白质结构特征在线分析工具,对棉花蔗糖合成酶(SuSy,sucrosesynthaseE.C.2.4.1.13)基因及其推导的氨基酸序列进行结构特征和功能域预测分析,探讨了棉花蔗糖合成酶的亲/疏水性、信号肽、跨膜拓扑结构、卷曲螺旋结构及功能域。结果表明该酶具有2个卷曲螺旋区段:20～30和190～215氨基酸区域,没有信号肽,是一个非跨膜的亲水性稳定蛋白,包含两个功能结构域7～555(Sucrose-synth)和568～747(Glycose-transf-1),分别行使蔗糖合成功能、糖基化合物(UDP、ADP、GDP或CMP)转移功能。

山药SuSy基因全长cDNA序列的结构、进化和表达

【目的】阐明山药蔗糖合成酶(SuSy,EC 2.4.1.13)基因家族的成员及其功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从大薯(Dioscorea alata)地下块茎中分离到1个SuSy基因(DaSuSy1)全长cDNA序列,并用DANSTAR和Clastal W等软件分析该序列的结构特征和分子进化,采用RT-PCR和Northern杂交对该基因的时空表达进行分析。【结果】DaSuSy1全长cDNA序列大小为2673bp,其中最大开放阅读框(ORF)、5'端和3'端的非翻译区分别含有2445bp、7bp和221bp,而且3'端的非翻译区含1个24nt的Poly(A+)尾;最大ORF可编码814个氨基酸,分子量为92.76kD,等电点为6.42,含有蔗糖合成酶和葡糖基转移酶两个保守功能域及两个磷酸化位点,即N端的Ser10和C端的SNLDRRET781 RR(Ser774～Thr781)。该基因在全长cDNA序列、编码区cDNA序列及其编码氨基酸序列的水平上与GenBank中所选已知物种SuSy基因相应序列的同源性分别达45.3%～71.3%、45.8%～74.8%和50%～84.7%,与禾本科植物SuSy基因家族中一些成员亲缘关系最近。DaSuSy1在非光合器官中表达,其中地下块茎表达最为强烈,而且从块茎形成初前期开始表达一直增强至盛中期,此后逐渐减弱。【结论】DaSuSy1是山药SuSy基因家族成员,归为单子叶植物SuSy基因的组别,仅在非光合器官中表达编码负责蔗糖-淀粉转化功能的SuSy同工型。

花生中蔗糖合成酶基因AhSuSy在花生中的组织表达及对非生物胁迫响应研究

低温、高盐和干旱胁迫严重影响植物的生长和产量。本研究以花生品种花育33号为实验材料,根据cDNA文库中已知的蔗糖合成酶基因AhSuSy全长序列设计引物,通过RT-PCR克隆到该基因。通过荧光定量PCR分析了该基因在花生各组织中的表达及在低温、高盐等非生物胁迫下的表达。结果显示,该基因为组成型表达基因,在叶片和根中表达量较高,在花中表达量最低;AhSuSy基因在花生的叶片和根中对低温均没有明显响应,但在花生根中受高盐胁迫和干旱胁迫明显诱导,说明该基因可能参与了花生对高盐和干旱胁迫的适应性调控;AhSuSy在花生根中受ABA的明显诱导,说明该基因对花生非生物胁迫的调控可能是以依赖ABA的方式进行的。

甘蔗蔗糖合酶基因Susy半定量表达体系的建立及其应用

为进一步研究高等植物体内控制蔗糖合成的关键酶基因蔗糖合酶基因Susy在甘蔗中的表达情况,本研究以甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因为内参基因,通过对退火温度、循环数的优化建立了一个稳定、方便的半定量RT-PCR体系。通过该体系检测干旱处理下甘蔗叶的Susy基因表达,并结合叶片酶活性和蔗糖含量进行分析。结果表明:甘蔗Susy基因的半定量RT-PCR扩增,以循环数30个、退火温度为54℃、内参基因与目的基因同批异管进行扩增为宜。甘蔗Susy基因在不同叶位中的表达有很大差异,总体上表现为:+1叶、+2叶>+5叶、+6叶>心叶,干旱胁迫可诱导幼嫩叶中Susy基因的表达量上升,基因表达的变化与其酶活性和蔗糖含量变化的情况相一致。

