This paper introduces the effect of heat absorption(generation)and suction(injection)on magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)boundary-layer flow of Casson nanofluid(CNF)via a non-linear stretching surface with the viscous dissipat...This paper introduces the effect of heat absorption(generation)and suction(injection)on magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)boundary-layer flow of Casson nanofluid(CNF)via a non-linear stretching surface with the viscous dissipation in two dimensions.By utilizing the similarity transformations,the leading PDEs are transformed into a set of ODEs with adequate boundary conditions and then resolved numerically by(4–5)^(th)-order Runge-Kutta Fehlberg procedure based on the shooting technique.Numerical computations are carried out by Maple 15 software.With the support of graphs,the impact of dimensionless control parameters on the nanoparticle concentration profiles,the temperature,and the flow velocity are studied.Other parameters of interest,such as the skin friction coefficient,heat,and mass transport at the diverse situation and dependency of various parameters are inspected through tables and graphs.Additionally,it is verified that the numerical computations with the reported earlier studies are in an excellent approval.It is found that the heat and mass transmit rates are enhanced with the increasing values of the power-index and the suction(blowing)parameter,whilst are reduced with the boosting Casson and the heat absorption(generation)parameters.Also,the drag force coefficient is an increasing function of the powerindex and a reduction function of Casson parameter.展开更多
Several new techniques in the field of heat transfer in fluids have opened new avenues for studying the heat transfer effects in nanofluids and thermodynamic flow parameters, leading to novel applications. There have ...Several new techniques in the field of heat transfer in fluids have opened new avenues for studying the heat transfer effects in nanofluids and thermodynamic flow parameters, leading to novel applications. There have been studies on nanofluids, including metal, ceramic and magnetic nanoparticles mixed with base fluids such as Water, Kerosene, and Ethylene glycol. However, research on fluids employing semiconductor nanoparticles as supplements to base fluids to generate nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids is limited. For the investigation, Gallium nitrite, a binary semiconductor with excellent heat convection, is together with Cu metal nanoparticles and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic nanoparticles separately in the base fluid Ethylene glycol (EG) to form hybrid nanofluids. The effects of convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, suction/injection, and activation energy on three-dimensional Williamson MHD hybrid nanofluid flow of Cu + GaN + EG, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + GaN + EG, and Cu + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + EG are investigated on a stretched sheet with porosity. A similarity transformation is performed on the governing equations to transform them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations ODEs. Numerical analysis is carried out in MATLAB utilizing bvp5c and the shooting technique. The variations of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as a function of different physical effects are presented graphically with dimensionless parameters and explained the variations scientifically. As varied with different parameters, the values of the Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are mentioned in the table.展开更多
The aim of this work is to study the effect of non-uniform single and double slot suction/injection into a steady mixed convection boundary layer flow over a vertical cone, while the axis of the cone is inline with th...The aim of this work is to study the effect of non-uniform single and double slot suction/injection into a steady mixed convection boundary layer flow over a vertical cone, while the axis of the cone is inline with the flow. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a non-dimensional form by a group of non-similar trans- formations. The resulting coupled non-linear partial differential equations are solved nu- merically by employing the quasi-linearization technique and an implicit finite-difference scheme. Numerical computations are performed for different values of the dimensionless parameters to display the velocity and temperature profiles graphically. Also, numerical results are presented for the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients. Results indicate that the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients increase with non-uniform slot suction, but the effect of non-uniform slot injection is just opposite.展开更多
The work presented herein investigates the velocity, heat transfer, Nusselt number and skin friction profiles involved in boundary layer flow past a moving vertical porous plate. Similarity transformations are employe...The work presented herein investigates the velocity, heat transfer, Nusselt number and skin friction profiles involved in boundary layer flow past a moving vertical porous plate. Similarity transformations are employed to convert the governing nonlinear unsteady momentum and energy equations from their partial differential equation forms to boundary value ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are then solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with the help of a shooting technique. Several features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for different values of problem parameters are analyzed and discussed. These include the effects of the radiation parameter (R), suction and injection parameter (c), Grashof (Gr) and Prandtl (Pr) numbers on the flow and heat profiles. Numerical results show the impact of blowing and sucking as well as radation on boundary layer flows of this type. Both the skin frictions as well as the heat transfer rate are also significantly related to the radiation parameter. For all these cases;the numerical results are found to be in agreement with the physics of the problem.展开更多
In a further aging society,excellent eyesight is an integral part of overall well-being and quality of life.Preserving good vision is crucial to maintaining mobility,independence,and mental health.There can be several...In a further aging society,excellent eyesight is an integral part of overall well-being and quality of life.Preserving good vision is crucial to maintaining mobility,independence,and mental health.There can be several reasons for visual impairment in elderly people,these include age-related macular degeneration,the leading cause of vision loss among older adults,cataract,glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy,retinal detachment,and others.展开更多
