Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Sulfate/Silica Composite as a Shape-stabilized Phase Change Material by Sol-gel Method

A sodium sulfate （NaeSO4）/silica （SiO2） composite was prepared as a shape-stabilized solid-liquid phase change material by a sol-gel procedure using Na2SiO3 as the silica source. Na2SO4 in the composite acts as a latent heat storage substance for solid-liquid phase change, while SiO2 acts as a support material to provide structural strength and prevent leakage of melted NazSO4. The microstructure and composition of the prepared composite were characterized by the N2 adsorption, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the prepared Na2SOJSiO2 composite is a nanostructured hybrid of NazSO4 and SiO2 without new substances produced during the phase change. The macroscopic shape of the NazSO4/SiO2 composite after the melting and freezing cycles does not change and there is no leakage of Na2SO4. Determined by differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） analysis, the values of phase change latent heat of melting and freezing of the prepared NazSO4/SiO2 （50%, by mass） composite are 82.3 kJ.kg i and 83.7 kJ.kg-1, and temperatures of melting and freezing are 886.0 ℃ and 880.6 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the Na2SOJSiO2 composite maintains good thermal energy storage and release ability even after 100 cycles of melting and freezing. The satisfactory thermal storage performance renders this composite a versatile tool for high-temperature thermal energy storage.

Analytical Methods for Environmental Risk Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soils: A Review

Assessment of acid sulfate soil risk is an important step for acid sulfate soil management and its reliability depends very much on the suitability and accuracy of various analytical methods for estimating sulfide-derived potential acidity, actual acidity and acid-neutralizing capacity in acid sulfate soils. This paper critically reviews various analytical methods that are currently used for determination of the above parameters, as well as their implications for environmental risk assessment of acid sulfate soi1s.

Comparison between Sulfuric Acid-phenol and Sulfuric Acid-anthrone Methods Used for Determination of Polysaccharides in Shoots of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.

Sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods were used to detect polysaccharide content in shoots of Aralia elata（ Miq.） Seem.,and the conversion factor to glucose was measured with refined polysaccharides. Comprehensive evaluation was carried out by linear relationship,precision,reproducibility,stability and recovery rate. The results showed that the linear relationship between glucose concentration and absorbance was good when glucose concentration was0-40 μg/ml,and the average recovery rate was equal to or higher than 97. 00% with good reproducibility（ RSD 〈 1. 60%,n = 5）. It revealed that the two methods were accurate and reliable,and suitable for the determination of polysaccharide content in the shoots of A. elata. Polysaccharide content detected by sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods was 19. 31% and 20. 40% respectively.

Preparation of High Percentage α-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate via a Hydrothermal Method

α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) is known to be suitable for application as bone void filler. High percentage of α-HH is obviously needed for medical applications, especially for implantation. Three commercially available calcium sulfate dihydrates (DH, CaSO4·2H2O) with different sizes and surface morphologies were used as starting materials to synthesize high percentage α-HH via a hydrothermal method. The median particle sizes of the three types of DH were 946.7 μm, 162.4 μm and 62.4 μm, respectively. They were named as DH-L, DH-M and DH-S in this paper. The particle size distribution, morphology and phase composition of the raw materials were evaluated before synthesis. SEM results revealed that DH-L consisted of irregular large particles, while DH-M and DH-S were composed of plate-like particles with some small ones. High percentage HH can be obtained with proper synthesis parameters by hydrothermal method, specifically, 105 °C/90 min for DH-L (achieving 98.8% HH), 105°C/30 min for DH-M (achieving 96.7% HH) and 100°C/45 min for DH-S (achieving 98.4% HH). All the synthesized HH were hexagonal columns, demonstrating that they were α-phase HH. The particle size and morphology of starting material (DH) have significant influences on not only the rate of phase transition but also the morphology of the synthesized α-HH. Calcium sulfate dihydrate cements were prepared by the synthesized α-HH. The highest compressive strength of calcium sulfate dihydrate cement was 17.2 MPa. The results show that the preparation of high percentage α-HH is feasible via a hydrothermal method and the process can be further scaled up to industrial scale production.

