Hydrogen sulfide responsive nanoplatforms: Novel gas responsive drug delivery carriers for biomedical applications

Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)is a toxic,essential gas used in various biological and physical processes and has been the subject of many targeted studies on its role as a new gas transmitter.These studies have mainly focused on the production and pharmacological side effects caused by H_(2)S.Therefore,effective strategies to remove H_(2)S has become a key research topic.Furthermore,the development of novel nanoplatforms has provided new tools for the targeted removal of H_(2)S.This paper was performed to review the association between H_(2)S anddisease,relatedH_(2)S inhibitory drugs,aswell as H_(2)S responsive nanoplatforms(HRNs).This review first analyzed the role of H_(2)S in multiple tissues and conditions.Second,common drugs used to eliminate H_(2)S,as well as their potential for combination with anticancer agents,were summarized.Not only the existing studies on HRNs,but also the inhibition H_(2)S combined with different therapeutic methods were both sorted out in this review.Furthermore,this review provided in-depth analysis of the potential of HRNs about treatment or detection in detail.Finally,potential challenges of HRNs were proposed.This study demonstrates the excellent potential of HRNs for biomedical applications.

Insight into the Inhibition of the Poisonous Sulfide Production from Sulfate-Reducing Microbiota in Mariculture Habitat

The production of toxic sulfides is a common environmental problem in mariculture.Therefore,the effective inhibition of sulfidogens is the key to prevent sulfides production.In this study,the possibility and mechanism of nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))inhibiting the activity of the sulfate-reducing microbiota(SRM)from mariculture sediments was investigated.The results showed that 1,3,and 5 mmol L^(−1)NO_(3)^(−)continuously inhibited sulfide production for 1-3 d.As NO_(3)^(−) dosage increased to 7 mmol L^(−1),the duration of inhibition increased to 6 days.Denitrifying product NO_(2)^(−)heavily inhibited the activity of dissimilar sulfate reductase gene(dsrB)by 3 orders,which was the main reason that the sulfate-reducing activity was inhibited.The SRM structure changed significantly with the dosage of NO_(3)^(−),while the abundance of sulfidogens Desulfovibrio species increased due to their capability of detoxifying nitrite through nitrite reductase.Hence,sulfidogens Desulfovibrio species are more adaptable to a high nitrate/nitrite environment,and the traditional control strategies by dosing nitrate/nitrite should be paid more attention to.The findings will serve as helpful guidelines for sulfate-reducing microbiota in the habitat of mariculture to reduce their generation of poisonous sulfide.

Synthesis of High Purity Lithium Sulfide for Sulfide Solid Electrolyte Applications through Hydrogen Reduction of Lithium Sulfate

This paper is aimed to present a clean,inexpensive and sustainable method to synthesize high purity lithium sulfide(Li_(2)S)powder through hydrogen reduction of lithium sulfate(Li_(2)SO_(4)).A three-step reduction process has been successfully developed to synthesize well-crystallized and single-phase Li_(2)S powder by investigating the melting,sintering and reduction behavior of the mixtures of Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S.High purity alumina was found to be the most suitable crucible material for producing high purity Li_(2)S,because it was not attacked by the Li_(2)SO_(4)-Li_(2)S melt during heating,as compared with other materials,such as carbon,mullite,quartz,boron nitride and stainless steel.The use of synthesized LizS resulted in higher purity and substantially higher room temperature ionic conductivity(2.77 mS·cm^(-1))for the argyrodite sulfide electrolyte Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl than commercial Li_(2)S(1.12 mS·cm^(-1)).This novel method offers a great opportunity to produce battery grade Li_(2)S for sulfide solid electrolyte applications.

