Performance of sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation

The performance of sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation was studied.The results showed that both SO42-and NH4+ were chemically stable under anaerobic conditions.They did not react with each other in the absence of biological catalyst(sludge).The anaerobic digested sludge cultivated in an anaerobic reactor for three years took on the ability of oxidizing ammonium with sulfate anaero-bically.The average reduction of sulfate and ammonium was 71.67 mg.L-1 and 56.82 mg.L-1 at high concentrations.The reaction between SO42-and NH4+ was difficult,though feasible,due to its low standard Gibbs free energy change.The experiment demonstrated that high substrate concentrations and low oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) may be favourable for the biological reaction.

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic wast...

Influence of Chemical Oxygen Demand Concentrations on Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation by Granular Sludge From EGSB Reactor

Objective To investigate the effect of chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentrations on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation （ANAMMOX）. Methods An Expanded Granular Sludge Bed （EGSB） reactor was used to cultivate the granular sludge and to perform the ANAMMOX reaction in the bench scale experiment. NH4^＋-N and NO2^--N were measured by using colorimetric method. NO3^＋-N was analyzed by using the UV spectrophotometric method. COD measurement was based on digestion with potassium dichromate in concentrated sulphuric acid. Results When the COD concentrations in the reactors were 0 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 350 mg/L, and 550 mg/L, respectively, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was 12.5%, 14.2%, 14.3%, and 23.7%; the removal amount of NO2-N was almost the same; the nitrate removal efficiency was 16.8%, 94.5%, 86.6%, and 84.2% and TN removal efficiency was 16.3%, 50.7%, 46.9%, and 50.4%, moreover, the COD removal efficiency was 85%, 65.7%, and 60%; the COD removal rate was 27.42, 61.88, and 97.8 mg COD/（h·L）. Conclusion COD concentrations have a significant influence on anaerobic ammonium oxidation by granular sludge.

Correlation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification

The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.

Review:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation for treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters

The concept of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) is presently of great interest. The functional bacteria belonging to the Planctomycete phylum and their metabolism are investigated by microbiologists. Meanwhile,the ANAMMOX is equally valuable in treatment of ammonium-rich wastewaters. Related processes including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite(CANON) have been developed,and lab-scale experiments proved that both processes were quite feasible in engineering with appropriate control. Successful full-scale practice in the Netherlands will ac-celerate application of the process in future. This review introduces the microbiology and more focuses on application of the ANAMMOX process.

Enrichment culture of marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) bacteria

The present study investigates the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)bacteria in the marine environment using sediment samples obtained from the East China Sea and discusses the nitrogen removal efficiency of marine anammox bioreactor.Enrichment of anammox bacteria with simultaneous removal of nitrite and ammonium ions was observed in the Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor under a total nitrogen loading rate of 0.37kg-N m-3day-1.In this study,The nitrogen removal efficiency was up to 80%and the molar-reaction ratio of ammonium,nitrite and nitrate was 1.0:1.22:0.22 which was a little different from a previously reported ratio of 1.0:1.32:0.26 in a freshwater system.

Quantification of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by quantitative competitive PCR

The anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing （ANAMMOX） bacteria were enriched from a sequencing batch biofilm reactor （SBBR）. A quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction （QC-PCR） system was successfully developed to detect and quantify ANAMMOX bacteria in environmental samples. For QC-PCR system, PCR primer sets targeting 16S ribosomal RNA genes of ANAMMOX bacteria were designed and used. The quantification range of this system was 4 orders of magnitude, from 10^3 to 10^6 copies per PCR, corresponding to the detection limit of 300 target copies per mL. A 312-bp internal standard was constructed, which showed very similar amplification efficiency with the target amxC fragment （349 bp） over 4 orders of magnitude （10^3-10^6）. The linear regressions were obtained with R^2 of 0.9824 for 10^3 copies, 0.9882 for 10^4 copies, 0.9857 for 10^5 copies and 0.9899 for 10^6 copies, respectively. Using this method, ANAMMOX bacteria were quantified in a shortcut nitrification/denitrification-anammox system which was set for piggery wastewater treatment.