Dear Editor,Treating psoriatic arthritis(PsA)is always difficult.Systemic treatments can be administered either orally or through intramuscular and intra-articular injection,including conventional synthetics,biologics...Dear Editor,Treating psoriatic arthritis(PsA)is always difficult.Systemic treatments can be administered either orally or through intramuscular and intra-articular injection,including conventional synthetics,biologics and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[1].The alternatives,topical external therapies,are not effective on joint lesions due to drug permeability issues.Drugs injected into the articular cavity are also unsuitable for small peripheral joint lesions,the most common manifestations of PsA.The limited treatment options for PsA present a challenge.展开更多
Asphaltene deposition is a significant problem during gas injection processes,as it can block the porous medium,the wellbore,and the involved facilities,significantly impacting reservoir productivity and ultimate oil re...Asphaltene deposition is a significant problem during gas injection processes,as it can block the porous medium,the wellbore,and the involved facilities,significantly impacting reservoir productivity and ultimate oil recovery.Only a few studies have investigated the numerical modeling of this potential effect in porous media.This study focuses on asphaltene deposition due to natural gas and CO_(2) injection.Predictions of the effect of gas injection on asphaltene deposition behavior have been made using a 3D numerical simulation model.The results indicate that the injection of natural gas exacerbates asphaltene deposition,leading to a significant reduction in permeability near the injection well and throughout the reservoir.This reduction in permeability strongly affects the ability of gas toflow through the reservoir,resulting in an improvement of the displacement front.The displacement effi-ciency of the injection gas process increases by up to 1.40%when gas is injected at 5500 psi,compared to the scenario where the asphaltene model is not considered.CO_(2) injection leads to a miscible process with crude oil,extracting light and intermediate components,which intensifies asphaltene precipitation and increases the viscosity of the remaining crude oil,ultimately reducing the recovery rate.展开更多
●AIM:To evaluate the effect of background diseases and number of previous intravitreal aflibercept injections(IVAIs)on immediate intraocular pressure(IOP)increase and vitreous reflux(VR)rate and to evaluate the corre...●AIM:To evaluate the effect of background diseases and number of previous intravitreal aflibercept injections(IVAIs)on immediate intraocular pressure(IOP)increase and vitreous reflux(VR)rate and to evaluate the correlation of both age and axial length with immediate IOP increase and VR rate.●METHODS:This study included 105 patients with cystoid macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion,35 patients with diabetic macular edema,69 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nAMD),and 12 patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization,which underwent first-time IVAI.The correlation of immediate IOP increase and VR rates with the four background diseases was investigated.Moreover,the correlation of age with immediate IOP increase and VR rate as well as correlation of axial length with immediate IOP increase and VR rate were evaluated.Further,54 patients with nAMD were treated with IVAI>10 times(multiple IVAIs).Moreover,the correlation of immediate IOP increase and VR rates with first-time and multiple IVAIs in nAMD was determined.●RESULTS:The immediate IOP increase(P=0.16)and VR rates(P=0.50)were almost similar among the four background diseases.The immediate postinjection IOP and age,VR rate and age,immediate postinjection IOP and axial length,or VR rate and axial length were not correlated in the four background diseases.The immediate IOP increase(P=0.66)and VR rates(P=0.28)did not significantly differ between first-time and multiple IVAIs in nAMD.●CONCLUSION:Background diseases and number of previous IVAIs have no effect on immediate IOP increase and VR rate.Further,age and axial length have no correlation on immediate IOP increase and VR rate.展开更多
The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile con...The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19%to 45.35%,and the alkali metal content,ash content,and specific surface area were significantly reduced.The optimal route for biochar pro-duction is hydrothermal carbonization-pyrolysis(P-HC),resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value,C=C structure,and increased graphitization degree.The apparent activation energy(E)of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol,with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol,lower than that of raw biomass,primary biochar,and anthracite.This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel.Additionally,the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits.P-HC of-fers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction,capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt%coal injec-tion.展开更多
BACKGROUND Chronic eczema significantly impacts daily life,social interactions,and quality of life;however,no curative treatment has been identified.AIM To determine the clinical efficacy of acupoint injection for chr...BACKGROUND Chronic eczema significantly impacts daily life,social interactions,and quality of life;however,no curative treatment has been identified.AIM To determine the clinical efficacy of acupoint injection for chronic eczema and its influence on peripheral blood T cells.METHODS Eighty patients with chronic eczema treated at our hospital between June 2022 and March 2023 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=40),which received conventional Western medicine treatment,or an observation group(n=40),which received routine Western medicine treatment plus acupoint injection of triamcinolone acetonide.Response and adverse reaction rates,as well as differences in the levels of serum cytokines IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4,and IL-10 before and after treatment were investigated.RESULTS No difference in overall response rates were found between the observation and control groups(100%vs 90%,respectively;P>0.05);however,the observation group had a higher marked response rate than the control group(87.5%vs 52.5%;P<0.05).Both groups had decreased Eczema Area and Severity Index scores and increased pruritus after treatment(P<0.05),particularly in the observation group(P<0.05).The observation group had an adverse reaction rate of 2.5%(1/40),which did not differ significantly from that of the control group(P>0.05).The observation group exhibited higher post-treatment INF-γand IL-2 but lower IL-4 levels than the control group(P<0.05);however,no significant inter-group difference was observed in post-treatment IL-10 levels(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Acupoint injection of triamcinolone acetonide is safe and effective in treating chronic eczema.Its therapeutic mechanism is related to the regulation of peripheral blood T cell levels,inhibition of inflammatory reactions,and mitigation of immune imbalance.展开更多
