Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)as a promising cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries has drawn increasing attention for its improved electrochemical performance in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,th...Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)as a promising cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries has drawn increasing attention for its improved electrochemical performance in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,the relatively poor electronic and ionic conductivities of SPAN limit its high-rate and lowtemperature performances.In this work,a novel one-dimensional nanofiber SPAN(SFPAN)composite is developed as the cathode material for Li-S batteries.Benefitting from its one-dimensional nanostructure,the SFPAN composite cathode provides fast channels for the migration of ions and electronics,thus effectively improving its electrochemical performance at high rates and low temperature.As a result,the SFPAN maintains a high reversible specific capacity^1200 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.3 A g−1 and can deliver a high capacity of^850 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 12.5 A g−1.What is more,the SFPAN can achieve a capacity of^800 mAh g−1 at 0℃and^1550 mAh g−1 at 60℃,thus providing a wider temperature range of applications.This work provides new perspectives on the cathode design for high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)represents a unique class of cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries as it eradicates the polysulfides shuttling issue in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,due to the ess...Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)represents a unique class of cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries as it eradicates the polysulfides shuttling issue in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,due to the essential chemical S-linking and organic nature of SPAN,the active mass percentage and rate capability are two bottleneck issues preventing its ultimate deployment outside of laboratories.In the current work,aiming to endow both the charge conductivity and catalytic activity to SPAN for maximizing the redox kinetics of S conversion,a freestanding nanofibrous SPAN cathode embedding conductive CNTs and atomically dispersed Co centers is fabricated via multivariate electrospinning.While the CNTs enable dramatically enhancing the fiber conductivity and generating mesoscopic porosity for facilitating charge and mass transportation,the cross-linking of SPAN by Co-N_(4) S motifs creates extra charge conduction pathways and further serves as the catalytic active sites for expediting redox S conversion.As a result,an extraordinary Li-SPAN performance is achieved with a high specific capacity up to 1856 mAh g^(-1)@0.2 C,a superb rate capability up to 10 C,and an ultra-long battery life up to 1500 cycles@1 C.Consequently,our study here provides insights into the adoption of coordination chemistry to maximize the sulfur utilization by ensuring a more complete redox conversion from SPAN to Li2 S,and vice versa.展开更多
A novel carbon fiber pretreatment was proposed.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based carbon fibers were first anodized in H3PO4 electrolyte to achieve an active surface,and then coated with Mo-B catalysts by immersed the carbo...A novel carbon fiber pretreatment was proposed.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based carbon fibers were first anodized in H3PO4 electrolyte to achieve an active surface,and then coated with Mo-B catalysts by immersed the carbon fibers in a uniformly dispersed Mo-B sol.The as-treated carbon fibers were then graphitized at 2 400 ℃ for 2 h.The structural changes were characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM).The results show that much better graphitization can be achieved in the presence of Mo-B,with an interlayer spacing(d002) of 0.335 8 nm and a crystalline size(Lc) of 28 nm.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have garnered significant attention as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to abundant and cost-efficient potassium reserves.However,the large size of pota...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have garnered significant attention as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to abundant and cost-efficient potassium reserves.However,the large size of potassium ions and the resulting sluggish reaction kinetics present major obstacles to the widespread use of PIBs.Herein,we present a simple method to ingeniously encapsulate SnS_(2)nanoparticles within sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)fibers(SnS_(2)@SPAN)for serving as a high-performance PIB anode.The large interlayer spacing of SnS_(2)provides a fast transport channel for potassium ions during charge–discharge cycles,while the one-dimensional SPAN skeleton offers massive binding sites and shortens the diffusion path for potassium ions,facilitating faster reaction kinetics.Additionally,the excellent ductility of SPAN can effectively accommodate the large volume changes that occur in SnS_(2)upon potassium-ion insertion,thereby enhancing the cyclic stability of SnS_(2).Benefiting from the above advantages,the SnS_(2)@SPAN composites exhibit impressive cyclability over 500 cycles at 4 A g−1,with a capacity retention rate close to 100%.This study provides an effective approach for stabilizing high-capacity PIB anode materials with large volume variations.展开更多
