气吸式圆盘白萝卜播种机设计与试验

针对目前白萝卜种子尺寸小、流动性差、形状不规则导致播种机吸种效果差、漏播率和重播率高等情况,设计了一款气吸式圆盘白萝卜播种机。通过对播种机结构组成和工作原理的分析,计算吸附单粒种子的受力情况,建立了力学模型,并得到单粒最小吸附负压值;通过各级链数转动比,确定了播种机地轮与排种器链数关系。通过对吸种过程DEM-CFD耦合仿真单因素试验,计算确定播种机中排种器关键结构参数最优范围,即排种盘转速为1~2 rad/s、风机负压为4~5 kPa、吸孔直径为2.4~2.8 mm;并在此基础上进行田间试验,以排种盘转速、风机负压、吸孔直径为试验因素,以播种间距合格率指标、漏播率指标、重播率指标为评价标准,进行三因素三水平正交试验。利用Design-Expert软件构造数学回归方程和响应曲面模型,分析了各个参数对播种合格率指标的影响变化,并利用软件最优化模块,确定了结构参数最优组合,即排种盘转速为1.3 rad/s、风机负压为4.6 kPa、吸孔直径为2.5 mm。田间试验结果表明:播种行距合格率指标为92.35%,漏播率指标为3.97%,重播率指标为3.68%,满足白萝卜精量播种的农艺要求。

Improving uniform scattering device for straw-smashing,back-throwing,no-tillage planter under complete straw mulching condition

With the objective of obtaining a completely straw-mulched field,when no-tillage mechanical sowing is implemented with straw smashing,delivering,and back-throwing approaches,it may be difficult to scatter the smashed straw uniformly during a succeeding wheat sowing step.This is because the previous rice straw is substantial in quantity and has a high humidity and toughness,which may easily result in non-uniform straw mulching and thus sparse and weak seedlings of wheat.Therefore a force-dispersing and uniform-scattering device was designed.With the number of scattering impellers,impeller angle,and impeller rotation speed as the main factors and the percentage of pass for the scattering width and non-uniformity of the straw mulching as the assessment indices,single-factor experiments and orthogonal regressive tests were performed,and a dual-index(percentage of pass for the scattering width and non-uniformity of the straw mulching)fitted regression equation was established.The test results suggested that the main factors(from primary to secondary)that influence the indices were the impeller rotation speed,number of scattering impellers,and impeller angle.The optimal parameter combination for the uniform scattering device was four rows of impellers with an angle of 15°,rotation speed of 1015 r/min,percentage of pass of 72.65%for the scattering width,and a non-uniformity of 13.8%in the straw mulching.This combination can be used to realize a uniform scattering of the smashed straw along the seedling rows on the after-sowing ground.According to the field investigation of the wheat growth,the wheat emergence rate was 90.7%.The research results can provide a reference for improving the uniform scattering device for a straw-smashing,back-throwing,no-tillage planter for obtaining a completely straw-mulched field,enhancing the quality of the machinery operation,and ensuring good and strong seedlings after sowing.

Stalk cutting mechanism of no-tillage planter for wide/narrow row farming mode

A no-tillage planter of narrow row spacing was designed according to the agronomic requirements of wide/narrow row farming mode in the black soil region of Northeast China.Due to the narrow spacing of the seeder unit,a gear-tooth stalk cutting mechanism was designed in order to prevent residues from blocking the planter.The basic parameters,number and edge curve of the stalk cutting blade were designed and optimized.Three-factor and three-level combined orthogonal experiments were conducted using the factors of working speed(1.12 m/s,1.57 m/s and 2.02 m/s),tillage depth(75 mm,90 mm and 105 mm)and cutter spacing(15 mm,30 mm and 45 mm),which significantly affected stalk cutting rate and soil disturbance rate.The optimal combination is the working speed of 1.62 m/s,tillage depth of 92 mm and cutter spacing of 35 mm.Under this condition,the stalk cutting rate is more than 90%and soil disturbance rate is 7.5%-12.0%.The performance of the new no-tillage planter was tested by using the above parameters.The results showed that the no-tillage planter of narrow row spacing came up to the relevant national standards in China.

