RDX crystals with high sphericity prepared by resonance acoustic mixing assisted solvent etching technology

In order to obtain high-quality spherical RDX crystal particles,the RDX crystals were suspended in a mixed solvent of cyclohexanone and cyclohexane,subsequently a solvent etching study was carried out under the action of vibration/acoustic flow coupled flow field,which generated by resonance acoustic mixing.The effects of solvent ratio,temperature,acceleration and experiment time on morphology as well as particle size of RDX crystals were studied.Not only were the morphology,particle size distribution and crystal form of RDX crystals determined,but also the thermal decomposition performance and mechanical sensitivity of spherical RDX were examined and discussed.Results indicated that under the process of solvent/non-solvent volume ratio at 1:2,temperature of 40℃,acceleration of 40 g and experiment time of 4 h,α-type RDX crystal with sphericity of 0.92 can be obtained.Furthermore,the median particle size(D_(50))of spherical RDX crystals is 215.8 μm with a unimodal particle size distribution(size span 1.34).For one thing,the thermal decomposition peak temperature of spherical RDX is about 2.5℃ higher than that of raw RDX,and apparent activation energy reaches 444.68 kJ/mol.For another thing,impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of spherical RDX are 18.18% and 33.33% lower than that of raw RDX,respectively.It demonstrates that safety of spherical RDX under thermal,impact and friction stimuli has been improved.

Crosslinked P84 copolyimide/MXene mixed matrix membrane with excellent solvent resistance and permselectivity

MXene is a novel 2D lamellar material with excellent hydrophilicity and permselectivity. MXene was introduced in the P84 polymer matrix and the matrix was crosslinked with triethylenetetramine(TETA) to improve the permselectivity and solvent resistance of the polyimide membrane. The membrane was characterized with SEM, AFM and ATR-FTIR, and effects of MXene content on the membrane morphology and separation performance are investigated. The membrane prepared with 18% P84 and 1% MXene shows high rejection(100%) to gentian violet(408) and high flux(268 L·m^-2·h^-1) at 0.1 MPa and ambient temperature. MXene endows the membrane with much water channel and denser functional layer which improves the membrane performance obviously. The membrane shows excellent solvent resistance to dimethylformamide(DMF), acetone and methanol after crosslinking with TETA during the 18 days of immersion.

Effect of Mixed Solvent on Fabrication, Morphology and Monodispersity of Microspheres with Hydrophobic Poly(butyl methacrylate) Shells

Monodisperse microspheres （mean diameter 200-300 nm） with polystyrene cores and poly（acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate） shells were prepared by using a free radical polymerization method. Moreover, the effect of mixed solvent on the preparation, morphology and monodispersity was investigated. The experimental results showed that solubility parameter of butyl methacrylate and solvent affected mainly the molding of monodisperse core-shell microspheres. When the microspheres were fabricated in a sequential synthesis process, addition of hydrophilic and organic solvent including butyl methacrylate led to spherical degree of the particles becoming worse, and the mean diameter of the microspheres decreased and the monodispersity became better with increasing the crosslinker methylenebisacrylamide dosage.

Effect of Mixed Solvents and Additives on the Habit Modification of 6-APA Crystals

6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) crystals obtained under different physical and chemical conditions of the solutions may present different habits. The habits of diamond-shaped plates are desirable compared with other habits of 6-APA crystals. To obtain ideal 6-APA crystals, the effects of the mixed solvents and additives on 6-APA crystal habits were investigated. Ethanol or acetone was used as the organic solvent, and impurities existing in the 6-APA purification process were used as the additives. 6-APA growth habits were changed when the concentrations of ethanol, acetone or phenyl acetic acid were increased to exceed their critical concentration. The observed results show that the dominant face on 6-APA crystals was identified to be {020}, but the overall habit was controlled by the relative growth rates of the {101} and {002} faces. Crystal growth rates and habits can be appreciably changed by specific adsorption of additives on crystal faces.In some cases solvent molecules can act in a similar way and may be regarded as bulk additives. The effects of additives and organic solvents on 6-APA crystal habits were the results of adsorption effect, which fitted the experimental results quite well.