S@pPAN has become promising cathode materials in rechargeable batteries due to its high compressed density,low E/S ratio,no polysulfide dissolution,no self-discharge,and stable cycling.However,it is a big challenge to...S@pPAN has become promising cathode materials in rechargeable batteries due to its high compressed density,low E/S ratio,no polysulfide dissolution,no self-discharge,and stable cycling.However,it is a big challenge to enhance its sulfur content which determines its practical specific capacity.Herein,we prepare crosslinked PAN as precursor,leading to effective enhancement of sulfur content up to 55 wt%and a reversible specific capacity of 838 mAh g _(composites)^(-1) at 0.2C.Because of the microporous structure and high specific area,crosslinked PAN provides more space to accommodate sulfur molecule and improve the interfacial reaction of S@pPAN as well.This work provides a promising direction to design S@pPAN for lithium sulfur batteries with high energy density.展开更多
The method of preparing the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-polyacrylonitriIe (PAN) composite fibers is described and the effects of draw ratio on the mechanical properties of CNT/PAN fibers have also been discu...The method of preparing the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-polyacrylonitriIe (PAN) composite fibers is described and the effects of draw ratio on the mechanical properties of CNT/PAN fibers have also been discussed. The results show that the degrees of MWNTs dispersion in the polymer matrix have much effect on the mechanical properties.展开更多
The Lonversion of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)fibre to carbon fibre consists of an oxidative stabili-zation process in which the PAN fibre is heated between 200-300℃ in air to give a thermally co-herent structure.The struc...The Lonversion of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)fibre to carbon fibre consists of an oxidative stabili-zation process in which the PAN fibre is heated between 200-300℃ in air to give a thermally co-herent structure.The structural changes of PAN fibres during stabilization have been investigatedusing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC).An attempt has also been made to follow the conversion of the structure using Ramanspectroscopy as a complementary technique.The FTIR spectra of the fibres subjected to variousdegree of heat treatment show a continuous decrease in nitrile absorption and a simultaneous in-crease in intensity of the C=N and/or C=C bands as the stabilization proceeds.A conversion ra-tio(CR)is defined as the intensity of the C=N and/or C=C bands relative to that of the nitrilegroups.The exotherm present in the DSC experiments was observed to weaken progressively dur-ing the stabilization process.It is confirmed that the original PAN structure is dissipating and thenew ladder polymer is being formed.展开更多
The dynamic property of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) muscles was tested. The test results can help us to master PAN muscles' mechanical and chemical behaviors, which are indispensable for us to build dynamic model for ...The dynamic property of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) muscles was tested. The test results can help us to master PAN muscles' mechanical and chemical behaviors, which are indispensable for us to build dynamic model for the artificial muscle. Furthermore, here we provide an important experimental way to study gel muscles.展开更多
Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(S@pPAN)composite provides a conductive pathway for sulfur active material at the molecular level and has already become one of the most promising cathode materials in lithium-sulfur batter...Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(S@pPAN)composite provides a conductive pathway for sulfur active material at the molecular level and has already become one of the most promising cathode materials in lithium-sulfur batteries because of its outstanding electrochemical performances via novel solid-solid conversion mechanism.Although there are a great number of researches on the S@pPAN composite material,the accurate structure of S@pPAN and its redox reaction mechanism during the charge-discharge process still have not been determined.The previous research and inferences about the structure of S@pPAN and its electrochemical reaction mechanism were summarized in this review,providing a reference for the future study of lithiumsulfur batteries.展开更多
Supercapacitors have huge potential applications in the field of wearable electronic devices,such as flexible displays,flexible biosensors and implantable multimedia devices,due to their high-power density,fast charge...Supercapacitors have huge potential applications in the field of wearable electronic devices,such as flexible displays,flexible biosensors and implantable multimedia devices,due to their high-power density,fast charge-discharge rates,long cycling life,and relatively simple configuration.In this paper,we demonstrated hierarchically porous and continuous reduced graphene oxide-polyacrylonitrile@polyacrylonitrile(rGO-PAN@PAN)coaxial fibers with certain strength,excellent electrochemical performance through coaxial wet spinning and thermal reduction.Coaxial fibers are carbonized at high temperature and have a graded porous structure with a conductivity of 1703 S/m.The areal specific capacitance of the supercapacitor assembled by polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid(PVA/H_(2)SO_(4))gel electrolyte is 11.56 mF/cm^(2),and its energy density reaches 0.21 mW·h/cm3,showing good electrochemical performance.Graphene-based coaxial fibers prepared by wet spinning have a great prospect of application in electronic devices due to their excellent properties.展开更多
Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers...Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers wereprepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,scanningelectron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.These copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal ofsuspended(SS)and total dissolved solid(TDS)in sewage wastewater treatment.The effects of copolymer dose,pH andcontact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test method.The suitable pHrange for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2 mg/L.The overall process forsolid removal took 4 h.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of grafted copolymer,PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN)and solid waste,before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.展开更多
Solid lithium-sulfur batteries(SLSBs)show potential for practical application due to their possibility for high energy density.However,SLSBs still face tough challenges such as the large interface impedance and lithiu...Solid lithium-sulfur batteries(SLSBs)show potential for practical application due to their possibility for high energy density.However,SLSBs still face tough challenges such as the large interface impedance and lithium dendrite formation.Herein,a highperformance SLSB is demonstrated by using a fiber network reinforced Li_(6.75)La_(3)Zr_(1.75)Ta_(0.25)O_(12)(LLZTO)based composite solid electrolyte(CSE)in combination with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode.The CSE consisting of an electrospun polyimide(PI)film,LLZTO ionically conducting filler and polyacrylonitrile(PAN)matrix,which is named as PI-PAN/LLZTO CSE,possesses high room-temperature ionic conductivity(2.75×10^(-4)S/cm),high Li^(+)migration number(tLi+)of 0.67 and good interfacial wettability.SPAN is utilized due to its unique electrochemical properties:reasonable electronic conductivity and no polysulfides shuttle effect.The CSE enables a highly stable Li plating/stripping cycle for over 600 h and good rate performance.Moreover,the assembled SLSB exhibits good cycle performance of accomplishing 120 cycles at 0.2 C with the capacity retention of 474 mAh/g,good rate properties and excellent long-term cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 86.49%from 15^(th)to 1,000^(th)cycles at 1.0 C.This work rationalizes our design concept and may guide the future development of SLSBs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.21773077,51632001,and 51532005)the Ministry of Science and Technology“973”program(Grant No.2015CB258400)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0905400)。
文摘Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)as a promising cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries has drawn increasing attention for its improved electrochemical performance in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,the relatively poor electronic and ionic conductivities of SPAN limit its high-rate and lowtemperature performances.In this work,a novel one-dimensional nanofiber SPAN(SFPAN)composite is developed as the cathode material for Li-S batteries.Benefitting from its one-dimensional nanostructure,the SFPAN composite cathode provides fast channels for the migration of ions and electronics,thus effectively improving its electrochemical performance at high rates and low temperature.As a result,the SFPAN maintains a high reversible specific capacity^1200 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.3 A g−1 and can deliver a high capacity of^850 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 12.5 A g−1.What is more,the SFPAN can achieve a capacity of^800 mAh g−1 at 0℃and^1550 mAh g−1 at 60℃,thus providing a wider temperature range of applications.This work provides new perspectives on the cathode design for high-rate lithium-sulfur batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21805201)the NSFC-NRF China-Korea International Joint Research Project(No.51911540473)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(No.2018T110544 and No.2017 M611899)the support by Suzhou Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies。
文摘Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)represents a unique class of cathode material for lithium sulfur(Li-S)batteries as it eradicates the polysulfides shuttling issue in carbonate-based electrolyte.However,due to the essential chemical S-linking and organic nature of SPAN,the active mass percentage and rate capability are two bottleneck issues preventing its ultimate deployment outside of laboratories.In the current work,aiming to endow both the charge conductivity and catalytic activity to SPAN for maximizing the redox kinetics of S conversion,a freestanding nanofibrous SPAN cathode embedding conductive CNTs and atomically dispersed Co centers is fabricated via multivariate electrospinning.While the CNTs enable dramatically enhancing the fiber conductivity and generating mesoscopic porosity for facilitating charge and mass transportation,the cross-linking of SPAN by Co-N_(4) S motifs creates extra charge conduction pathways and further serves as the catalytic active sites for expediting redox S conversion.As a result,an extraordinary Li-SPAN performance is achieved with a high specific capacity up to 1856 mAh g^(-1)@0.2 C,a superb rate capability up to 10 C,and an ultra-long battery life up to 1500 cycles@1 C.Consequently,our study here provides insights into the adoption of coordination chemistry to maximize the sulfur utilization by ensuring a more complete redox conversion from SPAN to Li2 S,and vice versa.