Absorption characteristics,model,and molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide in morpholine acetate aqueous solution

The solubility of H_(2)S was measured in solutions of N-butyl-N-methylmorpholine acetate([Bmmorp][Ac])containing 20%-40%(mass)water at experimental temperatures ranged from 298.15 to 328.15 K and pressures up to 320 k Pa.The total solubility of H_(2)S increased with higher temperatures,lower pressures,and reduced water content.The reaction equilibrium thermodynamic model was used to correlate the solubility data.The results indicate that the chemical reaction equilibrium constant decrease with increasing water content and temperature,whereas Henry constant increase with increasing water content and temperature.Compared with other ionic liquids,H_(2)S exhibits a higher physical absorption enthalpy and a lower chemical absorption enthalpy in[Bmmorp][Ac]aqueous solution.This suggests that[Bmmorp][Ac]has a strong physical affinity for H_(2)S and low energy requirement for desorption.Quantum chemical methods were used to investigate the molecular mechanism of H_(2)S absorption in ionic liquids.The interaction energy analysis revealed that the binding of H_(2)S with the ionic liquid in a1:2 ratio is more stable.Detailed analyses by the methods of the interaction region indicator and the atoms in molecules were conducted to the interactions between H_(2)S and the ionic liquid.

Interface and mechanical degradation mechanisms of the silicon anode in sulfide-based solid-state batteries at high temperatures

Silicon(Si)is a competitive anode material owing to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential.Recently,the prospect of Si anodes in solid-state batteries(SSBs)has been proposed due to less solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)formation and particle pulverization.However,major challenges arise for Si anodes in SSBs at elevated temperatures.In this work,the failure mechanisms of Si-Li_(6)PS_(5)Cl(LPSC)composite anodes above 80℃are thoroughly investigated from the perspectives of interface stability and(electro)chemo-mechanical effect.The chemistry and growth kinetics of Lix Si|LPSC interphase are demonstrated by combining electrochemical,chemical and computational characterizations.Si and/or Si–P compound formed at Lix Si|LPSC interface prove to be detrimental to interface stability at high temperatures.On the other hand,excessive volume expansion and local stress caused by Si lithiation at high temperatures damage the mechanical structure of Si-LPSC composite anodes.This work elucidates the behavior and failure mechanisms of Si-based anodes in SSBs at high temperatures and provides insights into upgrading Si-based anodes for application in SSBs.

Advances in depressants for flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity:A critical review

The flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity can be achieved using selective depressants.In the flotation system of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals,depressants usually preferentially interact with the pyrite surface to render the mineral surface hydrophilic and hinder the adsorption of the collector.This review summarizes the advances in depressants for the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity.These advances include use of inorganic depressants (oxidants and sulfur–oxygen compounds),natural polysaccharides (starch,dextrin,konjac glucomannan,and galactomannan),modified polymers (carboxymethyl cellulose,polyacrylamide,lignosulfonate,and tricarboxylate sodium starch),organic acids (polyglutamic acid,sodium humate,tannic acid,pyrogallic acid,salicylic acid,and lactic acid),sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate,and diethylenetriamine.The potential application of specific inorganic and organic depressants in the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity is reviewed.The advances in the use of organic depressants with respect to the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals are comprehensively detailed.Additionally,the depression performances and mechanisms of different types of organic depressants on mineral surfaces are summarized.Finally,several perspectives on depressants vis-à-vis flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity are proposed.

Nano-Ni-Induced Electronic Modulation of MoS_(2) Nanosheets Enables Energy-Saving H_(2) Production and Sulfide Degradation

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and sulfion(S^(2-))recycling are promising strategies for boosting H_(2)production and removing environmental pollutants.Here,a nano-Ni-functionalized molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))nanosheet was assembled on steel mesh(Ni-MoS_(2)/SM)for use in sulfide oxidation reaction-assisted,energy-saving H_(2)production.Experimental and theoretical calculation results revealed that anchoring nano-Ni on high-surface-area slack MoS_(2)nanosheets not only optimized catalyst adsorption of polysulfides but also played an important role in promoting hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics by absorbing OH_(ad),thereby greatly enhancing the catalytic performance toward sulfide oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.Meanwhile,the Ni/MoS^(2-)based hydrogen evolution reaction+sulfide oxidation reaction system achieved nearly 100%hydrogen production efficiency and only consumed 61%less power per kWh than the oxygen evolution reaction+hydrogen evolution reaction system,which suggested our proposed Ni-MoS_(2)and novel hydrogen production system are promising for sustainable energy production.