Multi-gradient drilling is a new offshore drilling method.The accurate calculation of the related wellbore temperature is of great significance for the prediction of the gas hydrate formation area and the precise cont...Multi-gradient drilling is a new offshore drilling method.The accurate calculation of the related wellbore temperature is of great significance for the prediction of the gas hydrate formation area and the precise control of the wellbore pressure.In this study,a new heat transfer model is proposed by which the variable mass flow is properly taken into account.Using this model,the effects of the main factors influencing the wellbore temperature are analyzed.The results indicate that at the position where the separation injection device is installed,the temperature increase of the fluid in the drill pipe is mitigated due to the inflow/outflow of hollow spheres,and the temperature drop of the fluid in the annulus also decreases.In addition,a lower separation efficiency of the device,a shallower installation depth and a smaller circulating displacement tend to increase the temperature near the bottom of the annulus,thereby helping to reduce the hydrate generation area and playing a positive role in the prevention and control of hydrates in deepwater drilling.展开更多
This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is math...This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is mathematically transforming the machine model to a virtual frame with a position-offset. The virtual frame temperature estimation model is derived to calculate the permanent magnet temperature(PMT) directly from the measurements with computation efficiency. The estimation model involves a combined inductance term, which can simplify the establishment of saturation compensation model with less measurements. Moreover, resistance and inverter distorted terms are cancelled in the estimation model, which can improve the robustness to the winding temperature rise and inverter distortion. The proposed approach can achieve simplified computation in temperature estimation and reduced memory usage in saturation compensation. While existing model-based approaches could be affected by either the need of resistance and inverter information or complex saturation compensation. Experiments are conducted on the test machine to verify the proposed approach under various operating conditions.展开更多
BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injec...BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injection of an esophageal varices stent.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male patient came to the hospital with discomfort of the chest after the stent implanted for the stenosis because of endoscopic injection of esophageal varices.The gastroscopy was performed,and the stent embedded into the esophageal mucosa.At first,we pulled the recycling line for shrinking the stent,however,the mucosa could not be removed from the stent.Then a forceps was performed to remove the mucosa in the stent,nevertheless,the bleeding form the mucosa was obvious.And then,we used a transparent cap to scrape the mucosa along the stent,and the mucosa were removed successfully without bleeding.CONCLUSION A transparent cap helps gastroscopy to remove the mucosa embedded in the stent after endoscopic injection of the esophageal varices stent.展开更多
BACKGROUND Colorectal cavernous hemangioma is a rare vascular malformation resulting in recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage,and can be misinterpreted as colitis.Surgical resection is currently the mainstay of ...BACKGROUND Colorectal cavernous hemangioma is a rare vascular malformation resulting in recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage,and can be misinterpreted as colitis.Surgical resection is currently the mainstay of treatment,with an emphasis on sphincter preservation.CASE SUMMARY We present details of two young patients with a history of persistent hematochezia diagnosed with colorectal cavernous hemangioma by endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).Cavernous hemangioma was relieved by several EUS-guided lauromacrogol injections and the patients achieved favorable clinical prognosis.CONCLUSION Multiple sequential EUS-guided injections of lauromacrogol is a safe,effective,cost-efficient,and minimally invasive alternative for colorectal cavernous hemangioma.展开更多
The combination of endoscopic ultrasound with endoscopic treatment of type 1 gastric variceal hemorrhage may improve the robustness and generalizability of the findings in future studies.Moreover,the esophageal varice...The combination of endoscopic ultrasound with endoscopic treatment of type 1 gastric variceal hemorrhage may improve the robustness and generalizability of the findings in future studies.Moreover,the esophageal varices should also be included in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in subsequent studies to reach a more convincing conclusion.展开更多
In the process of ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching,the migration characteristics of the wetting front in multi-hole injection holes and the influence of wetting front intersection effect on the migration distanc...In the process of ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching,the migration characteristics of the wetting front in multi-hole injection holes and the influence of wetting front intersection effect on the migration distance of wetting fronts are still unclear.Besides,wetting front migration distance and leaching time are usually required to optimize the leaching process.In this study,wetting front migration tests of ionadsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection(the spacing between injection holes was 10 cm,12 cm and 14 cm)and single-hole fluid injection were completed under the constant water head height.At the pre-intersection stage,the wetting front migration laws of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection and single-hole fluid injection were identical.At the postintersection stage,the intersection accelerated the wetting front migration.By using the Darcy’s law,the intersection effect of wetting fronts during the multi-hole liquid injection was transformed into the water head height directly above the intersection.Finally,based on the Green-Ampt model,a wetting front migration model of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole unsaturated liquid injection was established.Error analysis results showed that the proposed model can accurately simulate the infiltration process under experimental conditions.The research results enrich the infiltration law and theory of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole liquid injection,and this study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the liquid injection well pattern parameters of ion-adsorption rare earth in situ leaching in the future.展开更多
