吸湿发热针织物的热湿性能研究

采用两种吸湿发热纤维即EKS纤维、Sunburner纤维,分别结合黏胶纤维、棉纤维、腈纶纤维,混纺不同组分、不同混纺比的纱线,使用针织圆机将上述纱线编织成双罗纹组织结构织物,并测试纤维与织物的热湿性能,探讨纤维种类、纱线混纺比对织物热湿性能的影响。结果表明:在标准试验条件下,当纱线其余组分及质量分数相同时,含黏胶纤维织物的回潮率、透气性能、透湿性能、芯吸性能、保暖性能、吸湿发热性能优于含棉纤维织物;含Sunburner纤维织物的回潮率、芯吸性能、保暖性能优于含EKS纤维织物,而其透气性能、透湿性能、吸湿发热性能劣于含EKS纤维织物;随着织物中EKS纤维质量分数的降低,织物的透气性能、透湿性能、保暖性能增强,芯吸性能、吸湿发热性能下降。

Sunburner/Modal混纺纱的质量控制

文章以Sunburner纤维/Modal纤维混纺纱为例,对纤维的混合方法、混纺比精度和成纱质量的控制进行了研究。生产实践证明,对特殊混14.8tex纺纱的质量控制,其关键工艺在前期预处理和开清、梳理工序,为此,必须做到:混合方法科学化,过程控制精细化。

Detection and Discrimination of Tea Plant Stresses Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique at a Canopy Level

Tea plant stresses threaten the quality of tea seriously.The technology corresponding to the fast detection and differentiation of stresses is of great significance for plant protection in tea plantation.In recent years,hyperspectral imaging technology has shown great potential in detecting and differentiating plant diseases,pests and some other stresses at the leaf level.However,the lack of studies at canopy level hampers the detection of tea plant stresses at a larger scale.In this study,based on the canopy-level hyperspectral imaging data,the methods for identifying and differentiating the three commonly occurred tea stresses(i.e.,the tea leafhopper,anthrax and sun burn)were studied.To account for the complexity of the canopy scenario,a stepwise detecting strategy was proposed that includes the process of background removal,identification of damaged areas and discrimination of stresses.Firstly,combining the successive projection algorithm(SPA)spectral analysis and K-means cluster analysis,the background and overexposed non-plant regions were removed from the image.Then,a rigorous sensitivity analysis and optimization were performed on various forms of spectral features,which yielded optimal features for detecting damaged areas(i.e.,YSV,Area,GI,CARI and NBNDVI)and optimal features for stresses discrimination(i.e.,MCARI,CI,LCI,RARS,TCI and VOG).Based on this information,the models for identifying damaged areas and those models for discriminating different stresses were established using K-nearest neighbor(KNN),Random Forest(RF)and Fisher discriminant analysis.The identification model achieved an accuracy over 95%,and the discrimination model achieved an accuracy over 93%for all stresses.The results suggested the feasibility of stress detection and differentiation using canopy-level hyperspectral imaging techniques,and indicated the potential for its extension over large areas.

Not All Shrivels Are Created Equal—Morpho-Anatomical and Compositional Characteristics Differ among Different Shrivel Types That Develop during Ripening of Grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>L.) Berries

An understanding of physiological disorders associated with ripening of fruits triggered by abiotic stress relies on anatomical and physico-chemical analyses, as it provide insights into their origin and probable causes. The objective of this study was to analyze different ripening disorders of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries by dissecting their morpho-anatomy, shriveling nature, and composition. Four well-defined disorders—sunburn, prolonged dehydration (PD), late-season bunch stem necrosis (LBSN), and berry shrivel (BS) were analyzed in field-grown grapevines of the cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Early bunch stem necrosis (EBSN) that occurred before ripening was also included in the study. Unlike healthy spherical berries, the pericarp of disordered berries except for sunburn shriveled causing concomitant reductions in fresh weight and volume. The exocarp of PD berries developed well-ordered indentations as distinct from the wrinkles in LBSN berries, whereas BS berries were flaccid with numerous skin folds. The epicuticular wax occurred as upright platelets in all shrivel forms excluding the sun-exposed hemisphere of sunburned berries. A chlorophyllous inflorescence framework persisted in all shrivel forms but in LBSN, wherein the necrotic regions developed tylosis. Unlike the translucent mesocarp of healthy, sunburned, and PD berries, the mesocarp was collapsed in BS and LBSN berries, nevertheless all had well-developed seeds. The composition of healthy berries was optimal, whereas the disordered berries were compositionally distinct from each other, which as a whole differed from the healthy berries. The BS berries had the lowest sugar content, and although sugar concentration was higher in LBSN, sunburned and PD berries, sugar amount per berry was highest in the healthy berries, the same was true for hexoses. Healthy and BS berries exhibited highest amounts of tartaric acid followed by sunburn and PD berries, whereas the LBSN berries had the lowest values. Conversely, healthy and PD berries had the highest amounts of malic acid followed by LBSN, sunburn and BS berries, which collectively displayed similar amounts. The PD berries exhibited the highest calcium content followed by LBSN, healthy, and finally BS and sunburned berries. A linear relationship existed between potassium (K) and pH of the berries. The PD berries had the highest amounts of K followed by healthy, sunburn, LBSN, and BS berries. Overall, the results reported here provided combined morpho-anatomical and compositional analyses of different shrivel types that occurred during a single growing season. Such analysis is needed to make a progress on understanding these ripening disorders culminating in the development of remedial measures.