多功能全自动棉花精量播种机的研究

针对新疆棉花种植规模不断扩大,急需一款能帮助农户减少资源消耗、节省人力成本,同时保证效益最大化的棉花播种机的现状,运用气吸原理设计出了一款气吸式棉花播种机。此播种机能达到省种、不伤种、实现精量播种的要求。同时在播种机基础上加入GPS导航定位系统,可让农户远程操控播种机,实现播种机自动化作业。

Friction wheel transmission of no-tillage corn planters

To overcome the unfavorable factors of ground wheel-driven chain transmission when a no-tillage planter operates on straw mulching fields,a friction wheel transmission based on ground wheel transmission was designed in this research.The stability,i.e.,the effects of friction wheel tyre pressure on stability of machine transmission was investigated via validation of main factors.The relationships among tyre pressure,deformation and load were determined via theoretical analysis.The tyre pressure extreme for transmission is 25.90 psi,the maximum pressure imposed on the friction wheel tyre is 14 kN,the maximum deformation of friction wheel is 8.7 mm.The stabilities of friction wheel slip rate and seeding distance were investigated via field tests and alteration of friction wheel tyre pressure.After processing the test data,it can be found that the minimum tyre pressure for acquisition of friction wheel slip rate was 24.35 psi.After processing the data of seeding distance,it can be validated that the tyre pressure was kept unchanged following the optimal transmission effect of the transmission through the abrupt change of working speed,which further proved the feasibility of the new friction wheel transmission.The transmission of friction wheel can reduce 14.67%in variation coefficient of seed spacing at the speed of 5 km/h,and 16.22%at the speed of 8 km/h.

Optimization and experiment on key structural parameters of no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching

Accelerate the quality of smashed-straw laying and enhance the effect of seed-bed arranging for no-tillage planter with straw-smashing and strip-mulching in full stubble covered paddy have become imperative in implementing modern conservation tillage.Considering the perfect operating performance(passability and stability)of the developed no-tillageplanter,this study intends to optimize the structure design of smashed-straw diversion device and strip-rotary tillage device.Dynamics equations of smashed straw and kinematics models of rotary blades were established through theoretical analysis,and the principal factors that affecting straw strip-laying quality and seed-bed arranging effect were specified.The influence of out-enlarge angle(η)and slide-push angle(γ)of the diversion device on the coefficient of variation(ζ1)of cover-straw width,and the influence of rotary tillage-blade number(N)and configuration in a singlerotary plane on the broken rate(ζ2)of strip soil were completely analyzed.And then,based on the systematic analysis and integrated scheme,operating performance and field verification tests using the optimized no-tillage planter were thoroughly performed.The results of the performance tests indicated that the out-enlarge angle(η)had a highly significant influence on the coefficient of variation(ζ1),and the slide-push angle(γ)had a significant influence on(ζ1).The rotary tillage-blade number(N)had a highly significant influence on the broken rate(ζ2),and the slide-push angle(γ)had a significant influence on(ζ2).The obtained optimal combination of these key structure parameters through comprehensive analysis wasη=45°,γ=40°,and N=4.Field verification test results indicated that the optimized no-tillage planter achieved mean values of ζ1=10.47%and ζ2=90.95%,which satisfied the relevant operation quality and cultivation agricultural requirement of conservation tillage equipment,and provided technical references for developing the similar no-tillage planter of straw crushing and returning.

基于离散元的气吸式排种器工作参数仿真优化

为提高用于免耕播种机的气吸式排种器的吸种效果,探寻最佳的排种器工作参数范围,通过离散元法对排种器内种群的离散度、种子间的作用力和种子速度进行仿真分析,得出吸种效果最佳的排种器工作参数范围：搅种轮转速为14.8～18.5 r/min,振动频率低于10 Hz,振幅低于5 mm,容种量为60%～80%。排种试验表明：搅种轮转速低于18.5 r/min比高于18.5 r/min的吸种率均值提高7.1%。振幅2 mm,振动频率低于10 Hz比高于10 Hz的吸种率均值提高8.9%。吸种率随容种量增大而增高,容种量60%～80%的吸种率均值为97%,比容种量低于60%的吸种率均值提高12个百分点。该结论证明了仿真优化的参数范围是可靠的。在这些参数范围内可使种箱内种子处于松散的吸种状态,种子间的碰撞和拖带作用减小,吸种性能得以提高。

单行气吸式微型薯精密播种机设计与试验

针对我国丘陵山地小地块播种需求,及解决机械式微型薯播种机伤种严重、充种效果不佳等问题,设计了一种单行气吸式微型薯精密播种机,可一次完成开沟、播种、覆土作业。阐述了气吸式微型薯精密播种机的工作原理,确定了排种器、开沟覆土器和传动系统的主要结构参数,以"丽薯6号"微型薯为研究对象,采用单因素试验与二次回归旋转正交试验方法,选取振动频率、振动幅度、吸种负压、作业速度为试验因素,对播种机进行了播种性能试验,建立了合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数的数学模型,分析了各试验因素交互作用对合格指数的影响规律。经参数优化,确定最优参数为吸种负压10 k Pa、作业速度2. 5 km/h、振动频率5. 6~6. 8 Hz、振动幅度19. 6~20. 8 mm,并经田间试验验证,该条件下,播种机播种合格指数为93. 28%、漏播指数为3. 25%、重播指数为3. 47%,满足微型薯播种农艺要求。