Preparation of α-High Strength Gypsum from Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum Pretreated by Hydrothermal-aging Method

The synthesis of α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-CSH) from flue gas desulfurization (FGD)gypsum is a good way to realize the comprehensive utilization of FGD gypsum. To obtainα-CSH with the satisfactory performances, a facile hydrothermal-aging pretreatment process for FGD gypsum raw materials was proposed, where FGD gypsum was firstly hydrothermally converted to α-CSH whiskers, and α-CSH whiskers were further hydrated to synthesize CaSO4·2H2O (CSD) by aging under the regulation of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The effects of aging time, MBA addition, aging temperature, and pH on the morphology of the synthesized CSD were investigated. The synthesized CSD crystals exhibit highly uniform prismatic morphology with the length of ca 100μm and the whiteness of 91.56%. The regulation mechanism of MBA was also illustrated. The synthesized CSD crystals with prismatic morphology were further used as raw materials to synthesize the short columnar α-CSH. The absolute dry compressive strength of paste prepared from the short columnar α-CSH is 40.85 MPa, which reaches α40 strength grade.

Study on the Acute Toxicity of Rare Earth Yttrium to Earthworms under the Stress of Leaching Agent Ammonium Sulfate

This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of rare earth ion yttrium under the stress of leaching agent ammonium sulfate （NH4）2SO4. [Method] By using earthworms as indicator organisms of environmental pol ution, acute toxic ef-fects of rare earth yttrium on earthworms under the stress of ammonium sulfate were investigated with filter paper contact method. [Result] Under single stress of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=213.41 mg/L and LC50=322.63 mg/L, respectively. ② Under single stress of ammonium sul-fate, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=13.89 g/L and LC50=15.05 g/L, respectively. ③ In combined treatment of low concentration （10 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal con-centration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=198.65 g/L and LC50=399.85 g/L, respective-ly; in combined treatment of middle concentration （14 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 and 24 h was LC50=167.3 mg/L and LC50=256.73 mg/L, respectively; in combined treatment of high concentration （20 g/L） of ammonium sulfate and different doses of rare earth yttrium, the semi-lethal concentration after 48 h and 24 h was LC50=31.03 mg/L and LC50=127.65 mg/L, respectively. [Conclusion] Low concentration of ammonium sulfate could reduce the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produce certain antagonism against rare earth yttrium; middle concentration ammonium sulfate in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms and produced relatively sig-nificant synergistic effects; high concentration ammonium sulfate significantly in-creased the toxicity of rare earth yttrium to earthworms. Compared with ammonium sulfate, dead earthworms exposed to rare earth yttrium were more easily fractured, and living earthworms showed insensitive response to acupuncture.

Properties and coagulation mechanisms of polyferric silicate sulfate with high concentration

Polyferric silicate sulfate （PFSS） with high concentration was prepared using the composite-poly method. The coagulation properties and mechanisms of this new complex were probed using TEM, Fe-Ferron timed complex-colorimetric method, and infrared spectrum method. The results showed that the flocculating effect of polyferric silicate sulfate had an advantage over polyferric sulfate （PFS）, as the optimum coagulation effect could be obtained when the Si/Fe mole ratio was 0.75 in accordance with its macrostructure of PFSS. According to the Fe-Ferron timed complex-colorimetric method, the Si species was mainly Sic, whereas, the Fe species were Fea and Fec in the copolymerization system. The infrared spectra indicated that the structure of these new flocculants was formed by polymers, mainly by olation, which was different from polyferric sulfate, and the vibration of M-OH-M of around 1100 cm^-1, also proved that there existed Fe-OH-Fe and its polymers in some forms.