BACKGROUND Insulin injection is the basic daily drug treatment for diabetic patients.AIM To evaluate the comparative impacts of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII).METHODS Based on the treatment modality re...BACKGROUND Insulin injection is the basic daily drug treatment for diabetic patients.AIM To evaluate the comparative impacts of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII).METHODS Based on the treatment modality received,the patients were allocated into two cohorts:The CSII group and the multiple daily injections(MDI)group,with each cohort comprising 210 patients.Comparative assessments were made regarding serum levels of serum-secreted frizzled-related protein 5,homocysteine,and C1q/TNF-related protein 9.Furthermore,outcomes such as fasting plasma glucose,2-hour postprandial glucose levels,pain assessment scores,and the incidence of complications were evaluated post-treatment.RESULTS The CSII group displayed notably lower fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial glucose levels in comparison to the MDI group(P<0.05).Subsequent analysis post-treatment unveiled a significantly higher percentage of patients reporting no pain in the CSII group(60.00%)in contrast to the MDI group(36.19%)(P<0.05).Additionally,the CSII group exhibited a markedly reduced occurrence of fetal distress and premature rupture of membranes compared to the MDI group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant variances observed in other pregnancy outcomes between the two groups(P>0.05).A statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the incidence of complications between the groups(χ^(2)=11.631,P=0.001).CONCLUSION The utilization of CSII via an insulin pump,as opposed to MDI,can significantly enhance the management of insulin administration in patients with GDM by diversifying the sites of insulin delivery.This approach not only promotes optimal glycemic control but also regulates metabolic factors linked to blood sugar,reducing the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications.The clinical relevance and importance of CSII in GDM management highlight its wide-ranging clinical usefulness.展开更多
This paper introduces a novel multi-tiered defense architecture to protect language models from adversarial prompt attacks. We construct adversarial prompts using strategies like role emulation and manipulative assist...This paper introduces a novel multi-tiered defense architecture to protect language models from adversarial prompt attacks. We construct adversarial prompts using strategies like role emulation and manipulative assistance to simulate real threats. We introduce a comprehensive, multi-tiered defense framework named GUARDIAN (Guardrails for Upholding Ethics in Language Models) comprising a system prompt filter, pre-processing filter leveraging a toxic classifier and ethical prompt generator, and pre-display filter using the model itself for output screening. Extensive testing on Meta’s Llama-2 model demonstrates the capability to block 100% of attack prompts. The approach also auto-suggests safer prompt alternatives, thereby bolstering language model security. Quantitatively evaluated defense layers and an ethical substitution mechanism represent key innovations to counter sophisticated attacks. The integrated methodology not only fortifies smaller LLMs against emerging cyber threats but also guides the broader application of LLMs in a secure and ethical manner.展开更多
In this paper,an investigation is made to study the effects of radiation and heat source/sink on the unsteady boundary layerflow and heat transfer past a shrinking sheet with suction/injection.Theflow is permeated by an...In this paper,an investigation is made to study the effects of radiation and heat source/sink on the unsteady boundary layerflow and heat transfer past a shrinking sheet with suction/injection.Theflow is permeated by an externally applied magneticfield normal to the plane offlow.The self-similar equations correspond-ing to the velocity and temperaturefields are obtained,and then solved numerically byfinite difference method using quasilinearization technique.The study reveals that the momentum boundary layer thickness increases with increasing unsteadiness and decreases with magneticfield.The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with Prandtl number,radiation parameter and heat sink parameter,but it increases with heat source parameter.Moreover,increasing unsteadiness,magneticfield strength,radiation and heat sink strength boost the heat transfer.展开更多
The present study reveals the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation and magnetic field on a boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with suction or an injection. Using suitable similar...The present study reveals the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation and magnetic field on a boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with suction or an injection. Using suitable similarity transformations, governing partial differential equations were reduced to higher order ordinary differential equations and further these are solved numerically using of Keller-Box method. Effect of flow controlling parameter on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle fluid concentration, local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood numbers are discussed. It is found that the dimensionless velocity decreases and temperature, concentration are increased with the increasing of magnetic parameter. The temperature profile is an increasing function of thermal radiation when it is increasing.展开更多
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research,Taif University,KSA[Research Project Number 0-440-6166].