气吸式马铃薯播种机一体式风机优化设计与试验

针对目前气吸式马铃薯播种机所需风机数量多、结构尺寸大、传动复杂等问题,优化设计了气吸式马铃薯播种机一体式风机。一体式风机的进气口、吹管出口分别与排种器的吸管接口、吹管接口相连,为排种作业提供取种负压、投种正压,实现一体式风机吹吸双作用。通过排种过程力学分析确定所需风压,并对风机内部流场进行数值模拟及运动学分析。采用旋转正交组合试验,以叶轮外径、叶片数、叶轮转速为试验因素,以进气口负压和吹管出口正压为试验指标,分析试验结果,优化风机装置的结构参数:叶轮外径为1099 mm、叶片数为10个、叶轮转速为2532 r/min时,进气口负压为11.6 kPa,吹管出口正压为3.7 kPa。对优化后一体式风机与双风机进行田间对比试验,分析结果得:优化后一体式风机作业重播指数降低了14.0%、漏播指数降低了17.0%、合格指数提高了0.92%,提高了马铃薯播种机作业质量。

2BJM-12型气吸式免耕精密播种机设计

随着保护性耕作技术的推广与应用,小型免耕播种机已经不能满足保护性耕作发展需求,且目前的免耕播种机存在功能单一、播种效果差等问题。针对以上问题,设计了2BJM-12型气吸式免耕精密播种机。为此,介绍了该播种机的总体设计方案、主要技术参数及关键部件的设计。该机采用地轮传动的作业方式,具有全免耕、高速、精密播种的特点,可一次性完成破茬碎土、侧深施肥、精量播种及镇压覆土等作业,可以满足保护性耕作技术的发展需要。

2BQM-2型气吸式精量玉米免耕播种机的设计

针对玉米免耕播种的特定农艺要求,阐述了气吸式玉米免耕播种机的设计原则和思想,介绍了其结构特点和技术参数,并对切茬开沟器部件提出了合理的工作参数。田间相关试验表明,施肥平均深度87mm,播种平均深度52mm,粒距合格率96.8%,种肥间距35mm。该机能在留茬地上一次完成破茬开沟、施肥、播种以及覆土镇压等作业工序。作业时,土壤扰动少,并可满足高速精量播种质量要求。

免耕播种机排种装置振动特性数学模型的建立

为了研究气吸式免耕播种机在田间耕作时,由于免耕地表的不平度激励所产生的振动对播种机的排种装置的影响,推导了气吸式免耕播种机排种装置振动特性数学模型。同时,由所建立的数学模型得出气吸式免耕播种机排种装置的振动特性主要由播种机的结构特性、作业时的前进速度、排种器与土壤表面间的距离、土壤不平度和土壤粘性决定。通过建立振动特性数学模型,可对工作状态下免耕播种机排种质量进行预测和分析。

倒挂式圆管气吸玉米免耕精播机的试验研究

针对目前圆盘气吸式播种机存在的气道结构庞杂、风压损失大、动力损耗大的缺陷;以圆管气吸式排种装置为基础研制的倒挂气吸式玉米精密播种机。通过播种机的排种试验测得播种机排种负压值3.8 k Pa、漏播指数3.75%、重播指数8.33%、粒距合格率87.5%、合格粒距变异系数25.7、播种深度平均值42.76 mm、播深合格率87%。与2BYQFH-4垂直圆盘气吸播种机相比,气道结构简单、所需动力小,简化排种器结构,减少气压损失环节,降低风机功率;相关技术指标均达到国家标准,种子破损率低、播深一致、排肥稳定、播种均匀、可实现单粒精密播种。

气吸式马铃薯播种机智能供种系统设计与试验

针对马铃薯播种机存在重播、漏播率高等问题,对气吸式马铃薯播种机智能供种系统进行了设计,并推导了自动给种系统传递函数及系统框图,给出了各部分传递函数,确定了自动给种时间为1min,给种时间为32s。通过对取种过程进行力学分析,得出了影响马铃薯取种效果的主要因素。搭建了排种器室内试验台,并以种箱内种子高度为试验因素、重吸率与漏吸率为试验指标,进行试验台试验,分析试验因素对评价指标的影响规律。结果表明:当种箱内种薯高度为150~250mm时,重吸率为0.8%~2.4%,漏吸率为2.1%~3.9%,满足马铃薯播种作业要求.