Effect of sulfate erosion on strength and leaching characteristic of stabilized heavy metal contaminated red clay

Solidification/stabilization(S/S)technology has been widely used for remediation of the heavy metal contaminated soils.The heavy metal ions will be leached from the stabilized contaminated soil under sulfate erosion conditions,which gives rise tosecondary contamination to the areas around the mine sites.The commonly used Portland cement,fly ash and quicklime were takenas binder raw materials with various mix proportions.And then,the sulphuric acid and nitric acid method was used to investigate theleaching characteristic of stabilized heavy metal contaminated soils.The effects of binder types and binder contents,sulfateconcentrations(1.5,3.0and6.0g/L)and erosion time(0,7,14and28d)on leached concentrations of heavy metal ions fromcontaminated soils were studied.Moreover,a parameter named immobilization percentage(IP)was introduced to evaluate theinfluence of erosion time and sulfate concentration on immobilization effectiveness for heavy metal ions.The results showed that,theleached heavy metal concentrations increased with sulfate concentration and erosion time.Comparatively speaking,the compositebinders that had calcium oxide in it exhibited the worst solidification effectiveness and the lowest immobilization percentage,withthe largest leached heavy metal concentration.

The preparation and antioxidant activity of glucosamine sulfate

Glucosamine sulfate was prepared from glucosamine hydrochloride that was produced by acidic hydrolysis of chitin by ion-exchange method. Optical rotation and elemental analysis characterized the degree of its purity. In addition, the antioxidant potency of cbitosan derivative-glucosamine sulfate was investigated in various established in vitro systems, such as superoxide （O2^-）/hydroxyl （·OH） radicals scavenging, reducing power, iron ion chelating. The following results are obtained： first, glucosamine sulfate had pronounced scavenging effect on superoxide radical. For example the O2 scavenging activity of glucosamine sulfate was 92.11% at 0.8 mg/mL. Second, the ·OH scavenging activity of glucosamine sulfate was also strong, and was about 50% at 3.2 mg/mL. Third, the reducing power of glucosamine sulfate was more pronounced. The reducing power of glucosamine sulfate was 0.643 at 0.75 mg/mL. However, its potency for ferrous ion chelating was weak. Furthermore, except for ferrous ion chelating potency, the scavenging rate of radical and reducing power of glucosamine sulfate were concentration-dependent and increased with their increasing concentrations, but its ferrous ion chelating potency decreased with the increasing concentration. The multiple antioxidant activities of glucosamine sulfate were evidents of reducing power and superoxide/hydroxyl radicals scavenging ability. These in vitro results suggest the possibility that glucosamine sulfate could be used effectively as an ingredient in health or functional food, to alleviate oxidative stress.

Tests for individual Sulfate－Containing Particles in Urban Atmosphere in Beijing

Thin film methods and X ray energy dispersive technique were applied to analyze sulfate-containing particles inBeijing in order to examine their features and sources. Atmospheric aerosol particles were collected on electron microscope meshes according to two size ranges: coarse particles (r>0.5μm) and fine particles (0.5μm>r>0. 1μm) by using a two-stage impactor. It was found that more than seventy percent of the fine particles and about twenty percentof the coarse particles were sulfate-containing particles. These particles were formed mainly through heterogeneousnucleation. The element composition analyses revealed that the atmospheric aerosol particles in Beijing were domi-nated by crustal particles and construction dust.

普鲁士蓝类钠电池正极生产废水预处理工艺研究

钠离子电池作为新兴产业,有关其生产工艺的研究较多,但是鲜少见到关于钠电池生产废水处理工艺的研究。因此,本文对普鲁士蓝类钠电池正极废水的预处理工艺进行实验研究,探究最佳处理工艺。最终确定了母液废水采用直接氧化法预处理工艺,即先加入H_(2)O_(2)(1.18倍理论投入量),然后用质量分数为30%的NaOH溶液调pH至9左右,静置30 min,再经过管式超滤膜过滤,母液中铁锰元素的去除率分别约为99.93%和99.99%。洗水废水采用两段式沉淀法预处理工艺,即第一阶段采用固氰除铁法,先用质量分数为30%的NaOH溶液调pH至7左右然后加入硫酸亚铁(硫酸亚铁投入量与废水中铁元素质量比为5.2),反应静置30 min。主要去除废水中绝大部分的铁元素和少部分锰元素。在一段处理的基础上再采用氧化沉淀法,先加入H_(2)O_(2)(0.83倍理论投入量),然后用质量分数为30%的NaOH溶液调pH至9,反应静置30 min,再经过管式超滤膜过滤,最终铁和锰元素的去除率分别约为99.87%和99.99%。为实际工程中钠电池废水预处理提供了重要技术参考。