Apple Peel Biochemical Changes after Foliar Application of Combined Boron and Calcium I. Phenolics and Physico-Chemical Attributes

Post-full bloom foliar applications of boron in combination with calcium (B+Ca) suppress fruit sunburn-browning incidence in apples (Malus domestica). However, the mode-of-action is not yet explained and hence, protocols to exploit this seemingly cost-effective peel physiology augmenting approach compared to usual methods (shade-netting, overhead cooling and kaolin application which attenuate excess fruit heat-load), cannot be fully developed or promoted justifiably among growers. Apple fruit sunburn-browning disorders are rampant worldwide, partly because of climate change as well as high cost and inefficacy of the established methods. However, knowledge of B+Ca effect on apple peel physiology may unravel the mode-of-action, paving the way for commercialization of this novel approach. In this study, B+Ca effect on apple peel phenolics and selected fruit physico-chemical attributes was investigated, using studies conducted at two farms for two seasons in Western Cape, South Africa. Four foliar treatments varying in B, Ca and inclusion of zinc (Zn), were applied on ‘Cripps Pink’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples in 2014/15 (only ‘Cripps Pink’) and 2015/16 (all cultivars) in randomized complete block design experiments with five replications. Fruit peel samples for quantitative determination of total phenolics and total flavonoids analyses were collected at different fruit maturity stages. Significant (p < 0.05) interaction (treatments and fruit maturity stages) effect was observed for total phenolics (‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’ only) and total flavonoids (all cultivars). Physico-chemical attributes (fruit diameter, size and total soluble solids) were only evaluated in ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Granny Smith’, and no significant differences among treatments occurred. Since no clear treatment differences in apple peel phenolic patterns were observed, other appropriate biochemical aspects like photosynthetic pigments should be investigated among such foliar B+Ca treatments.

Curling ulcer in the setting of severe sunburn: A case report

BACKGROUND While sunburns are very common,especially in pediatrics,curling ulcers secondary to sunburns are a very rare entity that has not been noted in the literature in over fifty years.This case is the first addition to the literature since the originally documented case.CASE SUMMARY A previously healthy 17 year old male presents to the emergency room with lethargy,shortness of breath on exertion,dark stools and nausea.His fatigue started to become significantly worse four days prior to admission.Approximately two weeks prior to admission,the patient was on a beach vacation with his family at which time he suffered severe sunburns.He had developed crampy epigastric abdominal pain,which was followed by dark,loose stools.On exam,he is non-toxic appearing,but with pallor and peeling skin on his face and chest with epigastric tenderness.Infectious stool studies were all negative including Helicobacter pylori.He denies use of any non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and also denies alcohol or recreational drug use.While admitted he is found to be significantly anemic with his hemoglobin as low as 6.3 requiring two units of packed red blood cells.Endoscopy revealed several severe and deep ulcerations in the antrum and body of the stomach indicative of stress or curling ulcers.CONCLUSION While the incidence of stress ulcers is not known,it is most common with severe acute illness,most commonly presenting as upper gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding.It is essential to be aware of the risk of curling ulcers secondary to severe sunburns as patients with stress ulcer GI bleeding have increased morbidity and mortality compared to those who do not have GI bleed.

Effect of cytokines and ultraviolet B radiation on the promoter activity of the metallothionein gene in keratinocytes

Metallothionein (MT) has many functions that are modulated by several factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and cytokines. We thought that these diverse functions of MT might reflect the specific regulatory mechanisms of its expression. To understand some of the molecular mechanisms underlying MT expression, we examined the effects of several cytokines and UVB on the promoter activity of the MT gene. First, we introduced the MT promoter construct into the HaCaT keratinocytes and treated them with various concentrations of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-6. The addition of IL-1α and IL-6 led to an increase in the promoter activity of the MT gene. UVB is known to induce MT expression in epidermal keratinocytes, and IL-6 is a possible mediator of MT induction by UV radiation. Therefore, we investigated whether UVB could induce MT promoter activity. Our results showed, interestingly, that UVB radiation has no or little effect on the promoter activity. This suggested a complex molecular regulation of the MT gene.

d-limonene prevents ultraviolet irradiation:Induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in Skh1 mouse skin