2BM-5型气吸式免耕播种机田间播种性能试验

为提高2BM-5型气吸式免耕播种机的播种精度,对该机关键部件改进优化后,进行了田间播种性能试验。结果表明:播种机传动轮的滑移率为5.7%,轮子下陷深度均值17mm,前进速度为3~5km/h的范围内播种深度保持在30~70mm之间,破土宽度在前进速度为3~5km/h的范围内保持在50~100mm之间,粒距合格指数为86.01%,重播指数7.74%,漏播指数6.33%,平均合格粒距变异系数4.86%,各行排肥量一致性变异系数均值为3.44%,总排肥量稳定性变异系数均值为0.26%,播种深度合格率均值为89.81%,排肥深度合格率均值为88.23%,均符合免耕播种技术指标。

温室大棚电驱气力式胡萝卜播种机设计与试验

目前能适应设施大棚种植条件的小型播种机多采用窝眼轮式排种器,播种精度低,播种质量无法实时监测。小型气力式播种机需要配置气力式排种器和风机,存在动力系统设计困难、排种稳定性差、整机结构复杂、笨重等设计难题。本文基于设计的气吸式排种器,设计了叉形分种器,实现窄行距精密播种作业;确定油电混合动力系统,排种器和风机采用电驱方式,排种稳定性得到了提高。设计了基于旋转编码器测速的电驱式胡萝卜播种机控制系统,该系统以PLC为主控制器,根据旋转编码器采集的前进速度信息实时调节排种器转速,实现排种转速与播种机前进速度实时匹配。基于对射式矩阵光纤传感器,开发了播种质量监测系统,解决了小粒径种子的监测问题。通过试验表明,续航时间为10 h,计数相对误差小于等于4.6%,型孔堵塞时能发出警报提醒;播种株距合格率大于93.7%、漏播率小于等于3.9%、重播率小于2.4%,漏播率检测误差小于8.4%,试验结果符合国家相关标准要求及胡萝卜种植农艺要求。

压砂地专用播种机的设计与研究

介绍了一种自主研发新型压砂地专用精密播种机,阐述了该机的工作原理、主要结构、特点和关键技术。其使用可以从根本上改变我国硒砂瓜的播种现状,具有机械化程度高、劳动强度低、播种均匀准确的特点。实际使用效果表明,其完全适合于硒砂瓜或其它作物的单粒点播,大大提高了种植效率,具有很高的使用价值。

免耕播种机排种装置振动试验研究

针对气吸式免耕播种机气吸式排种的工作原理及特点,提出并试验了利用振动频谱分析技术来提取振动对气吸式免耕播种机气吸式排种的性能影响方法,采集排种盘附近关键位置的振动信号作为原始信号,利用MATLAB软件进行数据分析与处理。结果表明,气吸式免耕播种机主要为低频振动,振动强度随播种机前进速度的增加而增强,同时,振动的方向、开沟深度和垄向也作为试验指标。试验结果表明,决定气吸式免耕播种机气吸式排种的振动特性主要决定于振动方向和播种机前进速度,并且振动强度呈线性增大。

YM-0913型育苗播种机应用试验

育苗播种机的播种质量直接影响着蔬菜的产量,播种质量高、运行稳定的育苗播种机是现代设施农业发展的需要。以YM-0913型育苗播种机为研究对象,进行了茄子、柿子椒的播种试验。结果表明,茄子播种单粒指数92.13%,漏播指数4.86%,重播指数3.01%;柿子椒播种单粒指数94.91%,漏播指数3.94%,重播指数1.16%。该机满足直径<5 mm的种子播种需要,通过更换不同规格的吸嘴,能够扩大蔬菜播种品种,在规模化的设施园区工厂化育苗中将具有广阔的应用前景。

2YCB气吸式烟草装盘播种机的设计

阐述气吸式烟草装盘播种机的工作原理和结构;通过对烟草漂浮育苗苗盘播种农艺要求的调查,分析研究烟草苗盘播种的一般规律,找出了影响苗盘装盘、播种的若干因素,确定播种机播种、控制原理和主要工作部件的技术参数。设计出播种机的主要部件——机架、苗盘驱动装置、气吸式播种器、基质填充装置和压穴装置等。通过样机的试制和生产性实验,该机结构紧凑,使用操作方便,具有良好的工作性能和优良的播种效果。