Nano-Au-decorated hierarchical porous cobalt sulfide derived from ZIF-67 toward optimized oxygen evolution catalysis:Important roles of microstructures and electronic modulation

Enhancing both the number of active sites available and the intrinsic activity of Co-based electrocatalysts simultaneously is a desirable goal.Herein,a ZIF-67-derived hierarchical porous cobalt sulfide decorated by Au nanoparticles(NPs)(denoted as HP-Au@CoxSy@ZIF-67)hybrid is synthesized by low-temperature sulfuration treatment.The well-defined macroporous-mesoporous-microporous structure is obtained based on the combination of polystyrene spheres,as-formed CoxSy nanosheets,and ZIF-67 frameworks.This novel three-dimensional hierarchical structure significantly enlarges the three-phase interfaces,accelerating the mass transfer and exposing the active centers for oxygen evolution reaction.The electronic structure of Co is modulated by Au through charge transfer,and a series of experiments,together with theoretical analysis,is performed to ascertain the electronic modulation of Co by Au.Meanwhile,HP-Au@CoxSy@ZIF-67 catalysts with different amounts of Au were synthesized,wherein Au and NaBH4 reductant result in an interesting“competition effect”to regulate the relative ratio of Co^(2+)/Co^(3+),and moderate Au assists the electrochemical performance to reach the highest value.Consequently,the optimized HP-Au@CoxSy@ZIF-67 exhibits a low overpotential of 340 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)and a Tafel slope of 42 mV dec-1 for OER in 0.1 M aqueous KOH,enabling efficient water splitting and Zn-air battery performance.The work here highlights the pivotal roles of both microstructural and electronic modulation in enhancing electrocatalytic activity and presents a feasible strategy for designing and optimizing advanced electrocatalysts.

Incorporation of Ionic Conductive Polymers into Sulfide Electrolyte-Based Solid-State Batteries to Enhance Electrochemical Stability and Cycle Life

Sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are promising materials for high-performance safe solid-state batteries.The high ion conductivity,mechanical characteristics,and good processability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes are desirable properties for realizing high-performance safe solid-state batteries by replacing conventional liquid electrolytes.However,the low chemical and electrochemical stability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes hinder the commercialization of sulfide-based safe solid-state batteries.Particularly,the instability of sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes is intensified in the cathode,comprising various materials.In this study,carbonate-based ionic conductive polymers are introduced to the cathode to protect cathode materials and suppress the reactivity of sulfide electrolytes.Several instruments,including electrochemical spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy,confirm the chemical and electrochemical stability of the polymer electrolytes in contact with sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes.Sulfide-based solid-state cells show stable electrochemical performance over 100 cycles when the ionic conductive polymers were applied to the cathode.

Internal electric field modulation by copper vacancy concentration of cuprous sulfide nanosheets for enhanced selective CO_(2) photoreduction

Although the internal electric field(IEF)of photocatalysts is acknowledged as a potent driving force for photocharge separation,modulating the IEF intensity to achieve enhanced photocatalytic performances remains a challenge.Herein,cuprous sulfide nanosheets with different Cu vacancy concentration were employed to study IEF modulation and corresponding direct charge transfer.Among the samples,Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets possessed intensified IEF intensity compared with those of Cu_(2)S and Cu_(1.95)S nanosheets,suggesting that an enhanced IEF intensity could be achieved by introducing more Cu vacancies.This intensified IEF of Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets induced numerous photogenerated electrons to migrate to its surface,and the dissociative electrons were then captured by Cu vacancies,resulting in efficient charge separation spatially.In addition,the Cu vacancies on Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets accumulated electrons as active sites to lower the energy barrier of rate-determining step of CO_(2)photoreduction,leading to the selective conversion of CO_(2)to CO.Herein,the manipulation of IEF intensity through Cu vacancy concentration regulation of cuprous sulfide photocatalysts for efficient charge separation has been discussed,providing a scientific strategy to rationally improve photocata lytic performances for solar energy conversion.