Solubility of β-cyclodextrin in different mixed solvents

The solubility of β-cyclodextrin （β-CD） in ionic liquid/N, N-dimethyl-acetamide （IL/DMAC） mixed solvent and in LiCI/DMAC mixed solvent was investigated at 323.15 K and 353.15 K. The results showed that the solubility of β-CD in IL/DMAC system increased with increasing temperature, but decreased in LiCI/DMAC system. β-CD had the highest solubility in IL/DMAC system with [Cl]- or [Br]- anions. The solubility of β-CD in LiCl/DMAC system was lower than that in IL/DMAC system with [Cl]- or [Br]- anions but higher than that in IL/DMAC system with weak-coordinated anions （e.g [BF4]- or [PF6]-）. The effects of substituent groups （benzyl and butyl） of cation and the structure of cations on β-cyclodextrin solubility were also investigated.

Miceliization and Surface Adsorption of Tetraethylammonium Perfluorooctanesulfonate in Mixed Solvents

The surface tension and cenductivity of tetracthylarnmomum perfluorooctanesulfonate (TEPFOS) solu-tions in mixed solvents were determined The criticsl micelle concentrations (cmc) and surface adsorption of TEPFOS in various solvents (Dimetbylsulfoxlde and DMSO, formamide and FA, and DMSO-H2O and FA H2O mixtures) were calculated from the above experimental date. The results show that the surface activity of TEPFOS is much higher than that of typical hydrocarbon surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS); the melecalar interaction (in terms of colubility araneter or surface tension) of solvent is the decisive factor in sffecting the cmc of TEPFOS , in the apretic solvent DMSO, the value of entropy change during micelliza-tion of TEPFOS may beecme subsantially negative; the surfaof adsorption amount of TEPFOS is the largest in H2O, smaller in FA , and the smallest in DMSO.

Thermodynamics of Ion Pair of Magnesium Sulfate in Mixed Solvent

Introduction Magnesium sulfate is an archetypal 2-2 salt that plays a central role in defining the characteristics of higher valent electrolyte solutions and its solution has been widely used to test various theories of strong electrolyte behavior and to develop models of ion association in solution. Up to now, the ion pairs of magnesium sulfate in an aqueous solution have been widely investigated by using different experimental techniques, such as conductometry , cryoscopy potentiometry solubility and Raman spectrometry. However, to our knowledge, no measurement of the standard association constant of the ion pairs, [ MgSO4 ]^0 in a glucosewater mixed solvent is available.

Catalytic Synthesis of Methylene Diphenyl Dicarbamate in AcOH/H_2O Mixed Solvent

In a mixed solvent of acetic acid（AcOH）/water, methylene diphenyl dicarbamate（MDC） was synthesized by the condensation of methyl phenyl carbamate（MPC） and formaldehyde in the presence of an inorganic acid catalyst. Based on the different solubilities to MPC and MDC, the mixed solvent showed higher catalytic performance than pure water. The mixed solvent not only promoted the condensation of MPC but aslo exhibited the advantage of the product separation with the reactants. Under the optimized conditions： a H2SO4 mass fraction of 31%, a reaction temperature of 95 ℃ and reaction time of 3.5 h, the yield of MDC reached 74.3%. In addition, the recycle of the solvent was also investigated.

Measurement and Correlation of Solubility of Ethyl Nitrite in Mixed Solvent

An experimental apparatus was used to measure the solubility of ethyl nitrite in mixed solvents under the lower pressure and higher temperature. The solubilities of ethyl nitrite in mixed solvents of ethanol-water at 15℃-40℃ and ethanol-diethyl oxalate at 20℃--40℃ were determined. A Henry constant model has been improved, and the interaction parameters have been fitted from experimental data. The calculation results have been compared with experimental data； the results obtained are satisfactory.

Effects of the Water in Mixed Solvent on the Epoxidation Reaction of Propylene with TS-1 Catalyst

The epoxidation reaction of propylene and hydrogen peroxide with zeolite catalyst containing titaniumsilicalite (TS-1)has been studied, and the reaction in the mixed solvent of water/methanol has been discussed. It is shown that the selective of epoxidation propylene decreases while the selective of propylene glycol increases, when the water content increases in the mixed solvent of methanol/water.

Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Succinic Acid in Cyclohexanone,Cyclohexanol and Their Mixed Solvents

Solubilities were measured for succinic acid dissolved in cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol and 5 of their mixed solvents at the temperature range from 291. 85 K to 358.37 K using a dynamic method. The solubility data were regressed by λh equation, with,the average absolute relative deviation 3.47%. The binary interaction parameter is 0.306 7 for the mixed solvent of oyolohexanone and cyclohexanol was determined by correlating the experimental solubilities with the modified λh equation. When the binary interaction parameter was determined it can be used to extrapolate the solubilities of succinic acid in mixed solvents of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol at any proportion.The average absolute relative deviation was 7. 69% by using the modified λh equation to correlate the solubility data, however, the average absolute relative deviation was 8.89% by using NRTL equation to correlate the solubility data. The results show that the accuracy of the modified λh equation is better than that of the NRTL equation for the solubility of succinic acid in the 5 mixed solvents of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol.