文摘This paper introduces the effect of heat absorption(generation)and suction(injection)on magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)boundary-layer flow of Casson nanofluid(CNF)via a non-linear stretching surface with the viscous dissipation in two dimensions.By utilizing the similarity transformations,the leading PDEs are transformed into a set of ODEs with adequate boundary conditions and then resolved numerically by(4–5)^(th)-order Runge-Kutta Fehlberg procedure based on the shooting technique.Numerical computations are carried out by Maple 15 software.With the support of graphs,the impact of dimensionless control parameters on the nanoparticle concentration profiles,the temperature,and the flow velocity are studied.Other parameters of interest,such as the skin friction coefficient,heat,and mass transport at the diverse situation and dependency of various parameters are inspected through tables and graphs.Additionally,it is verified that the numerical computations with the reported earlier studies are in an excellent approval.It is found that the heat and mass transmit rates are enhanced with the increasing values of the power-index and the suction(blowing)parameter,whilst are reduced with the boosting Casson and the heat absorption(generation)parameters.Also,the drag force coefficient is an increasing function of the powerindex and a reduction function of Casson parameter.
文摘Several new techniques in the field of heat transfer in fluids have opened new avenues for studying the heat transfer effects in nanofluids and thermodynamic flow parameters, leading to novel applications. There have been studies on nanofluids, including metal, ceramic and magnetic nanoparticles mixed with base fluids such as Water, Kerosene, and Ethylene glycol. However, research on fluids employing semiconductor nanoparticles as supplements to base fluids to generate nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids is limited. For the investigation, Gallium nitrite, a binary semiconductor with excellent heat convection, is together with Cu metal nanoparticles and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic nanoparticles separately in the base fluid Ethylene glycol (EG) to form hybrid nanofluids. The effects of convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, suction/injection, and activation energy on three-dimensional Williamson MHD hybrid nanofluid flow of Cu + GaN + EG, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + GaN + EG, and Cu + Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + EG are investigated on a stretched sheet with porosity. A similarity transformation is performed on the governing equations to transform them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations ODEs. Numerical analysis is carried out in MATLAB utilizing bvp5c and the shooting technique. The variations of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as a function of different physical effects are presented graphically with dimensionless parameters and explained the variations scientifically. As varied with different parameters, the values of the Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are mentioned in the table.
文摘The aim of this work is to study the effect of non-uniform single and double slot suction/injection into a steady mixed convection boundary layer flow over a vertical cone, while the axis of the cone is inline with the flow. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a non-dimensional form by a group of non-similar trans- formations. The resulting coupled non-linear partial differential equations are solved nu- merically by employing the quasi-linearization technique and an implicit finite-difference scheme. Numerical computations are performed for different values of the dimensionless parameters to display the velocity and temperature profiles graphically. Also, numerical results are presented for the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients. Results indicate that the skin friction and heat transfer coefficients increase with non-uniform slot suction, but the effect of non-uniform slot injection is just opposite.
文摘The work presented herein investigates the velocity, heat transfer, Nusselt number and skin friction profiles involved in boundary layer flow past a moving vertical porous plate. Similarity transformations are employed to convert the governing nonlinear unsteady momentum and energy equations from their partial differential equation forms to boundary value ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are then solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with the help of a shooting technique. Several features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for different values of problem parameters are analyzed and discussed. These include the effects of the radiation parameter (R), suction and injection parameter (c), Grashof (Gr) and Prandtl (Pr) numbers on the flow and heat profiles. Numerical results show the impact of blowing and sucking as well as radation on boundary layer flows of this type. Both the skin frictions as well as the heat transfer rate are also significantly related to the radiation parameter. For all these cases;the numerical results are found to be in agreement with the physics of the problem.
基金supported by FoRUM(Ruhr-University Bochum,Germany,to SCJ)the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,Germany,RE-4543/1-1,to SR).
文摘In a further aging society,excellent eyesight is an integral part of overall well-being and quality of life.Preserving good vision is crucial to maintaining mobility,independence,and mental health.There can be several reasons for visual impairment in elderly people,these include age-related macular degeneration,the leading cause of vision loss among older adults,cataract,glaucoma,diabetic retinopathy,retinal detachment,and others.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82073439).