Elucidating Ion Transport Phenomena in Sulfide/Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Practical Solid-State Batteries

Despite the enormous interest in inorganic/polymer composite solid-state electrolytes(CSEs)for solid-state batteries(SSBs),the underlying ion transport phenomena in CSEs have not yet been elucidated.Here,we address this issue by formulating a mechanistic understanding of bi-percolating ion channels formation and ion conduction across inorganic-polymer electrolyte interfaces in CSEs.A model CSE is composed of argyrodite-type Li_6PS_5Cl(LPSCl)and gel polymer electrolyte(GPE,including Li~+-glyme complex as an ion-conducting medium).The percolation threshold of the LPSCl phase in the CSE strongly depends on the elasticity of the GPE phase.Additionally,manipulating the solvation/desolvation behavior of the Li~+-glyme complex in the GPE facilitates ion conduction across the LPSCl-GPE interface.The resulting scalable CSE(area=8×6(cm×cm),thickness~40μm)can be assembled with a high-mass-loading LiNi_(0.7)Co_(0.15)Mn_(0.15)O_(2)cathode(areal-mass-loading=39 mg cm~(-2))and a graphite anode(negative(N)/positive(P)capacity ratio=1.1)in order to fabricate an SSB full cell with bi-cell configuration.Under this constrained cell condition,the SSB full cell exhibits high volumetric energy density(480 Wh L_(cell)~(-1))and stable cyclability at 25℃,far exceeding the values reported by previous CSE-based SSBs.

Non-isothermal Kinetic Analysis on the Thermal Decomposition of the Phase 517 from Hydration Product of Magnesium Sulfide Cement

In order to better understand the thermodynamic properties of magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement,pure reagent was analyzed to prepare magnesium sulfide cement,non-isothermal kinetics calculation of the main hydration products was also carried out,and the conversion process of magnesium sulfide cement 517 phase at different temperatures was investigated.Composition of magnesium sulfide cement prepared was measured by XRD technique,and decomposed by a comprehensive thermal analyzer,and DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement under different temperature rising rates were processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method.According to the TG-DSC curves of magnesium sulfide cement,the thermal decomposition reaction process can be divided into five stages under normal conditions.The DSC curve was processed by Kinssinger method and Dolye-Ozawa method,and the kinetic analysis was carried out to calculate the 517 phase activation energy of magnesium sulfide cement.The three stages correspond to different activation energies.Therefore,flame retardant mechanism and thermal decomposition mechanism of magnesium sulfide cement based materials are deduced.

Application and Regeneration of a Non-Aqueous System of Cu/HCl and DMF for the Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Gas

A copper-based non-aqueous-phase desulfurization agent is prepared by adding CuCl_(2) to the solvent N,Ndimethylformamide(DMF).Static desulfurization experiments show that the agent has high efficiency.However,the desulfurization reaction leads to the formation of a copper sulfide precipitate.It is found that the addition of chloride ions in the form of hydrochloric acid or potassium chloride prevents the formation of copper sulfide,and elemental sulfur is precipitated instead.The efficient absorption of H2S by the Cu/HCl–DMF agent relies on the rapid coordination of Cu^(2+)with DMF,Cl^(−),and H2S molecules to form a[Cu(DMF)_(n−p)(HS−)_(p)(Cl−)_(m)]_((2−p−m))+complex.The desulfurization agent has a sulfur capacity of up to 9.81 g/L when used in static bubble desulfurization at atmospheric pressure.The system has low viscosity and good chemical and thermal stability.It can be rapidly regenerated through continuous oxidation.After five repetitions of the regeneration procedure,the sulfur capacity reaches more than 91%of the initial capacity,indicating the potential of the system for commercial applications.