Denaturation of DNA in Ternary Mixed Solution of Water/Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Organic Solvent

Denaturation was examined for the first time in a ternary mixed solution of water/hydrophilic/ hydrophobic organic solvent using λ-DNA and a plasmid as models. The absorbance of λ-DNA and the plasmid at 260 nm gradually increased for several days up to 1.68 and 1.38 times the initial values, respectively, in a water/acetonitrile/ethyl acetate (15:3:2, volume ratio) mixed solution, whereas there was little change in a water/acetonitrile (15:3, volume ratio) mixed solution. The plasmid treated with the ternary mixed solution was also examined with agarose gel electrophoresis. These experimental data indicated that λ-DNA changed from a double helix structure to a single helix structure and that the plasmid partially transformed to generate a denaturation bubble in the structure. The new idea of using the ternary mixed solution first enabled the interaction of the hydrophobic organic solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate) molecule with the double helical structure of DNA, leading to specific slow-proceeding denaturation.

Microfluidic Behavior of Ternary Mixed Carrier Solvents Based on the Tube Radial Distribution in Triple-Branched Microchannels in a Microchip

Microfluidic behavior of ternary mixed carrier solvents of water-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate (2:3:1 volume ratio) was examined by use of a microchip incorporating microchannels in which one wide channel was separated into three narrow channels, i.e., triple-branched microchannels. When the ternary carrier solution containing the fluorescent dyes, hydrophobic perylene (blue) and relatively hydrophilic Eosin Y (green), was fed into the wide channel under laminar flow conditions, the carrier solvent molecules or fluorescence dyes were radially distributed in the channel, forming inner (organic solvent-rich major;blue) and outer (water-rich minor;green) phases in the wide channel. And then, in the narrow channels, perylene molecules mostly appeared to flow through the center narrow channel and Eosin Y, which is distributed in the outer phases in the wide channel, flowed through the both side narrow channels. A metal ion, Cu(II) as a model, dissolved in the ternary mixed carrier solution was also examined. The Cu(II) showed fluidic behavior, transferring from the homogeneous carrier solution to the water-rich solution in the side narrow channels through the triple-branched microchannels.

Effects of Assistant Solvents and Mixing Intensity on the Bromination Process of Butyl Rubber

A slow bromination process of butyl rubber （IIR） suffers from low efficiency and low selectivity （S） of target-product. To obtain suitable approach to intensify the process, effects of assistant solvents and mixing inten-sity on the bromination process were systemically studied in this paper. The reaction process was found constantly accelerated with the increasing dosage and polarity of assistant solvent. Hexane with 30%（by volume） dichloro-methane was found as the suitable solvent component, where the stable conversion of 1,4-isoprene transferring to target product （xA1s） of 80.2%and the corresponding S of 91.2%were obtained in 5 min. The accelerated reaction process was demonstrated being remarkably affected by mixing intensity until the optimal stirring rate of 1100 r＆#183;min-1 in a stirred tank reactor. With better mixing condition, a further intensification of the process was achieved in a ro-tating packed bed （RPB） reactor, where xA1s of 82.6% and S of 91.9% were obtained in 2 min. The usage of the suitable solvent component and RPB has potential application in the industrial bromination process intensification.

