CsABF3-activated CsSUT1 pathway is implicated in pre-harvest water deficit inducing sucrose accumulation in citrus fruit

Pre-harvest water deficit(PHWD)plays an important role in sugar accumulation of citrus fruit.However,the mechanism is not known well.Here,it was confirmed that PHWD promoted sucrose accumulation of citrus fruit,but had limited effect on fructose,glucose and total acid.A sucrose transporter,Cs SUT1,which localizes to the plasma membrane,was demonstrated to function in sucrose transport induced by PHWD.Compared to wild-type,Cs SUT1 overexpression in citrus calli stimulated sucrose,fructose and glucose accumulation,while its silencing in juice sacs reduced sucrose accumulation.Increased sugar accumulation in transgenic lines enhanced plant drought tolerance,and resulted in decreased electrolyte leakage,malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents,as well as increased superoxide dismutase activity and proline contents.An abscisic acid(ABA)-responsive transcription factor,Cs ABF3,was found with a same expression pattern with Cs SUT1 under PHWD.Yeast one-hybrid,electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual-luciferase assays all revealed that Cs ABF3 directly bound with the Cs SUT1 promoter by ABA responsive elements.When Cs ABF3 was overexpressed in citrus calli,the sucrose,fructose and glucose concentration increased correspondingly.Further,transgenic studies demonstrated that Cs ABF3 could affect sucrose accumulation by regulating Cs SUT1.Overall,this study revealed a regulation of Cs ABF3 promoting Cs SUT1 expression and sucrose accumulation in response to PHWD.Our results provide a detail insight into the quality formation of citrus fruit.

Genome-wide identification and function analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase MdSPS gene family in apple

Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS)is a rate-limiting enzyme that works in conjunction with sucrose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SPP)for sucrose synthesis,and it plays an essential role in energy provisioning during growth and development in plants as well as improving fruit quality.However,studies on the systematic analysis and evolutionary pattern of the SPS gene family in apple are still lacking.In the present study,a total of seven MdSPS and four MdSPP genes were identified from the Malus domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1.The gene structures and their promoter cis-elements,protein conserved motifs,subcellular localizations,physiological functions and biochemical properties were analyzed.A chromosomal location and gene-duplication analysis demonstrated that whole-genome duplication(WGD)and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdSPS gene family expansion.The Ka/Ks ratio of pairwise MdSPS genes indicated that the members of this family have undergone strong purifying selection during domestication.Furthermore,three SPS gene subfamilies were classified based on phylogenetic relationships,and old gene duplications and significantly divergent evolutionary rates were observed among the SPS gene subfamilies.In addition,a major gene related to sucrose accumulation(MdSPSA2.3)was identified according to the highly consistent trends in the changes of its expression in four apple varieties(‘Golden Delicious’,‘Fuji’,‘Qinguan’and‘Honeycrisp’)and the correlation between gene expression and soluble sugar content during fruit development.Furthermore,the virus-induced silencing of MdSPSA2.3 confirmed its function in sucrose accumulation in apple fruit.The present study lays a theoretical foundation for better clarifying the biological functions of the MdSPS genes during apple fruit development.

TiO_(2)/MMT复合材料降解盐酸四环素的研究

为解决抗生素废水排放带来的环境污染问题,以蒙脱土(MMT)为原料,采用水解法制备TiO_(2)/MMT复合材料,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对TiO_(2)/MMT进行物相表征。以盐酸四环素(TC)为目标降解分子,考察了所制备的复合材料对TC的降解性能,并采用紫外-可见分光光谱(UV-vis)跟踪检测TC降解过程。物相表征表明,TiO_(2)均匀分散在MMT的表面;TiO_(2)/MMT中TiO_(2)为锐钛矿相。TiO_(2)/MMT回收样检测到N元素存在。活性数据表明,30%TiO_(2)/MMT(400℃,2 h)复合材料具有最优光催化降解TC性能,在紫外光下对100 mg/L TC的降解率达87.64%,优于纯TiO_(2)(68.74%)和纯MMT(72.22%)。循环试验6次后,催化剂对TC降解率仍达到75%,表明TiO_(2)/MMT对TC具有较高的降解活性和化学稳定性。·O_(2)^(-)和h^(+)是TiO_(2)/MMT光催化降解盐酸四环素的主要活性物质。

Study on the Preparation Process Optimization of Plywood Based on a Full Biomass Tannin-Sucrose Wood Adhesive