Simulation study of hydrogen sulfide removal in underground gas storage converted from the multilayered sour gas field

A simulation study was carried out to investigate the temporal evolution of H_(2)S in the Huangcaoxia underground gas storage (UGS), which is converted from a depleted sulfur-containing gas field. Based on the rock and fluid properties of the Huangcaoxia gas field, a multilayered model was built. The upper layer Jia-2 contains a high concentration of H_(2)S (27.2 g/m^(3)), and the lower layer Jia-1 contains a low concentration of H_(2)S (14.0 mg/m^(3)). There is also a low-permeability interlayer between Jia-1 and Jia-2. The multi-component fluid characterizations for Jia-1 and Jia-2 were implemented separately using the Peng-Robinson equation of state in order to perform the compositional simulation. The H_(2)S concentration gradually increased in a single cycle and peaked at the end of the production season. The peak H_(2)S concentration in each cycle showed a decreasing trend when the recovery factor (RF) of the gas field was lower than 70%. When the RF was above 70%, the peak H_(2)S concentration increased first and then decreased. A higher reservoir RF, a higher maximum working pressure, and a higher working gas ratio will lead to a higher H_(2)S removal efficiency. Similar to developing multi-layered petroleum fields, the operation of multilayered gas storage can also be divided into multi-layer commingled operation and independent operation for different layers. When the two layers are combined to build the storage, the sweet gas produced from Jia-1 can spontaneously mix with the sour gas produced from Jia-2 within the wellbore, which can significantly reduce the overall H_(2)S concentration in the wellstream. When the working gas volume is set constant, the allocation ratio between the two layers has little effect on the H_(2)S removal. After nine cycles, the produced gas’s H_(2)S concentration can be lowered to 20 mg/m^(3). Our study recommends combining the Jia-2 and Jia-1 layers to build the Huangcaoxia underground gas storage. This plan can quickly reduce the H_(2)S concentration of the produced gas to 20 mg/m^(3), thus meeting the gas export standards as well as the HSE (Health, Safety, and Environment) requirements in the field. This study helps the engineers understand the H_(2)S removal for sulfur-containing UGS as well as provides technical guidelines for converting other multilayered sour gas fields into underground storage sites.

Dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells:Role of cystathionineγ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide pathway

BACKGROUND Ferroptosis can induce low retention and engraftment after mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)delivery,which is considered a major challenge to the effectiveness of MSC-based pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH)therapy.Interestingly,the cystathionineγ-lyase(CSE)/hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)pathway may contribute to mediating ferroptosis.However,the influence of the CSE/H_(2)S pathway on ferroptosis in human umbilical cord MSCs(HUCMSCs)remains unclear.AIM To clarify whether the effect of HUCMSCs on vascular remodelling in PAH mice is affected by CSE/H_(2)S pathway-mediated ferroptosis,and to investigate the functions of the CSE/H_(2)S pathway in ferroptosis in HUCMSCs and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS Erastin and ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)were used to induce and inhibit ferroptosis,respectively.HUCMSCs were transfected with a vector to overexpress or inhibit expression of CSE.A PAH mouse model was established using 4-wk-old male BALB/c nude mice under hypoxic conditions,and pulmonary pressure and vascular remodelling were measured.The survival of HUCMSCs after delivery was observed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging.Cell viability,iron accumulation,reactive oxygen species production,cystine uptake,and lipid peroxidation in HUCMSCs were tested.Ferroptosis-related proteins and S-sulfhydrated Kelchlike ECH-associating protein 1(Keap1)were detected by western blot analysis.RESULTS In vivo,CSE overexpression improved cell survival after erastin-treated HUCMSC delivery in mice with hypoxiainduced PAH.In vitro,CSE overexpression improved H_(2)S production and ferroptosis-related indexes,such as cell viability,iron level,reactive oxygen species production,cystine uptake,lipid peroxidation,mitochondrial membrane density,and ferroptosis-related protein expression,in erastin-treated HUCMSCs.In contrast,in vivo,CSE inhibition decreased cell survival after Fer-1-treated HUCMSC delivery and aggravated vascular remodelling in PAH mice.In vitro,CSE inhibition decreased H_(2)S levels and restored ferroptosis in Fer-1-treated HUCMSCs.Interestingly,upregulation of the CSE/H_(2)S pathway induced Keap1 S-sulfhydration,which contributed to the inhibition of ferroptosis.CONCLUSION Regulation of the CSE/H_(2)S pathway in HUCMSCs contributes to the inhibition of ferroptosis and improves the suppressive effect on vascular remodelling in mice with hypoxia-induced PAH.Moreover,the protective effect of the CSE/H_(2)S pathway against ferroptosis in HUCMSCs is mediated via S-sulfhydrated Keap1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signalling.The present study may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for improving the protective capacity of transplanted MSCs in PAH.