棉纤维起始分化期基因枪介导的GhSuSy表达分析

蔗糖合酶(sucrose synthase)通过调节植物糖代谢介导棉纤维的起始和发育。为进一步研究棉纤维起始分化过程中蔗糖合酶的转录调控机制,克隆了GhSuSy基因5′端上游2000 bp的启动子片段,构建了含LUC荧光报告基因的重组载体,采用基因枪瞬时转化技术,把重组载体DNA分别转化到棉花叶片和花瓣,比较分析了不同载体膜压力、不同轰击距离与孵育时间等条件下的荧光素酶(luciferase,LUC)活性。用优化后的条件检测了棉纤维起始分化期蔗糖合酶基因GhSuSy偶联的LUC在叶片和花瓣中的活性,并与GhSuSy表达、蔗糖合酶活性比较分析。结果显示:-0.09 MPa真空度下,可裂膜压力设为6.80 MPa,载体膜距离叶片7 cm,轰击2次转化效率最高,转化后样品孵育16 h左右LUC荧光信号最强;与叶片中LUC表达相比,花瓣中LUC荧光信号强、活性高,特别是开花当天(0 d)和开花后1 d(1 DPA)差异明显;在纤维起始分化的开花前3 d(-3 DPA)到开花后3 d(3 DPA),叶片和花瓣中LUC活性先升高后降低,在0和1 DPA的LUC活性最高,这一结果与GhSuSy的定量分析、蔗糖合酶活性检测结果趋于一致,同时纤维起始时期胚珠中GhSuSy的表达和蔗糖合酶活性也显著升高。这些结果暗示GhSuSy基因或编码的蔗糖合酶在0和1 DPA可能调控了棉纤维的起始和分化,表明基因枪介导的瞬时转化系统可用于进一步的GhSuSy基因启动子转录调控分析。

木薯蔗糖合酶(SuSy)基因的表达分析及SuSy1和SuSy4编码序列的克隆

依据拟南芥6个蔗糖合酶基因序列搜索木薯基因组数据库,获得了6个木薯蔗糖合酶基因亚型。将6个木薯蔗糖合酶基因亚型的外显子-内含子结构进行分析,结合其它物种蔗糖合酶基因的氨基酸序列构建进化树,将木薯蔗糖合酶基因可分为三类,分别为Su Sy1/Su Sy4,Su Sy2/Su Sy3和Su Sy5/Su Sy6。以木薯KU50的功能叶和5个不同时期块根的RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR的方法对蔗糖合酶基因家族进行表达分析,确定了Su Sy1和Su Sy4高表达的亚型,克隆并获得了Su Sy1和Su Sy4基因的编码区序列,对获得的序列进行同源性和功能结构域分析表明,2条序列的氨基酸同源性为97%,并且有相同的功能结构域。

巨桉SuSy基因家族的生物信息学分析

为了解EgrSuSy基因家族的生物学功能,从巨桉(Eucalyptusgrandis)基因组数据库中筛选出18个SuSy基因家族成员(EgrSuSy1～EgrSuSy18),采用生物信息学方法对其基因特征与表达模式进行分析。结果表明,EgrSuSy基因分布在7条染色体上,EgrSuSy蛋白均定位在细胞质膜上,EgrSuSy家族成员均不具备信号肽。EgrSuSy蛋白质由α-螺旋、延伸链、无规则卷曲、β-转角组成。EgrSuSy蛋白与毛果杨(Populustrichocarpa)的SuSy蛋白亲缘关系相近。18个EgrSuSy基因在巨桉未成熟木质部、成熟叶片、韧皮部、茎尖、木质部以及幼叶组织中的表达模式不同。因此,EgrSuSy在巨桉不同组织和发育时期的功能可能存在差异。