基金Project(2006CB600903) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘A novel carbon fiber pretreatment was proposed.Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based carbon fibers were first anodized in H3PO4 electrolyte to achieve an active surface,and then coated with Mo-B catalysts by immersed the carbon fibers in a uniformly dispersed Mo-B sol.The as-treated carbon fibers were then graphitized at 2 400 ℃ for 2 h.The structural changes were characterized by X-ray diffractometry(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM).The results show that much better graphitization can be achieved in the presence of Mo-B,with an interlayer spacing(d002) of 0.335 8 nm and a crystalline size(Lc) of 28 nm.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22109023,22179022,22209027Industry‐University‐Research Joint Innovation Project of Fujian Province,Grant/Award Number:2021H6006+3 种基金Youth Innovation Fund of Fujian Province,Grant/Award Numbers:2022J05046,2021J05043FuXia Quan National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone Collaborative Innovation Platform Project of Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau,Grant/Award Number:2022‐P‐027Award Program for Fujian Minjiang Scholar ProfessorshipTalent Fund Program of Fujian Normal University。
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)have garnered significant attention as a promising alternative to commercial lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to abundant and cost-efficient potassium reserves.However,the large size of potassium ions and the resulting sluggish reaction kinetics present major obstacles to the widespread use of PIBs.Herein,we present a simple method to ingeniously encapsulate SnS_(2)nanoparticles within sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)fibers(SnS_(2)@SPAN)for serving as a high-performance PIB anode.The large interlayer spacing of SnS_(2)provides a fast transport channel for potassium ions during charge–discharge cycles,while the one-dimensional SPAN skeleton offers massive binding sites and shortens the diffusion path for potassium ions,facilitating faster reaction kinetics.Additionally,the excellent ductility of SPAN can effectively accommodate the large volume changes that occur in SnS_(2)upon potassium-ion insertion,thereby enhancing the cyclic stability of SnS_(2).Benefiting from the above advantages,the SnS_(2)@SPAN composites exhibit impressive cyclability over 500 cycles at 4 A g−1,with a capacity retention rate close to 100%.This study provides an effective approach for stabilizing high-capacity PIB anode materials with large volume variations.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1705255, 21975158)the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (20XD1401900)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B090908001)。
文摘S@pPAN has become promising cathode materials in rechargeable batteries due to its high compressed density,low E/S ratio,no polysulfide dissolution,no self-discharge,and stable cycling.However,it is a big challenge to enhance its sulfur content which determines its practical specific capacity.Herein,we prepare crosslinked PAN as precursor,leading to effective enhancement of sulfur content up to 55 wt%and a reversible specific capacity of 838 mAh g _(composites)^(-1) at 0.2C.Because of the microporous structure and high specific area,crosslinked PAN provides more space to accommodate sulfur molecule and improve the interfacial reaction of S@pPAN as well.This work provides a promising direction to design S@pPAN for lithium sulfur batteries with high energy density.
文摘The method of preparing the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)-polyacrylonitriIe (PAN) composite fibers is described and the effects of draw ratio on the mechanical properties of CNT/PAN fibers have also been discussed. The results show that the degrees of MWNTs dispersion in the polymer matrix have much effect on the mechanical properties.
文摘The Lonversion of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)fibre to carbon fibre consists of an oxidative stabili-zation process in which the PAN fibre is heated between 200-300℃ in air to give a thermally co-herent structure.The structural changes of PAN fibres during stabilization have been investigatedusing Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC).An attempt has also been made to follow the conversion of the structure using Ramanspectroscopy as a complementary technique.The FTIR spectra of the fibres subjected to variousdegree of heat treatment show a continuous decrease in nitrile absorption and a simultaneous in-crease in intensity of the C=N and/or C=C bands as the stabilization proceeds.A conversion ra-tio(CR)is defined as the intensity of the C=N and/or C=C bands relative to that of the nitrilegroups.The exotherm present in the DSC experiments was observed to weaken progressively dur-ing the stabilization process.It is confirmed that the original PAN structure is dissipating and thenew ladder polymer is being formed.