Biomass adhesive is conducive to decreasing the dependence of the wood adhesive industry on synthetic resin based on fossil resources and improving the market competitiveness of adhesives.It is also a critical breakthrough to realize the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the wood industry.In this study,a full biomass wood adhesive composed of tannin and sucrose was developed and applied successfully to the preparation of ply-wood.The preparation technique of plywood was optimized,and the chemical structure,curing performance,crystallization property and thermal performance of the adhesive were investigated.Results showed that:(1)hot-pressing temperature played a decisive role in the performances of tannin-sucrose composite adhesives and it also had a very significant influence on the water resistance of plywood.(2)The preparation of tannin-sucrose composite adhesive was a process in which sucrose was transformed into furan aldehydes and then made cross-linking reaction with tannin.These composite adhesives could only get good bonding performances when the curing temperature was above 210℃.(3)The optimal plywood preparation technique was:hot-pressing tem-perature of 220℃,hot-pressing time of 1.2 min/mm,m(tannin):m(sucrose)of 60:40,and adhesive loading of 160 g/m^(2).The wet bonding strength in boiling water of the prepared plywood was 0.83 MPa,meeting the strength requirements of Type-I plywood in the standard of GB/T 17657-2013.(4)The curing temperature of tannin-sucrose composite adhesive was further decreased by lowering the temperature during the transformation of sucrose into 5-HMF,which was a key in subsequent research.

CeO_(2)/MMT纳米复合材料的制备及其可见光催化氧化性能研究

采用沉淀法和水热法合成CeO_(2)/MMT纳米复合材料,利用XRD、SEM、BET和UV-Vis DRS等方法对材料的结构、形貌、织构特性和光吸收性能进行分析。在长弧氙灯照射下,模拟太阳可见光降解四环素,研究降解液pH、CeO_(2)与MMT的质量比、催化剂用量及抗生素初始浓度等参数对CeO_(2)/MMT光催化的降解性能的影响。结果发现,CeO_(2)/MMT光催化氧化性能较CeO_(2)的要好,且催化氧化反应宜在酸性溶液中进行,当CeO_(2)与MMT的质量比为2时,取得良好的催化降解效果;随着催化剂用量的增大,催化降解率增大,最佳催化剂用量宜为2.5 g/L;四环素初始质量浓度在0.02 g/L以下,降解效果较好;在最佳工艺条件下,CeO_(2)/MMT对四环素的降解率达95%左右。自由基捕获实验发现,CeO_(2)/MMT可见光催化氧化降解过程中•O_(2)^(-)和h^(+)两个活性基团起主要作用,其催化性能稳定,重复使用效果较好。

Research on Variation in Sucrose Content among Different Tartary Buckwheat Genotypes

[Objective] The aim was to determine the difference in sucrose content of different tartary buckwheat sources,so as to screen low-sucrose buckwheat materials.[Method] The sucrose contents of 35 tartary buckwheat materials from different regions were measured.[Result] The sucrose content of the 35 tartary buckwheat materials varied from 0.007 7% to 0.208 9% with an average of 0.051 8%.There was some difference among the tartary buckwheat materials from different regions.The seeds from Hezhang in Guizhou had higher sucrose content,while the seeds from Nayong in Guizhou had lower sucrose content.[Conclusion] The content of sucrose was significantly low in tartary buckwheat,which could be popularized as a kind of low-sugar crop.

Regulation of Sucrose and Zinc on Root System Growth in Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the relationship between urcrose, zinc and the root system growth in rice. [Method] Changes of root system growth, ROS generation and root system proton export ability were analyzed in rice （Oryza sativa L. cv Zhonghua No.11） treated with different concentrations of Zn （NO3）3 sucrose, com- bined sucrose and Zn （NO3）3 mannitol as well as mannitol plus Zn （NO3）2. [Result] The results showed that treatment with 1-3 mM Zn（NO3）2 resulted in significant increases in total root length /number and in accumulation of H202 and 02- but decreases in root system proton export ability. With the exception of shoot length, the length of primary, adventitious, and lateral roots, and the number of adventitious, and lateral roots on primary /adventitious roots were all influenced by different concentrations of sucrose. High concentrations of sucrose caused increases in H202 and O2-, starva- tion or high concentrations of sucrose reduced root system proton export ability after treating with or without Zn. However, at the same concentration of sucrose, different changes of these indicators were observed between Zn and non-Zn treatments. The regulation of root system growth induced by sucrose was marked different from that of mannitol at the same concentration of 5%, suggesting that these effects were caused by sugar signal but not by osmotic potential. [Conclusion] This study indicat- ed that both sucrose and Zn play important roles in the regulation of rice root system growth.