Copper Indium Sulfide Enables Li-CO_(2)Batteries with Boosted Reaction Kinetics and Cycling Stability

High energy density Li-CO_(2)batteries have attracted much attention owing to the"two birds with one stone"feature in fixing greenhouse gas CO_(2)and providing renewable energy.However,poor reversibility of the discharge product Li_(2)CO_(3)is one of the main problems that limit its application,resulting in poor cycling stability and severe polarization.Herein,copper indium sulfide(CIS),a semiconducting non-precious metal sulfide,is fabricated as cathode catalysts for high-performance Li-CO_(2)batteries.Combined with the synergistic effect of bimetallic valence bonding and coordinated electron transfer,Li-CO_(2)batteries using CIS cathodes exhibit high full specific discharge capacity,excellent rate capability and cycle stability,namely it delivers a high specific full discharge capacity of 8878μAh cm^(-2),runs steadily from 10 to 100μA cm^(-2),and performs a stable long-term cycling behavior(>1050 h)under a high energy efficiency of 84%and a low charge voltage of approximately 3.4 V at 20μA cm^(-2)within 100μAh cm^(-2).In addition,a flexible Li-CO_(2)pouch cell is constructed to reveal the potential of employing CIS to fabricate flexible high energy storage devices in practical applications.This work shows a promising development pathway toward next-generation sustainable energy storage devices.

Effect of ammonium sulfate on the formation of zinc sulfide species on hemimorphite surface and its role in sulfidation flotation

Effectively strengthening the surface sulfidation is essential for recovering hemimorphite by froth flotation.In this work,inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES)measurements,Visual MINTEQ calculation,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analysis,time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)analysis,and micro-flotation experiments were explored to systematically investigate the effect of ammonium sulfate((NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4))on the formation of zinc sulfide species on hemimorphite surface and its role in sulfidation flotation.The results showed that(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)exhibited a positive influence on hemimorphite sulfidation flotation.It was ascribed to the number of zinc components in the form of Zn^(2+)and[Zn(NH_(3))_(i)]^(2+)(i=1–4)increased in the flotation system after hemimorphite treatment with(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),which was beneficial to its interaction with sulfur species in solution,resulting in a dense and stable zinc sulfide layer generated on the hemimorphite surface.[Zn(NH_(3))_(i)]^(2+)participated in the sulfidation reaction of hemimorphite as a transition state.In addition the sulfidation reaction of hemimorphite was accelerated by(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4).Thus,(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)presents a vital role in promoting the sulfidation of hemimorphite.