芬顿氧化深度处理厌氧氨氧化出水影响因素的最优组合

利用正交试验对影响芬顿氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化出水的起始pH、nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)、mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(cr)、反应温度4种主要因素的最优组合开展研究。结果表明:4种因素均对芬顿氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化出水产生显著影响,影响顺序为起始pH>反应温度>mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)>nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2),起始pH对COD_(Cr)去除率影响极显著,mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)和nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)影响程度较为接近;4种影响因素最优组合为起始pH=4.0、nFe^(2+)/nH_(2)O_(2)=1:3、mH_(2)O_(2)/mCOD_(Cr)=4:1、反应温度=20℃,该条件下COD_(Cr)和色度去除率高达92.4%和99.1%,出水可生化性好,处理效果达到工程应用要求,可为该联用系统的芬顿处理段提供一定的技术支撑。

新型连续流系统中Anammox颗粒粒径控制策略研究

以具有自主专利的新型大/小双室自回流连续流反应器为平台,探究基于粒径回流的Anammox颗粒污泥粒径调控策略及调控机制.粒径回流策略通过改变内循环的位置,将不同粒径的污泥引入高基质浓度和高机械剪切区域进行粒径调控.结果表明,粒径回流策略能够提高Anammox颗粒粒径,并将其控制在合适的范围内.这一策略还增强了系统的污泥浓度、颗粒沉降性能和脱氮性能.其中大颗粒回流策略综合提升效果最佳,维持颗粒粒径在0.5~1.6mm范围内,中值粒径为948μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)为35.6mL/g,总无机氮(TIN)去除率为88.59%.胞外聚合物(EPS)分析和分层实验表明,紧密结合EPS(TB-EPS)中的蛋白质(PN)在粒径调控中起着关键作用,高浓度的外层污泥PN主导了颗粒的沉降性能,而内层紧实污泥的TB-EPS中的PN则增强了颗粒的结构强度.高通量测序结果表明,粒径循环策略能够大幅提高系统内厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)Candidatus Kuenenia的丰度,在大颗粒回流时达到60.24%的峰值,并且AnAOB主要分布在颗粒污泥内层.

Inhibitive effects of chlortetracycline on performance of the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)process and strategies for recovery

The short-and long-term effects of chlortetracycline（CTC） on the nitritation-anaerobic ammonium oxidation（anammox） process were evaluated. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of CTC in the batch tests of the nitritation-anammox process was 278.91 mg/L at an exposure time of 12 hr. The long-term effects of CTC on the process were examined in a continuous-flow nitritation-anammox reactor. Within 14 days, the nitrogen removal rate significantly decreased from 0.61 to 0.25 kg N/m^3/day with 60 mg/L CTC in the influent.The performance suppressed by CTC barely recovered, even after CTC was removed from the influent. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTC also reduced the relative abundance of ammonium oxidizing bacteria（AOB） and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria（An AOB）in the reactor, resulting in both a decreased amount of and an imbalance between AOB and An AOB. When fresh anammox sludge was reseeded into the nitritation-anammox reactor,the nitrogen removal rate recovered to 0.09 ± 0.03 kg N/m3/day.

Influence of influent on anaerobic ammonium oxidation in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter integrated system

Shortcut nitrification-denitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX),and methanogenesis have been successfully coupled in an Expanded Granular Sludge Bed-Biological Aerated Filter(EGSB-BAF)integrated system.As fed different synthetic wastewater with chemical oxygen demand(COD)of 300-1200 mg·L^(-1)and NH_(4)^(+)-N of 30-120 mg·L^(-1)at the outer recycle ratio of 200%,the influence of influent on ANAMMOX in the integrated system was investigated in this paper.The experimental results showed that higher COD concentration caused an increase in denitrification and methanogenesis but a decrease in ANAMMOX;however,when an influent with the low concentration of COD was used,the opposite changes could be observed.Higher influent NH_(4)^(+)-N concentration favored ANAMMOX when the COD concentration of influent was fixed.Therefore,low COD=NH_(4)^(+)-N ratio would decrease competition for nitrite between ANAMMOX and denitrification,which was favorable for reducing the negative effect of organic COD on ANAMMOX.The good performance of the integrated system indicated that the bacterial community of denitrification,ANAMMOX,and methanogenesis could be dynamically maintained in the sludge of EGSB reactor for a certain range of influent.