文摘Dear Editor,Treating psoriatic arthritis(PsA)is always difficult.Systemic treatments can be administered either orally or through intramuscular and intra-articular injection,including conventional synthetics,biologics and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[1].The alternatives,topical external therapies,are not effective on joint lesions due to drug permeability issues.Drugs injected into the articular cavity are also unsuitable for small peripheral joint lesions,the most common manifestations of PsA.The limited treatment options for PsA present a challenge.
基金funded by CNOOC Production Research Project(CCL2022SZPS0076).
文摘Asphaltene deposition is a significant problem during gas injection processes,as it can block the porous medium,the wellbore,and the involved facilities,significantly impacting reservoir productivity and ultimate oil recovery.Only a few studies have investigated the numerical modeling of this potential effect in porous media.This study focuses on asphaltene deposition due to natural gas and CO_(2) injection.Predictions of the effect of gas injection on asphaltene deposition behavior have been made using a 3D numerical simulation model.The results indicate that the injection of natural gas exacerbates asphaltene deposition,leading to a significant reduction in permeability near the injection well and throughout the reservoir.This reduction in permeability strongly affects the ability of gas toflow through the reservoir,resulting in an improvement of the displacement front.The displacement effi-ciency of the injection gas process increases by up to 1.40%when gas is injected at 5500 psi,compared to the scenario where the asphaltene model is not considered.CO_(2) injection leads to a miscible process with crude oil,extracting light and intermediate components,which intensifies asphaltene precipitation and increases the viscosity of the remaining crude oil,ultimately reducing the recovery rate.
文摘●AIM:To evaluate the effect of background diseases and number of previous intravitreal aflibercept injections(IVAIs)on immediate intraocular pressure(IOP)increase and vitreous reflux(VR)rate and to evaluate the correlation of both age and axial length with immediate IOP increase and VR rate.●METHODS:This study included 105 patients with cystoid macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion,35 patients with diabetic macular edema,69 patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration(nAMD),and 12 patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization,which underwent first-time IVAI.The correlation of immediate IOP increase and VR rates with the four background diseases was investigated.Moreover,the correlation of age with immediate IOP increase and VR rate as well as correlation of axial length with immediate IOP increase and VR rate were evaluated.Further,54 patients with nAMD were treated with IVAI>10 times(multiple IVAIs).Moreover,the correlation of immediate IOP increase and VR rates with first-time and multiple IVAIs in nAMD was determined.●RESULTS:The immediate IOP increase(P=0.16)and VR rates(P=0.50)were almost similar among the four background diseases.The immediate postinjection IOP and age,VR rate and age,immediate postinjection IOP and axial length,or VR rate and axial length were not correlated in the four background diseases.The immediate IOP increase(P=0.66)and VR rates(P=0.28)did not significantly differ between first-time and multiple IVAIs in nAMD.●CONCLUSION:Background diseases and number of previous IVAIs have no effect on immediate IOP increase and VR rate.Further,age and axial length have no correlation on immediate IOP increase and VR rate.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0208100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5274316)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province,China(No.202210700037)the Major Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China(No.2022A01003).
文摘The paper proposes a biomass cross-upgrading process that combines hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis to produce high-quality blast furnace injection fuel.The results showed that after upgrading,the volatile content of biochar ranged from 16.19%to 45.35%,and the alkali metal content,ash content,and specific surface area were significantly reduced.The optimal route for biochar pro-duction is hydrothermal carbonization-pyrolysis(P-HC),resulting in biochar with a higher calorific value,C=C structure,and increased graphitization degree.The apparent activation energy(E)of the sample ranges from 199.1 to 324.8 kJ/mol,with P-HC having an E of 277.8 kJ/mol,lower than that of raw biomass,primary biochar,and anthracite.This makes P-HC more suitable for blast furnace injection fuel.Additionally,the paper proposes a path for P-HC injection in blast furnaces and calculates potential environmental benefits.P-HC of-fers the highest potential for carbon emission reduction,capable of reducing emissions by 96.04 kg/t when replacing 40wt%coal injec-tion.
基金Supported by Jinshan District Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Funding Project,No.2021-3-07.
文摘BACKGROUND Chronic eczema significantly impacts daily life,social interactions,and quality of life;however,no curative treatment has been identified.AIM To determine the clinical efficacy of acupoint injection for chronic eczema and its influence on peripheral blood T cells.METHODS Eighty patients with chronic eczema treated at our hospital between June 2022 and March 2023 were randomly assigned to a control group(n=40),which received conventional Western medicine treatment,or an observation group(n=40),which received routine Western medicine treatment plus acupoint injection of triamcinolone acetonide.Response and adverse reaction rates,as well as differences in the levels of serum cytokines IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-4,and IL-10 before and after treatment were investigated.RESULTS No difference in overall response rates were found between the observation and control groups(100%vs 90%,respectively;P>0.05);however,the observation group had a higher marked response rate than the control group(87.5%vs 52.5%;P<0.05).Both groups had decreased Eczema Area and Severity Index scores and increased pruritus after treatment(P<0.05),particularly in the observation group(P<0.05).The observation group had an adverse reaction rate of 2.5%(1/40),which did not differ significantly from that of the control group(P>0.05).The observation group exhibited higher post-treatment INF-γand IL-2 but lower IL-4 levels than the control group(P<0.05);however,no significant inter-group difference was observed in post-treatment IL-10 levels(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Acupoint injection of triamcinolone acetonide is safe and effective in treating chronic eczema.Its therapeutic mechanism is related to the regulation of peripheral blood T cell levels,inhibition of inflammatory reactions,and mitigation of immune imbalance.