Cellular preconditioning and mesenchymal stem cell ferroptosis

In this editorial,we comment on the article published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Stem Cells.They focus on stem cell preconditioning to prevent ferroptosis by modulating the cystathionineγ-lyase/hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S)pathway as a novel approach to treat vascular disorders,particularly pulmonary hypertension.Preconditioned stem cells are gaining popularity in regenerative medicine due to their unique ability to survive by resisting the harsh,unfavorable microenvironment of the injured tissue.They also secrete various paracrine factors against apoptosis,necrosis,and ferroptosis to enhance cell survival.Ferroptosis,a regulated form of cell death characterized by iron accumulation and oxidative stress,has been implicated in various pathologies encompassing dege-nerative disorders to cancer.The lipid peroxidation cascade initiates and sustains ferroptosis,generating many reactive oxygen species that attack and damage multiple cellular structures.Understanding these intertwined mechanisms provi-des significant insights into developing therapeutic modalities for ferroptosis-related diseases.This editorial primarily discusses stem cell preconditioning in modulating ferroptosis,focusing on the cystathionase gamma/H_(2)S ferroptosis pathway.Ferroptosis presents a significant challenge in mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-based therapies;hence,the emerging role of H_(2)S/cystathionase gamma/H_(2) S signaling in abrogating ferroptosis provides a novel option for therapeutic intervention.Further research into understanding the precise mechanisms of H_(2)S-mediated cytoprotection against ferroptosis is warranted to enhance the thera-peutic potential of MSCs in clinical settings,particularly vascular disorders.

Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase:ion pump,signal transducer,or cytoprotective protein,and novel biological functions

Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase is a transmembrane protein that has important roles in the maintenance of electrochemical gradients across cell membranes by transporting three Na^(+)out of and two K^(+)into cells.Additionally,Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase participates in Ca^(2+)-signaling transduction and neurotransmitter release by coordinating the ion concentration gradient across the cell membrane.Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase works synergistically with multiple ion channels in the cell membrane to form a dynamic network of ion homeostatic regulation and affects cellular communication by regulating chemical signals and the ion balance among different types of cells.Therefo re,it is not surprising that Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase dysfunction has emerged as a risk factor for a variety of neurological diseases.However,published studies have so far only elucidated the important roles of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase dysfunction in disease development,and we are lacking detailed mechanisms to clarify how Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase affects cell function.Our recent studies revealed that membrane loss of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase is a key mechanism in many neurological disorders,particularly stroke and Parkinson's disease.Stabilization of plasma membrane Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase with an antibody is a novel strategy to treat these diseases.For this reason,Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase acts not only as a simple ion pump but also as a sensor/regulator or cytoprotective protein,participating in signal transduction such as neuronal autophagy and apoptosis,and glial cell migration.Thus,the present review attempts to summarize the novel biological functions of Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase and Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase-related pathogenesis.The potential for novel strategies to treat Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase-related brain diseases will also be discussed.

Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of cystathionine-gamma-lyase as a potential prognosis biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma

Background:Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality worldwide.Although cystathionine-gamma-lyase(CSE)plays an important role in the development of multiple tumors,the clinical implication and potential mechanisms of CSE in HCC development remain elusive.Methods:In our study,the CSE expression in HCC was analyzed in Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)datasets and further confirmed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry assays in HCC samples.Furthermore,the associations between CSE expression and HCC malignancy as well as survival were analyzed in GSE14520 and validated in HCC patients.Finally,the biological functions of CSE in HCC cells was assessed by CCK-8,flow cytometry and Western blotting.Results:Lower transcriptional and proteomic CSE expressions were found in HCC tissues in contrast to adjacent normal tissues.Decreased CSE mRNA expression was significantly associated with advanced clinicopathological features and poor outcomes in HCC patients from public database and our cohort.Following univariate and multivariate analyses of GSE14520 data showed that CSE expression was an independent prognostic indicator for the overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS)of HCC patients.In vitro experiments further explained that CSE might trigger HCC cell apoptosis by H2S.Conclusion:In summary,the present study identified the relationship between CSE expression and HCC malignancy as well as OS and RFS,indicating that CSE might be a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel therapeutic target for HCC.