纳米铁改性生物炭载体强化厌氧氨氧化菌富集与脱氮效果研究

为实现厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)在载体生物膜中快速富集,本文采用液相还原方法制备了纳米铁改性生物炭(nZVI@BC)载体,并设置两组相同的厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)富集装置(R_(1)、R_(2)),通过对R_(1)、R_(2)装置添加不同载体(分别为BC和nZVI@BC),考察在富集过程中ANAMMOX装置的脱氮性能、载体表面特征和微生物群落结构差异.结果表明:①BC表面成功负载nZVI,nZVI@BC载体比BC载体具有更高的比表面积,改性后载体的比表面积从47.17 m^(2)/g增至210.82 m^(2)/g,可为微生物提供更多的附着位点.②R_(2)装置NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(2)^(−)-N去除率稳定达到90%所需时间均比R_(1)装置短,且稳定运行后,R_(1)、R_(2)装置的TN去除率最高分别为86.99%、89.65%.③nZVI@BC载体表面颜色由黑色变为红褐色,表明红色的ANAMMOX生物膜初步形成,且其表面生物量比BC载体表面生物量高23倍.④第20天,R_(1)、R_(2)装置中AnAOB的相对丰度分别为10.47%和29.15%;R_(1)、R_(2)装置载体表面主要的AnAOB属均为Candidatus Kuenenia,其相对丰度分别为7.49%和23.76%.研究显示,改性的nZVI@BC载体显著促进了ANAMMOX生物膜的快速形成和AnAOB的高效富集,提升了ANAMMOX过程的脱氮性能.

缺氧生物膜转型厌氧氨氧化生物膜培养与富集特性

接种西安市某污水处理厂缺氧池生物膜构建升流式厌氧固定床生物膜(UAFB)反应器从而富集培养厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)生物膜,通过测定生物膜Anammox活性和酶活性并进行高通量测序分析,探讨城市污水处理厂现有填料转型培养Anammox生物膜的可行性及生物膜内菌群演替规律.结果表明,经29d培养后的UAFB-Anammox反应器TN去除率高达76.22%,快速启动成功;负荷提升阶段,表面氮负荷(SNLR)由0.23g/(m^(2)·d)提升至2.59g/(m^(2)·d),最大Anammox活性维持2.15g/(m^(2)·d),TN去除率高达83.68%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果发现,富集后的生物膜中优势菌属为Ca.Brocadia,相对丰度为33.38%,富集效果明显.同时缺氧生物膜上反硝化菌Denitratisoma以Anammox的产物NO_(3)^(-)-N为基质,逐渐与AnAOB形成共生存关系.这说明利用城市污水处理厂现有缺氧生物膜可以快速培养Anammox生物膜,对Anammox工艺在城市污水处理厂升级改造中的应用提供一定参考.

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化研究与应用进展

硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化(S-Anammox)是一种在厌氧条件下同步去除NH_(4)^(+)和SO_(4)^(2-)的新型生物处理工艺,为废水同步脱氮除硫提供了新思路,但是其氮硫转化机制、功能微生物与影响因素等研究仍有不足。综述了S-Anammox相关反应方程式、潜在功能微生物与功能基因、影响因素,分析了S-Anammox工艺的应用场景,提出了不同的组合工艺。建议进一步深化氮硫转化机制的研究,揭示功能微生物、反应条件与调控原理,为S-Anammox工程化应用提供理论与技术支持。

电化学系统内Feammox/NDFO耦合工艺脱氮效能和机理

针对目前Feammox/NDFO耦合工艺启动慢、脱氮效能不理想等缺陷,提出基于电化学原理强化Feammox/NDFO耦合工艺的策略.实验室内搭建生物电化学系统(BES)序批式厌氧反应器(B组),同时以不加电化学系统的普通厌氧反应器(A组)为对照组.A、B两组反应器共运行100d,分析了两反应器Feammox/NDFO耦合工艺启动过程中的脱氮效能、脱氮路径验证及种群结构组成,并探讨了BES系统Feammox/NDFO强化脱氮的机理.结果表明,实验组(B组)内NH_(4)^(+)-N去除率显著提高,第76d去除率趋于100%,TN去除率达65.83%;而对照组(A组)在第100d时,对NH_(4)^(+)-N和TN的去除率分别为50.22%和43.01%.脱氮路径验证实验结果表明,A、B组反应器内均有Feammox、NDFO、Anammox反应发生;并且B组反应器内反硝化速率明显大于A组.高通量测序结果表明,B组中铁循环脱氮功能菌中Desulfobacterota菌门的相对丰度较A组提高了2.34%;Thiobacillus和Denitratisoma丰度较A组分别提高了1.13%和0.87%.BES反应体系加速富集铁循环脱氮功能菌群,并可通过BES电极进行胞外电子转移,从而达到增强脱氮效能.