Effect of Low Night Temperature Treatment on Sucrose Synthesis Ability of Tomato Leaves in Seedling Stage

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of low night temperature treatment on sucrose synthesis ability of tomato leaves in seedling stage.[Method] Effects of low night temperature of 6 ℃（with 15 ℃ as control）on the sucrose synthesis ability of tomato leaves were studied after 1,3,5,7 d of treatment.[Result] The contents of fructose,glucose and sucrose in tomato leaves were higher than control at 6：00 during the treatment of low night temperature,but in contrast at 11：00.The contents of fructose,glucose and sucrose in tomato leaves of low night temperature treatment and control group at 6：00 were lower than that at 11：00.The content of starch in tomato leaves was higher than control at 6：00 and 11：00 during the treatment.And the activities of sugar metabolism enzymes of tomato were changed by the treatment of low night temperature.The activities of acid invertase（AI）and neutral invertase（NI）were higher than those of control,while the activities of sucrose synthase（SS）and sucrose phosphate synthase（SPS）were lower than control at 6：00 and 11：00 during the treatment.The activity of all the enzymes at 11：00 of low night temperature treatment plants treated for 1,3,5,7 d was higher than that at 6：00.Compared to 6：00,the invertase activity of the control plant decreased,while the synthetase activity increased.The activity of sucrose synthase（SS）was decreased for treated plants,and the increase amount of sucrose content in leaves was lower than that of control at 11：00 during the treatment,indicating that the sucrose synthesis ability of tomato leaves was decreased by the treatment of low night temperature.[Conclusion] The results in this study had provided theoretical basis for the environmental control of high-yield cultivation of tomato.

超声引导MMT微创旋切术治疗对女性良性乳腺肿块围术期指标术后疼痛瘢痕及并发症的影响

目的:探究超声引导MMT微创旋切术治疗对女性良性乳腺肿块围术期指标、术后疼痛、瘢痕及并发症的影响。方法:回顾分析126例于2019年1月至2022年1月期间在我院接受治疗的良性乳腺肿块患者的临床资料,根据其手术方式不同分为MMT组和常规组,MMT组采用超声引导MMT微创旋切术,共71例,常规组采用传统开放手术,共55例。对比两组围术期指标(手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、切口愈合时间)、术后疼痛[术后2h、8h、24h视觉模拟量表(VAS)得分]程度差异,术后随访3个月,对比两组患者的瘢痕情况[瘢痕长度、温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)]差异,比较两组并发症发生差异。结果:MMT组相较于常规组,手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、切口愈合时间、术后各时间段VAS得分、瘢痕情况各指标、并发症总发生率均更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:女性良性乳腺肿块患者应用超声引导MMT微创旋切术与传统手术组相比可提高手术效率、减少手术创伤、缩短患者术后恢复进程,还可改善患者术后疼痛情况,减少瘢痕形成及并发症发生风险。

Effects of Sucrose Concentration and Sunlight on the Cutting of Coleus blumei

[Objective] To provide scientific bases for the propagation of Coleus blumei. [Method] With the healthy branches of potted Coleus blumei as experiment materials, effects of sucrose concentration on the rooting of Coleus blumei cuttings as well as effects of sunlight on its growth were studied. [Results] Being compared with the CK (clear water), sucrose solution with low or high concentration will not promote the rooting of Coleus blumei cuttings; illumination will enhance the growth of Coleus blumei cuttings with roots; cutting treatment and management measures will greatly influence the rooting rate of Coleus blumei cuttings. [Conclusions] Sucrose solution will not promote the rooting of Coleus blumei cuttings; illumination will enhance the growth of Coleus blumei cuttings.

A STUDY ON THE RATE OF SUCROSE DECOMPOSITION IN IMPURE SUGAR SOLUTIONS

探讨了不纯糖液中蔗糖酸性分解的反应动力学机理。认为，影响蔗糖分解反应速率常数Ｋ的显著因素是ｐＨ、温度以及二者的交互作用；非糖组分的影响作用不显著，它们是通过对ｐＨ的贡献来实施影响的。论文还建立了相应的数学模型，并进行了验证。

Co_(3)O_(4)-MMT催化剂的制备及其N_(2)O催化分解性能

以MMT为载体,采用原位聚合-配位沉积法制备3种不同Co负载量的Co_(3)O_(4)-MMT催化剂。采用N 2物理吸附、XRD和TEM对载体和催化剂进行表征,并在连续流动微反装置上考察其N_(2)O催化分解性能。结果表明,与Co_(3)O_(4)催化剂相比,Co_(3)O_(4)-MMT催化剂的比表面积显著增大,且活性组分Co_(3)O_(4)具有较高的分散状态。Co_(3)O_(4)-MMT催化剂的催化活性随着Co含量的增加先升后降,其中0.015Co-MMT表现出最佳的催化活性,其活性远高于Co_(3)O_(4)催化剂,同时,该催化剂还表现出良好的催化稳定性和较好的杂质气体耐受性。

Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases(SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica(Md SUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Md SUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, Md SUS1 s and Md SUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas Md SUS2.2/2.3 and Md SUS3 s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most Md SUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both Md SUS2.1 and Md SUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different Md SUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.