A novel and facile wet-chemical method for synthesis of silver microwires

A novel and facile wet-chemical method for synthesis of silver microwires was developed.The well-defined particles were prepared by adding an iron（Ⅱ） sulfate heptahydrate solution into a silver nitrate solution containing citric acid drop by drop at 50 °C.The resulting products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.It was found that the particles consisted of numerous silver microwires.The reaction temperature greatly affected the morphologies of the as-prepared particles.Both of the mean length and width of the silver microwires increased with the decrease of the concentration of silver nitrate.And the lower concentration was unfavorable for the formation of more silver microwires.Similar findings were also observed when the concentration of iron（Ⅱ） sulfate was decreased.The amount of citric acid also greatly affected the shape of the as-prepared particles.It was concluded that citric acid was the key role in the formation of silver microwires via the Oswald ripening mechanism.

固相反应合成MgAl_(2)O_(4)多孔纤维的研究

MgAl_(2)O_(4)纤维的主要制备方法为气相法,但该方法存在反应温度高、制备成本高以及产率低等问题。将碱式硫酸镁晶须作为模板,分别与铝溶胶或α-Al_(2)O_(3)微粉混合,通过固相反应制备了MgAl_(2)O_(4)多孔纤维,研究了热处理温度(1000、1100和1300℃)和保温时间(3、10 h)以及铝源(铝溶胶和α-Al_(2)O_(3)微粉)对MgAl_(2)O_(4)多孔纤维合成的影响。结果表明:1)与α-Al_(2)O_(3)微粉相比,以铝溶胶为铝源时,纤维中MgAl_(2)O_(4)生成量更高;2)随着热处理温度的升高,Al_(2)O_(3)与MgO逐渐反应完全,MgAl_(2)O_(4)的生成量不断增加,MgAl_(2)O_(4)多孔纤维上有小而均匀的纳米孔;3)最佳制备工艺是以铝溶胶为铝源,在1300℃保温3 h。

硫酸亚铁废液的综合回收利用

在工业生产中每年都会产生大量的硫酸亚铁废液,其中钢铁深加工过程的产出量最大。硫酸亚铁废液中含有硫酸,pH值较低,且含有铁、钴、镍、铝、铬等金属离子,直接排放不仅浪费其中的金属资源,还会对土壤和水体造成严重污染。综合回收硫酸亚铁废液对企业具有巨大的经济效益,对社会具有一定的环境效益。目前主要的处理方法有中和处理法、化学沉淀法、结晶析出法、溶剂萃取法、微生物法等。针对不同生产过程产生的硫酸亚铁废液应采用相应的处理办法。由于中和处理法产生大量金属污泥、结晶析出法的产品市场需求低、溶剂萃取法处理能力低、微生物法处理周期长,化学沉淀法是目前主要采用的回收方法。化学沉淀法操作简单、无需高性能设备,但试验影响因素多,产品性质波动大。硫酸亚铁废液回收产品主要被应用于颜料行业、水处理行业、磁性材料行业等。多数产品仅利用了废液的铁元素,而硫酸和硫元素并未得到回收利用,如何对废液进行综合回收是一个研究重点。由于硫酸亚铁废液中杂质元素含量较多,对其进行提纯具有很大的难度,所需生产成本也较高,因此如何直接利用废液也是未来研究的主要方向。