文摘The dynamic property of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) muscles was tested. The test results can help us to master PAN muscles' mechanical and chemical behaviors, which are indispensable for us to build dynamic model for the artificial muscle. Furthermore, here we provide an important experimental way to study gel muscles.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development(R&D)Program of China(No.2021YFB2400300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22179083)+1 种基金Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader(No.20XD1401900)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019B090908001).
文摘Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(S@pPAN)composite provides a conductive pathway for sulfur active material at the molecular level and has already become one of the most promising cathode materials in lithium-sulfur batteries because of its outstanding electrochemical performances via novel solid-solid conversion mechanism.Although there are a great number of researches on the S@pPAN composite material,the accurate structure of S@pPAN and its redox reaction mechanism during the charge-discharge process still have not been determined.The previous research and inferences about the structure of S@pPAN and its electrochemical reaction mechanism were summarized in this review,providing a reference for the future study of lithiumsulfur batteries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51876115)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M661324)。
文摘Supercapacitors have huge potential applications in the field of wearable electronic devices,such as flexible displays,flexible biosensors and implantable multimedia devices,due to their high-power density,fast charge-discharge rates,long cycling life,and relatively simple configuration.In this paper,we demonstrated hierarchically porous and continuous reduced graphene oxide-polyacrylonitrile@polyacrylonitrile(rGO-PAN@PAN)coaxial fibers with certain strength,excellent electrochemical performance through coaxial wet spinning and thermal reduction.Coaxial fibers are carbonized at high temperature and have a graded porous structure with a conductivity of 1703 S/m.The areal specific capacitance of the supercapacitor assembled by polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid(PVA/H_(2)SO_(4))gel electrolyte is 11.56 mF/cm^(2),and its energy density reaches 0.21 mW·h/cm3,showing good electrochemical performance.Graphene-based coaxial fibers prepared by wet spinning have a great prospect of application in electronic devices due to their excellent properties.
基金This work was financially support by Council of ScientificIndustrial Research,India
文摘Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers wereprepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,scanningelectron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.These copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal ofsuspended(SS)and total dissolved solid(TDS)in sewage wastewater treatment.The effects of copolymer dose,pH andcontact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test method.The suitable pHrange for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2 mg/L.The overall process forsolid removal took 4 h.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of grafted copolymer,PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN)and solid waste,before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.
基金The authors are indebted to the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFE0122500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21878185 and 51772188)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.21ZR1434800).
文摘Solid lithium-sulfur batteries(SLSBs)show potential for practical application due to their possibility for high energy density.However,SLSBs still face tough challenges such as the large interface impedance and lithium dendrite formation.Herein,a highperformance SLSB is demonstrated by using a fiber network reinforced Li_(6.75)La_(3)Zr_(1.75)Ta_(0.25)O_(12)(LLZTO)based composite solid electrolyte(CSE)in combination with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode.The CSE consisting of an electrospun polyimide(PI)film,LLZTO ionically conducting filler and polyacrylonitrile(PAN)matrix,which is named as PI-PAN/LLZTO CSE,possesses high room-temperature ionic conductivity(2.75×10^(-4)S/cm),high Li^(+)migration number(tLi+)of 0.67 and good interfacial wettability.SPAN is utilized due to its unique electrochemical properties:reasonable electronic conductivity and no polysulfides shuttle effect.The CSE enables a highly stable Li plating/stripping cycle for over 600 h and good rate performance.Moreover,the assembled SLSB exhibits good cycle performance of accomplishing 120 cycles at 0.2 C with the capacity retention of 474 mAh/g,good rate properties and excellent long-term cycling stability with a high capacity retention of 86.49%from 15^(th)to 1,000^(th)cycles at 1.0 C.This work rationalizes our design concept and may guide the future development of SLSBs.