RbCl+CsCl+PEG1000+H_(2)O混合溶剂体系288.2 K相图及应用

铷铯化合物盐性质相近、结构相似,在氯化物溶液中极易形成混晶,通过在水中引入聚乙二醇(PEG),形成聚乙二醇+水混合溶剂,有望影响铷铯混盐结晶析盐规律。论文采用等温溶解平衡法开展了288.2 K下混合溶剂体系RbCl+CsCl+PEG1000+H_(2)O〔溶剂中PEG1000的质量分数(w%)分别为20%、40%〕相平衡实验研究,提出了基于混合溶剂体系相图的铷、铯分离纯化工艺概念流程。研究结果表明,288.2 K下混合溶剂体系RbCl+CsCl+PEG1000+H_(2)O仅存在固-液相平衡关系,固液平衡相图包含3个结晶相区,分别对应RbCl、CsCl和固溶体[Cs_(x),Rb_(1-x)]Cl结晶区。随着混合溶剂中PEG1000质量分数R的增加,CsCl和RbCl在混合溶剂中的溶解度逐渐降低。比较而言,当w%=20%时,体系中的RbCl和CsCl单盐结晶相区面积更大。根据铷、铯分离纯化工艺概念流程,计算了初始组成为w_(CsCl)=0.4000,w_(RbCl)=0.6000时,添加两种不同混合溶剂时RbCl的产品收率,结果表明,w%=40%的混合溶剂(PEG1000+H_(2)O)获得的收率更高。

三种酒石酸镁的合成研究

为了开拓镁资源高值化开发的新路径,以六水氯化镁为镁源,分别与D,L-酒石酸、D-酒石酸、L-酒石酸反应,在温和的条件下一步合成了3种酒石酸镁[Mg(D,L-tart)(H_(2)O)_(2)·3H_(2)O(Ⅰ)、Mg(D-tart)(H_(2)O)·1.5H_(2)O(Ⅱ)、Mg(D-tart)(Ⅲ)]。结果表明,在常温水溶液体系中合成了产品Mg(D,L-tart)(H_(2)O)_(2)·3H_(2)O(Ⅰ),最佳合成条件为反应温度-5℃、pH 8.00且体系中乙醇体积分数达到0.36时反应1 h;通过水-乙醇混合溶剂合成了产品Mg(D-tart)(H_(2)O)·1.5H_(2)O(Ⅱ),最佳反应条件为反应温度60℃、pH为6.00~7.00且体系内乙醇体积分数达到0.46时反应24 h;分别在温和的水热条件下或水-DMAC混合溶剂体系中合成无结晶水的产品Mg(D-tart)(Ⅲ),当DMAC体积分数达到0.55时产物Mg(D-tart)(Ⅲ)达到最佳产率超过94%。同时考察了合成条件对产物晶体形貌及收率的影响。

浅谈涂装车间废溶剂回收系统设计说明及技术要求

主要介绍了涂装车间废溶剂回收系统设计说明及技术要求,根据涂装车间环保及成本等方面的要求,需要对某喷漆线清洗输调漆管道使用的溶剂进行回收并对废溶剂回收装置进行设计。

无溶剂复合混胶机输胶压力异常的排查方法

本文研究了引起无溶剂复合混胶机的输胶压力异常因素,探讨了排查原因方法,提出了解决措施,以及日常保养、复工前的检查建设性意见,以促进产业技术高质量发展。

绿色节能下的混合溶剂萃取精馏分离共沸物研究进展

环保意识的提高对传统分离方法提出了新的挑战,介绍了萃取精馏作为一种高效分离方法的优势和瓶颈,重点探讨了混合溶剂作为萃取剂的优势和在其影响下萃取精馏系统的动态调控方案和特征,通过计算机的辅助从微观的角度对萃取剂进行设计与筛选,同时对各种优化改进的萃取精馏工艺的经济、效益等方面进行了分析,最后展望了混合溶剂在萃取精馏工艺中的未来发展前景,并提出低共熔溶剂作为混合溶剂组成部分的优点。

Swelling behaviour of amphiphilic poly(methacryloxyethyl dimethylalkane ammonium bromide) gels in alcohol/water solvent systems

Three kinds of amphiphilic PMADAB gels were prepared through radiation-induced polymerization and crosslinking of methacryloxyethyl dimethylalkane ammonium bromide(MADAB) with different alkyl side chains(butyl,octyl and dodecyl).The length of alkyl side chains had significant influence on swelling behavior of the PMADAB gels in alcohol/water solvent.Equilibrium swelling degree(EDS) of PMBDAB(butyl) gel in water was ca.160 and decreased with increasing alcohol content(x),whereas EDS of PMODAB(octyl)and PMDDDAB(dodecyl) gels showed a convex-upward function of x,i.e.,these two gels barely swelled in pure water and swelled with increasing x and then shrank gradually.This phenomenon was explained by the hydrophobic association of long alkyl chains and a cosolvency effect of PMADAB in alcohol and water.The swelling behavior of PMADAB gels in methanol,ethanol and isopropanol were similar,and their EDS are related with the dielectric constant of alcohol solvents.The results suggest that PMADAB gels may be potential absorbents for various kinds of alcohols.