Overexpression of a Potato Sucrose Synthase Gene in Cotton Accelerates Leaf Expansion, Reduces Seed Abortion, and Enhances Fiber Production

Sucrose synthase （Sus） is a key enzyme in the breakdown of sucrose and is considered a biochemical marker for sink strength, especially in crop species, based on mutational and gene suppression studies. It remains elusive, however, whether, or to what extent, increase in Sus activity may enhance sink development. We aimed to address this question by expressing a potato Sus gene in cotton where Sus expression has been previously shown to be critical for normal seed and fiber development. Segregation analyses at T1 generation followed by studies in homozygous progeny lines revealed that increased Sus activity in cotton （1） enhanced leaf expansion with the effect evident from young leaves emerging from shoot apex; （2） improved early seed development, which reduced seed abortion, hence enhanced seed set, and （3） promoted fiber elongation. In young leaves of Sus overexpressing lines, fructose concentrations were significantly increased whereas, in elongating fibers, both fructose and glucose levels were increased. Since hexoses contribute little to osmolality in leaves, in contrast to developing fibers, it is concluded that high Sus activity promotes leaf development independently of osmotic regulation, probably through sugar signaling. The analyses also showed that doubling the Sus activity in 0-d cotton seeds increased their fresh weight by about 30%. However, further increase in Sus activity did not lead to any further increase in seed weight, indicating an upper limit for the Sus overexpression effect. Finally, based on the observed additive effect on fiber yield from increased fiber length and seed number, a new strategy is proposed to increase cotton fiber yield by improving seed development as a whole, rather than solely focusing on manipulating fiber growth.

苦荞蔗糖合酶SuSy基因在大肠杆菌中的表达及其纯化

【目的】探究苦荞蔗糖合酶结构与功能的关系,构建表达载体以实现SuSy基因在大肠杆菌中的表达,并经亲和层析纯化后得到重组SuSy蛋白,为进一步研究该酶的结构和功能奠定基础.【方法】以苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)cDNA文库中克隆得到的蔗糖合酶基因重组质粒为模板,PCR扩增得到SuSy编码序列,将其与原核生物表达载体pET28a相连接构建了重组表达载体pET28a-SuSy,经EcoRⅠ和SalⅠ双酶切及测序鉴定正确后将其转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)感受态细胞BL21,经异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷诱导表达SuSy重组蛋白,并对其诱导表达条件进行优化.【结果】在37℃、1.2 mmol/L IPTG诱导10 h时,SuSy蛋白表达量最高,分子量大小约为53.4 ku,超声破碎后经SDS-PAGE检测到该蛋白以包涵体形式存在.【结论】利用Co2+亲和柱层析纯化和His-tag鉴定得到了高纯度的重组SuSy蛋白,为该酶结构与功能的研究及多克隆抗体制备奠定了基础.

Sucrose enhances the chromogenic ability of Staphylococcus xylosus by improving nitric oxide synthase activity

In this paper,the effect of different concentrations of sucrose stress on color formation of the Staphylococcus xylosus was investigated.The results showed that the highest a*value and the best coloring effect similar to those of nitrite were observed after the addition of 0.05 g/mL sucrose to stress the S.xylosus.UV-Vis and electron spin resonance spectra analysis showed that production of coloring product Mb-NO was significantly enhanced after 0.05 g/mL sucrose stress.The growth curve,reactive oxygen content,cell cycle,nitric oxide synthase(NOS)activity,zeta potential,cell size,and protein composition of S.xylosus were investigated to reveal the mechanism of sucrose stress to enhance the coloring effect of the strain.The result showed that sucrose inhibited the growth of S.xylosus,which changed the physiological state by activating the oxidative stress response.The stress altered the rate of intracellular metabolism of S.xylosus by delaying the cell cycle and increasing cell surface zeta potential and cell particle size.These changes altered the protein composition of the cells and significantly enhanced the activity of intracellular NOS,which could improve the chromogenic ability of S.xylosus.This study will provide theoretical support for sucrose stress on S.xylosus to enhance its coloring effect,and sucrose stress for S.xylosus might be a promising biological alternative to nitrite in meat products.