麋鹿野放对盐城滨海湿地土壤脱氮过程的影响

探究麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)放牧对滨海湿地土壤反硝化和厌氧氨氧化速率及其影响因子的影响,旨在阐明麋鹿野放调控滨海湿地氮素去除的作用机制。在江苏盐城麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿活动区和不受麋鹿活动影响的对照区,采集表层土壤样品,测定土壤理化性质、反硝化速率和厌氧氨氧化速率并进行统计分析。结果表明:与对照区相比,麋鹿放牧区土壤有机碳、氨态氮(NH_(4)^(+))、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-))、土壤容重和盐度显著提高,土壤pH值、土壤温度以及全氮(TN)含量显著降低。放牧区土壤反硝化速率显著高于对照区,是对照区的21.56倍;而厌氧氨氧化速率显著低于对照区。相关性分析表明,反硝化速率与有机碳(SOC)、全碳(TC)、NH_(4)^(+)以及土壤容重呈显著正相关,与温度和全氮呈显著负相关;而厌氧氨氧化速率主要受盐度的显著影响。麋鹿放牧通过改变滨海湿地土壤养分含量和环境条件,显著促进了反硝化过程而抑制了厌氧氨氧化过程,这为理解麋鹿种群恢复过程中滨海湿地氮循环过程的响应机制,以及麋鹿放归工程的科学管理提供了重要依据。

Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions as Affected by Water,Soil and Nitrogen

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources (15N-(NH4)2SO4 and 15N-labeled milk vetch) were applied to two contrasting paddies: one derived from Xiashu loess (Loess) and one from Quaternary red clay (Clay). Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m-2 h-1 and 2.2 mg C m-2 h-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.

面向碳中和的污水低能耗脱氮及氮回收技术探讨

为应对严重的水污染问题,污水排放标准越来越严格。污染物的深度去除,通常需要消耗大量的电能并经常性投加大量的化学药剂,这导致污水厂间接碳排放量巨大,环境效益降低,违背低碳可持续发展的原则。污水碳中和的达成可通过节能降耗、资源回收以及自身产能来实现。在能源紧缺,实现碳中和迫在眉睫的背景下,全面推进节能降耗技术的应用是最现实且有望短期实现的策略。脱氮是目前城市污水处理厂的关键任务,能耗占比大,本文即针对现有的污水脱氮途径和技术,从降低能源消耗以及实现资源回收两个方面出发,对能耗低、具有可持续性且具有应用前景的工艺进行总结。重点对厌氧氨氧化工艺(Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Anammox),以及能实现能源回收的CANDO(Coupled aerobic-anoxic nitrous decomposition operation)工艺进行更为全面系统的综述,指出现有的技术问题和研究瓶颈,以期为污水脱氮技术的低碳发展及工程应用提供参考。

Feammox污泥快速富集、脱氮特性和微生物群落结构

通过短期实验,在微氧环境下考察了pH值对三价铁氨氧化(Feammox)性能的影响.结果表明,批式装置内初始NH_(4)^(+)-N和Fe^(3+)浓度分别为70.0和300.0mg/L.无Fe^(3+)投加时,活性污泥可以利用溶解氧进行氨氧化,NH_(4)^(+)-N去除量为8.8mg/L;加入Fe^(3+)后,NH_(4)^(+)-N去除量增至76.9mg/L,和未添加Fe^(3+)实验相比,活性污泥的NH_(4)^(+)-N去除量增加了7.7倍.通过长期实验考察了活性污泥Feammox反应器的脱氮性能和功能微生物.经过驯化,反应器的NH_(4)^(+)-N平均去除速率达到1.6mg N/(g VSS·d).典型周期内,pH值从9.0降至7.8,反应器内的NH_(4)^(+)-N从35.5mg/L降至1.9mg/L,NO_(2)^(-)-N从11.2mg/L增至18.1mg/L,NO_(3)^(-)-N从8.1mg/L增至13.4mg/L,总无机氮从54.8mg/L降至33.3mg/L.在成熟的Feammox污泥中,优势铁还原菌属及丰度分别为unclassified Acidobacteria(1.92%)和Pseudomonas(0.22%),这些菌属可能对于Fe^(3+)氧化氨氮起到了重要的作用.

氧化还原介体介导厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)工艺被认为是一种高效经济且环境友好的生物脱氮技术,是传统生物脱氮工艺的理想替代。然而,该工艺的核心微生物——厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)生长速度缓慢,导致反应器启动时间长,限制了该工艺的实际应用与推广。因此,如何提高AnAOB活性,进一步缩短反应器启动时间成为亟待解决的问题。氧化还原介体(redox mediator,RMs)作为电子载体,通过加速电子传递过程,可增强AnAOB脱氮酶活性和代谢性能,从而提高整体脱氮效果。本文围绕RMs在强化Anammox性能中的作用进行讨论,介绍了RMs的特性、种类及其基本原理,从Anammox性能、胞外聚合物产量、脱氮酶活性及功能菌丰度等方面综述了RMs对Anammox过程的影响,并对其潜在的机理进行了分析和总结,以期为今后的实际应用提供理论依据和参考价值。