Effects on Sucrose Metabolism,Dry Matter Distribution and Fruit Quality of Tomato Under Water Deficit

Four irrigation treatments were designed with 2,4,6 and 8 d intervals to irrigate, respectively. Watering was stopped when the reading of the moisture tension sensor reached zero. The results indicated that glucose and fructose content of tomato's fruit were increased but sucrose content was decreased with fruit growth and development. In different stages, carbohydrate content of tomato fruit in the treatment 3 was the highest, in the treatment 2 was higher, and in the other treatments was the lowest. SS(sucrose synthase)activity was decreased but SPS(sucrose phosphate synthase)activity was increased with development of tomato. SS and SPS activity were increased but acid invertase and neutral invertase activity of ripe stage were decreased under deficit irrigation. Glucose and fructose content were increased in leaves of tomato under water deficit. Soluble sugars, organic acid and the ratio of sugar/acid in tomato fruits were increased and dry matter accumulation of plant was enhanced under water deficit. But the growth of fruits upside the plant and its dry matter accumulation were badly affected under water stress.

Effect of High Temperature on Sucrose Content and Sucrose Cleaving Enzyme Activity in Rice Grain During the Filling Stage

Dynamic changes of sucrose, fructose, glucose contents and differences in activities of sucrose synthase, vacuolar invertase, and cell wall bound invertase in rice grain after flowering stage were studied under natural and high temperatures by using two japonica rice varieties Koshihikari and Sasanishiki. In rice grains, the sucrose synthase activity was higher than that of invertase, which was significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate, indicating that the sucrose synthase played an important role in sucrose degradation and starch synthesis. Under high temperature, the significant increase in grain sucrose content without any increase in fructose and glucose contents, suggested that the high temperature treatment enhanced sucrose accumulation, while diminished sucrose degradation in rice grains. Compared with the control plants, the decrease in activities of sucrose synthase, vacuolar invertase, and cell wall bound invertase with high temperature treated plants indicated that the deceleration of sucrose-degradation was related to the decrease in activities of sucrose synthase and invertase.

Synthesis of insecticidal sucrose esters

Some synthetic sucrose esters （SE） are a relatively new class of insecticidal compounds produced by reacting sugars with fatty acids, which are safe for the environment. Especially, sucrose esters composed of C6-C12 fatty acids have desirable insecticidal properties against many soft-bodied arthropod pests. In our study, sucrose octanoate which has the highest activity against a range of arthropod species was synthesized by a trans-esterification method and proved its insecticidal property. Under the condition of a homogeneous liquid, sucrose octanoate was prepared by reacting ethyl octanoate with sucrose at reduced pressure; the yield was 79.11%. Sucrose octanoate synthesized was identified and its property analyzed by IR, TLC and spectrophotometric analysis. It was shown that the ratio of monoester to polyester in sucrose octanoate was 1.48：1. The insecticidal activity of the synthetic sucrose octanoate was evaluated at a concentration of 4 and 8 mg.mL^-1. The mortality of first-instar larvae ofLymantria dispar from its contact toxicity was 72.5% after 36 hours, the revision insect reduced rate of Aphis glycines reached above 80% at 4 and 8 mg.mL^-1 after being treated for 5 days. Since the SE products are nontoxic to humans and higher animals, fully biodegradable and hydrolyzed to readily metabolizable sucrose and fatty acid, they are not harmful to crops and appear to be good insecticide candidates.

An analytical method for Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe(Ⅲ) determination in pharmaceutical grade iron sucrose complex and sodium ferric gluconate complex

A robust voltammetric method has been developed and validated for the determination of Fe（Ⅱ） and Fe（Ⅲ） in pharmaceutical iron polysaccharidic complexes. Undesirable low molecular weight iron complexes, at concentration about 3% in the pharmaceutical formulation, can be easily determined with good accuracy and precision. This methodology can be proposed as a viable, environmentally sustainable substitute for the conventional Normal Pulse Polarographic method in US Pharmacopeia, with better analytical figures of merit, and reduced Hg consumption. A deeper insight in Fe（Ⅱ） and Fe（Ⅲ） composition can be gained by the combined use of a new potentiometric technique after chemical decomposition of the complex.