基金funded by the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51734010)the Startup Fund of Changzhou University Science Research (Grant No.ZMF22020060).
文摘Multi-gradient drilling is a new offshore drilling method.The accurate calculation of the related wellbore temperature is of great significance for the prediction of the gas hydrate formation area and the precise control of the wellbore pressure.In this study,a new heat transfer model is proposed by which the variable mass flow is properly taken into account.Using this model,the effects of the main factors influencing the wellbore temperature are analyzed.The results indicate that at the position where the separation injection device is installed,the temperature increase of the fluid in the drill pipe is mitigated due to the inflow/outflow of hollow spheres,and the temperature drop of the fluid in the annulus also decreases.In addition,a lower separation efficiency of the device,a shallower installation depth and a smaller circulating displacement tend to increase the temperature near the bottom of the annulus,thereby helping to reduce the hydrate generation area and playing a positive role in the prevention and control of hydrates in deepwater drilling.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52105079 and 62103455。
文摘This paper proposes a virtual position-offset injection based permanent magnet temperature estimation approach for permanent magnet synchronous machines(PMSMs). The concept of virtual position-offset injection is mathematically transforming the machine model to a virtual frame with a position-offset. The virtual frame temperature estimation model is derived to calculate the permanent magnet temperature(PMT) directly from the measurements with computation efficiency. The estimation model involves a combined inductance term, which can simplify the establishment of saturation compensation model with less measurements. Moreover, resistance and inverter distorted terms are cancelled in the estimation model, which can improve the robustness to the winding temperature rise and inverter distortion. The proposed approach can achieve simplified computation in temperature estimation and reduced memory usage in saturation compensation. While existing model-based approaches could be affected by either the need of resistance and inverter information or complex saturation compensation. Experiments are conducted on the test machine to verify the proposed approach under various operating conditions.
基金Supported by Hangzhou Agricultural and Social Development Research Guidance Project,No.20220919Y037.
文摘BACKGROUND The stent embedded in the esophageal mucosa is one of the complications after stenting for esophageal stricture.We present a case of stent adjustment with the aid of a transparent cap after endoscopic injection of an esophageal varices stent.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old male patient came to the hospital with discomfort of the chest after the stent implanted for the stenosis because of endoscopic injection of esophageal varices.The gastroscopy was performed,and the stent embedded into the esophageal mucosa.At first,we pulled the recycling line for shrinking the stent,however,the mucosa could not be removed from the stent.Then a forceps was performed to remove the mucosa in the stent,nevertheless,the bleeding form the mucosa was obvious.And then,we used a transparent cap to scrape the mucosa along the stent,and the mucosa were removed successfully without bleeding.CONCLUSION A transparent cap helps gastroscopy to remove the mucosa embedded in the stent after endoscopic injection of the esophageal varices stent.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,No.LY20H030010Medical Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission,No.2019-KY1-001-181.
文摘BACKGROUND Colorectal cavernous hemangioma is a rare vascular malformation resulting in recurrent lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage,and can be misinterpreted as colitis.Surgical resection is currently the mainstay of treatment,with an emphasis on sphincter preservation.CASE SUMMARY We present details of two young patients with a history of persistent hematochezia diagnosed with colorectal cavernous hemangioma by endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).Cavernous hemangioma was relieved by several EUS-guided lauromacrogol injections and the patients achieved favorable clinical prognosis.CONCLUSION Multiple sequential EUS-guided injections of lauromacrogol is a safe,effective,cost-efficient,and minimally invasive alternative for colorectal cavernous hemangioma.
文摘The combination of endoscopic ultrasound with endoscopic treatment of type 1 gastric variceal hemorrhage may improve the robustness and generalizability of the findings in future studies.Moreover,the esophageal varices should also be included in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in subsequent studies to reach a more convincing conclusion.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52174113)the Young Jinggang Scholars Award Program in Jiangxi Province,China(Grant No.QNJG2018051)the“Thousand Talents”of Jiangxi Province,China(Grant No.jxsq2019201043).