氟盐法净化锰电解液中镁离子的研究

采用电解法制备金属锰,因该工艺制备的金属锰纯度高、污染小而受到广泛应用,而生产过程中镁离子的循环富集会对系统造成很大危害。为降低镁离子的浓度保证电解生产正常进行,以镁离子的质量浓度降至15~20 g/L为研究目的,开展了氟盐法对锰电解液中镁离子的去除研究,考察了沉淀剂种类、用量系数、搅拌时间、温度和pH等因素对镁脱除效果的影响。研究结果表明,使用氟化铵为沉淀剂时,随着沉淀剂用量、搅拌时间、反应温度和体系pH的增加,镁离子浓度均呈现逐渐降低并达到一定水平后趋于稳定,得出较佳除杂条件:温度为50℃、搅拌时间为50 min、pH为5~6、沉淀剂用量为理论量(物质的量)的80%,可将溶液中镁离子质量浓度降至15.6 g/L,残余氟质量浓度为1.7 g/L。对除镁后的溶液采用低成本纳米除氟剂进行处理,通过利用EDS和ICP等分析手段可得到以下结果:氟离子质量浓度小于100 mg/L,除氟剂中的铝在硫酸锰溶液中的质量浓度仅为2.51×10^(-4) g/L,能满足电解锰工业的生产需求。

微型反应器在沉淀硫酸钡生产中的应用

针对传统沉淀硫酸钡生产过程中存在能耗大、反应过程难以控制、硫酸钡产品批次间差异大、杂质多、粒径分布宽等问题,创新采用微型反应器来改进传统芒硝法生产硫酸钡工艺。利用微型反应器具有高效传质与传热的特点,通过精准控制物料配比及反应条件,形成条件可控、高通量的物料微腔并流连续合成硫酸钡的生产技术。微型反应器体系内物料BaS和Na2SO4充分混合且受热均匀,保证了反应过程的一致性,具有产率高、稳定性好、产品一致性及均匀性好、能耗少、反应体积小等优点,能提高合成效率与产量,提升硫酸钡产品品质,实现大规模连续生产。

混凝土内部硫酸根离子检测方法及扩散理论综述

硫酸盐侵蚀混凝土生成钙矾石、石膏等膨胀性产物,造成工程结构膨胀、开裂、剥落及力学性能的降低。因此,全面认识混凝土内部硫酸根离子的扩散规律有助于工程建筑物的腐蚀预测。围绕硫酸盐侵蚀混凝土的主题,对于现有学术成果进行整理、归纳,梳理了各因素下硫酸盐侵蚀规律,介绍了混凝土内部硫酸根离子试验检测方法,总结了国内外有关硫酸根离子扩散模型的相关进展。最后基于现有研究成果,对离子扩散因素、试验测定方法、理论研究模型等方面提出展望。

EACD技术处理煤矿酸性废水硫酸根的研究

采用·OH清除剂优化接地极雾化电晕放电(EACD)技术处理煤矿酸性废水,利用响应面法研究了放电电压、放电时间和硫酸根与苯酚的浓度比对硫酸根降解率的影响。结果表明,各因素显著性顺序为:硫酸根与苯酚的浓度比>放电电压>放电时间,放电电压、硫酸根与苯酚的浓度比的交互作用对硫酸根去除率影响显著。优化条件为:放电电压12 kV、放电时间66 min、硫酸根与苯酚的浓度比0.9时,对应的硫酸根去除率为76.55%,与预测值仅有0.55%的误差。实验结果与模型数值高度吻合,证实了该回归模型的准确性。

Mg^(2+)、Al^(3+)对制备半水硫酸钙晶须形貌和尺寸的影响

以二水硫酸钙为原料,通过水热法制备半水硫酸钙晶须,在探究反应温度、反应时间对晶须形貌和尺寸影响基础上,分别系统考察了Mg^(2+)、Al^(3+)浓度对其形貌和尺寸的影响。实验结果表明:在料浆质量分数为2%、反应温度为160℃、反应时间为6 h条件下制备的产物其平均长度为273.4μm,平均长径比达到30.4,晶须的形貌为针状且较为均一。在低浓度的Mg^(2+)存在下,半水硫酸钙晶须的直径小,长径比高;Al^(3+)对半水硫酸钙晶须沿c轴的生长有较强的抑制作用,得到的晶须呈现棒状或者纺锤体状。

电池级磷酸铁的合成工艺优化及其性能研究

文章以硫酸亚铁溶液和磷酸一铵、磷酸的混合溶液为原料,采用一步法制取磷酸铁。通过条件实验,获得最优实验条件:反应陈化温度90℃、pH值=2.00、反应时间为4 h。在上述最优条件下制备出的磷酸铁产品纯度较高、品质好,达到了电池级产品标准。