AIM: To establish whether d-limonene can protect against induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs) and sunburn in ultraviolet irradiation(UVR) irradiated mouse skin. METHODS: The d-limonene was given in 4 daily oral 20 μL aliquots at different concentrations as follows: 100%, 10% or 1% in liponate and 100% liponate as control. One day after the final d-limonene treatment, the mice were anesthetized with i.p. sodium pentobarbital and placed in boxes to allow a rectangular(2 cm × 4 cm) region of dorsal skin to be irradiated with a single, ultraviolet radiation dose of 1.5 kJ /m2. Skin samples from UVR irradiated area were obtained at 5 min after UVR exposure for CPD detection, at 6 d after UVR exposure, skin samples were obtained for in situ analysis for N-myc downstream regulating gene 1(NDRG1)(a stress response gene), proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)(an S-phase marker) and filaggrin(a barrier integrity gene). Based on immunohistochemistry staining, the number of CPD, NDRG1 and PCNA positive cells, as well as unstained cells was counted in 3 different individually selected areas and percentage of positive cells was established. RESULTS: CPD reduction occurred as follows: liponate only-none; 1% d-limonene-54.3% reduction of CPDs; 10% d-limonene-73.4% reduction of CPDs; 100% d-limonene-86.1% reduction of CPDs, the latter equivalent to a UV dose of only 0.21 k J/m2. Sunburn was also dose-dependently reduced by d-limonene. The NDRG1 protein was strongly induced by UVR(70.0% ± 10.4% positive cells), but 1% d-limonene reduced the response to 64.6% ± 9.2%, 10% d-limonene reduced the response to 16.2% ± 3.4% and 100% d-limonene reduced the response to 6.3% ± 1.7%. Similarly, PCNA was 52.4% ± 9.9% positive in UVR exposed skin, and 1% d-limonene reduced it to 42.9% ± 8.1%, 10% d-limonene reduced it to 36.2% ± 6.7% and 100% d-limonene reduce it to 13.8% ± 3.4%. NDRG1 and PCNA were increased by d-limonene or UVR separately, but combined they produced less than either agent separately owing to the protective effect of pre-exposure to d-limonene. CONCLUSION: Overall d-limonene acted to protect against ultraviolet B-induced DNA photodamage and sunburn in UVR exposed skin.

Genome sequence and transcriptome of Sorbus pohuashanensis provide insights into population evolution and leaf sunburn response

Sorbus pohuashanensis(Hance) Hedl. is a potential horticulture and medicinal plant, but its genomic and genetic backgrounds remain unknown. Here, we sequence and assemble the S. pohuashanensis reference genome using Pac Bio long reads. Based on the new reference genome, we resequence a core collection of22 Sorbus spp. samples, which are divided into 2 groups(G1 and G2) based on phylogenetic and PCA analyses. These phylogenetic clusters are highly consistent with their classification based on leaf shape.Natural hybridization between the G1 and G2 groups is evidenced by a sample(R21) with a highly heterozygous genotype. Nucleotide diversity(π) analysis shows that G1 has a higher diversity than G2 and that G2 originated from G1. During the evolution process, the gene families involved in photosynthesis pathways expanded and the gene families involved in energy consumption contracted. RNA-seq data suggests that flavonoid biosynthesis and heat-shock protein(HSP)-heat-shock factor(HSF) pathways play important roles in protection against sunburn. This study provides new insights into the evolution of Sorbus spp.genomes. In addition, the genomic resources, and the identified genetic variations, especially those related to stress resistance, will help future efforts to produce and breed Sorbus spp.

Can green tea protect against not only sunburn but also melanoma?

To the Editor： I read with great interest the recent article by Song et al1 who showed that green tea may play a protective role from ultraviolet B （UVB）-induced skin damage and thus may be a therapeutically effective agent against sunburn. Since excessive exposure to the sun and frequent sunburns predispose to melanoma, one wonders if green tea can also protect against melanoma.

Robust image processing algorithm for computational resource limited smart apple sunburn sensing system

Heat and light stress causes sunburn to the maturing apple fruits and results in crop production and quality losses.Typically,when the fruit surface temperature(FST)rises above critical limits for a prolonged duration,the fruit may suffer several physiological disorders including sunburn.To manage apple sunburn,monitoring FST is critical and our group at Washington State University is developing a noncontact smart sensing system that integrates thermal infrared and visible imaging sensors for real time FST monitoring.Pertinent system needs to perform in-field imagery data analysis onboard a single board computer with processing unit that has limited computational resources.Therefore,key objective of this study was to develop a novel image processing algorithm optimized to use available resources of a single board computer.Algorithm logic flow includes color space transformation,k-means++classification and morphological operators prior to fruit segmentation and FST estimation.The developed algorithm demonstrated the segmentation accuracy of 57.78%(missing error=12.09%and segmentation error=0.13%).This aided successful apple FST estimation that was 10–18C warmer than ambient air temperature.Moreover,algorithm reduced the imagery data processing time cost of the smart sensing systemfrom 87 s to 44 s using image compression approach.

Sunburner纤维定性方法研究

本文通过对Sunburner纤维进行燃烧性能试验、显微镜外观形态试验、溶解性能试验、纤维回潮率试验、红外光谱试验和热失重试验等,总结得出Sunburner纤维的燃烧性能、纤维形态、化学溶解性能、回潮率、红外光谱图和热失重曲线等,最终提出Sunburner纤维完整的定性鉴别方法。