文摘In the process of ion-adsorption rare earth ore leaching,the migration characteristics of the wetting front in multi-hole injection holes and the influence of wetting front intersection effect on the migration distance of wetting fronts are still unclear.Besides,wetting front migration distance and leaching time are usually required to optimize the leaching process.In this study,wetting front migration tests of ionadsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection(the spacing between injection holes was 10 cm,12 cm and 14 cm)and single-hole fluid injection were completed under the constant water head height.At the pre-intersection stage,the wetting front migration laws of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole fluid injection and single-hole fluid injection were identical.At the postintersection stage,the intersection accelerated the wetting front migration.By using the Darcy’s law,the intersection effect of wetting fronts during the multi-hole liquid injection was transformed into the water head height directly above the intersection.Finally,based on the Green-Ampt model,a wetting front migration model of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole unsaturated liquid injection was established.Error analysis results showed that the proposed model can accurately simulate the infiltration process under experimental conditions.The research results enrich the infiltration law and theory of ion-adsorption rare earth ores during the multi-hole liquid injection,and this study provides a scientific basis for optimizing the liquid injection well pattern parameters of ion-adsorption rare earth in situ leaching in the future.
文摘BACKGROUND Insulin injection is the basic daily drug treatment for diabetic patients.AIM To evaluate the comparative impacts of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(CSII).METHODS Based on the treatment modality received,the patients were allocated into two cohorts:The CSII group and the multiple daily injections(MDI)group,with each cohort comprising 210 patients.Comparative assessments were made regarding serum levels of serum-secreted frizzled-related protein 5,homocysteine,and C1q/TNF-related protein 9.Furthermore,outcomes such as fasting plasma glucose,2-hour postprandial glucose levels,pain assessment scores,and the incidence of complications were evaluated post-treatment.RESULTS The CSII group displayed notably lower fasting plasma glucose and 2-h postprandial glucose levels in comparison to the MDI group(P<0.05).Subsequent analysis post-treatment unveiled a significantly higher percentage of patients reporting no pain in the CSII group(60.00%)in contrast to the MDI group(36.19%)(P<0.05).Additionally,the CSII group exhibited a markedly reduced occurrence of fetal distress and premature rupture of membranes compared to the MDI group(P<0.05).However,there were no significant variances observed in other pregnancy outcomes between the two groups(P>0.05).A statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the incidence of complications between the groups(χ^(2)=11.631,P=0.001).CONCLUSION The utilization of CSII via an insulin pump,as opposed to MDI,can significantly enhance the management of insulin administration in patients with GDM by diversifying the sites of insulin delivery.This approach not only promotes optimal glycemic control but also regulates metabolic factors linked to blood sugar,reducing the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes and complications.The clinical relevance and importance of CSII in GDM management highlight its wide-ranging clinical usefulness.
文摘This paper introduces a novel multi-tiered defense architecture to protect language models from adversarial prompt attacks. We construct adversarial prompts using strategies like role emulation and manipulative assistance to simulate real threats. We introduce a comprehensive, multi-tiered defense framework named GUARDIAN (Guardrails for Upholding Ethics in Language Models) comprising a system prompt filter, pre-processing filter leveraging a toxic classifier and ethical prompt generator, and pre-display filter using the model itself for output screening. Extensive testing on Meta’s Llama-2 model demonstrates the capability to block 100% of attack prompts. The approach also auto-suggests safer prompt alternatives, thereby bolstering language model security. Quantitatively evaluated defense layers and an ethical substitution mechanism represent key innovations to counter sophisticated attacks. The integrated methodology not only fortifies smaller LLMs against emerging cyber threats but also guides the broader application of LLMs in a secure and ethical manner.
基金the financial support of National Board for Higher Mathematics(NBHM),DAE,Mumbai,India for pursuing this work.
文摘In this paper,an investigation is made to study the effects of radiation and heat source/sink on the unsteady boundary layerflow and heat transfer past a shrinking sheet with suction/injection.Theflow is permeated by an externally applied magneticfield normal to the plane offlow.The self-similar equations correspond-ing to the velocity and temperaturefields are obtained,and then solved numerically byfinite difference method using quasilinearization technique.The study reveals that the momentum boundary layer thickness increases with increasing unsteadiness and decreases with magneticfield.The thermal boundary layer thickness decreases with Prandtl number,radiation parameter and heat sink parameter,but it increases with heat source parameter.Moreover,increasing unsteadiness,magneticfield strength,radiation and heat sink strength boost the heat transfer.
文摘The present study reveals the effect of nonlinear thermal radiation and magnetic field on a boundary layer flow of a viscous fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet with suction or an injection. Using suitable similarity transformations, governing partial differential equations were reduced to higher order ordinary differential equations and further these are solved numerically using of Keller-Box method. Effect of flow controlling parameter on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle fluid concentration, local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood numbers are discussed. It is found that the dimensionless velocity decreases and temperature, concentration are increased with the increasing of magnetic parameter. The temperature profile is an increasing function of thermal radiation when it is increasing.