Effects of Neutral Detergent Soluble Fiber and Sucrose Supplementation on Ruminal Fermentation, Microbial Synthesis, and Populations of Ruminal Cellulolytic Bacteria Using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)

We evaluated the effects of neutral detergent soluble fiber （NDSF） and sucrose supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and populations of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria using the rumen simulation technique （RUSITEC）. The experiment had a 2x2 factorial design with two dosages of sucrose, low （ca. 0.26 g d-1, low-sucrose） and high （ca. 1.01 g d-1, high-sucrose）, and two dosages of supplied NDSF, low （1.95 g d-1, Iow-NDSF） and high （2.70 g d-1, high-NDSF）. Interactions between NDSF and sucrose were detected for xylanase activity from solid fraction and apparent disappearance of neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and hemicellulose, with the lowest values observed for high-NDSF and high-sucrose treatment. Supplemental NDSF appeared to increase the molar proportion of acetate and reduce that of butyrate; however, the effects of supplemental sucrose on VFA profiles depended upon NDSF amount. There was a NDSFxsucrose interaction for the production of methane. High-NDSF fermenters had lower ammonia-N production, greater daily N flow of solid- associated microbial pellets and total microorganisms, and greater microbial synthesis efficiency compared with low- NDSF fermenters. Supplementation with NDSF resulted in an increase in 16S rDNA copies of Ruminococcusflavefaciens and a reduction in copies of Ruminococcus albus. Supplementation with sucrose tended to increase the 16S rDNA copies ofR. albus from liquid fraction, but did not affect daily total microbial N flow and cellulolytic bacterium populations from solid fraction. These data indicate that the effects of the interaction between NDSF and sugars on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestion should be taken into account in diet formulation. Ruminal fermentation and metabolism of sugars warrant further investigation.

Variations in Carbohydrate Content and Sucrose-Metabolizing Enzymes in Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>L.) Stamen Parts during Pollen Maturation

The formation of mature and fertile pollen grains, taking place inside the anther, depends on supply of assimilates, in the form of sucrose, provided mainly by the leaves. Data is limited, however, with respect to the understanding of sucrose metabolism in microspores and the supporting tissues. The aims of the present work were to 1) follow the changes in total and relative concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch in the stamen parts and microspores up until anthesis, 2) follow the activities of sucrose-metabolism-related enzymes, in the anther walls fraction and microspores of the crop plant tomato. Sucrose was found to be partially cleaved in the filament, decreasing by more than twofold in the anther wall layers and the locular fluid, and to accumulate in the mature pollen grains, constituting 80% of total soluble sugars. Thus, sucrose was both the starting sugar, supporting microspore development, and the main carbohydrate accumulated at the end of the pollen-development program. The major invertase found to be active in both the anther wall layers and in maturing microspores was cell-wall-bound invertase. High fructokinase 2 and sucrose phosphate synthase activities during pollen maturation coincided with sucrose accumulation. The potential importance of sucrose accumulation during pollen dehydration phase and germination is discussed.

Effects of Increased Night Temperature on Cellulose Synthesis and the Activity of Sucrose Metabolism Enzymes in Cotton Fiber

Temperature is one of the key factors that influence cotton fiber synthesis at the late growth stage of cotton. In this paper, using two early-maturing cotton varieties as experimental materials, night temperature increase was stimulated in the field using far-infrared quartz tubes set in semi-mobile incubators and compared with the normal night temperatures （control） in order to investigate the effects of night temperature on the cotton fiber cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening. The results showed that the activity of sucrose synthase （SuSy） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） quickly increased and remained constant during the development of cotton fiber, while the activity of acid invertase （AI） and alkaline invertase （NI） decreased, increased night temperatures prompted the rapid transformation of sugar, and all the available sucrose fully converted into cellulose. With night temperature increasing treatment, an increase in SuSy activity and concentration of sucrose indicate more sucrose converted into UDPG （uridin diphosphate-glucose） during the early and late stages of cotton fiber development. Furthermore, SPS activity and the increased concentration of fructose accelerated fructose degradation and reduced the inhibition of fructose to SuSy; maintaining higher value of allocation proportion of invertase and sucrose during the early development stages of cotton fiber, which was propitious to supply a greater carbon source and energy for cellulose synthesis. Therefore, the minimum temperature in the nightime was a major factor correlated with the activity of sucrose metabolism enzymes in cotton fiber. Consequently, soluble sugar transformation and cellulose accumulation were closely associated with the minimum night temperature.