Study on the sunny-shady slope effect on the subgrade of a high-speed railway in a seasonal frozen region

The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.

A method to interpret fracture aperture of rock slope using adaptive shape and unmanned aerial vehicle multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry

The aperture of natural rock fractures significantly affects the deformation and strength properties of rock masses,as well as the hydrodynamic properties of fractured rock masses.The conventional measurement methods are inadequate for collecting data on high-steep rock slopes in complex mountainous regions.This study establishes a high-resolution three-dimensional model of a rock slope using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)multi-angle nap-of-the-object photogrammetry to obtain edge feature points of fractures.Fracture opening morphology is characterized using coordinate projection and transformation.Fracture central axis is determined using vertical measuring lines,allowing for the interpretation of aperture of adaptive fracture shape.The feasibility and reliability of the new method are verified at a construction site of a railway in southeast Tibet,China.The study shows that the fracture aperture has a significant interval effect and size effect.The optimal sampling length for fractures is approximately 0.5e1 m,and the optimal aperture interpretation results can be achieved when the measuring line spacing is 1%of the sampling length.Tensile fractures in the study area generally have larger apertures than shear fractures,and their tendency to increase with slope height is also greater than that of shear fractures.The aperture of tensile fractures is generally positively correlated with their trace length,while the correlation between the aperture of shear fractures and their trace length appears to be weak.Fractures of different orientations exhibit certain differences in their distribution of aperture,but generally follow the forms of normal,log-normal,and gamma distributions.This study provides essential data support for rock and slope stability evaluation,which is of significant practical importance.

Stability analysis of loose accumulation slopes under rainfall:case study of a high‑speed railway in Southwest China

The high and steep slopes along a high-speed railway in the mountainous area of Southwest China are mostly composed of loose accumulations of debris with large internal pores and poor stability,which can easily induce adverse geological disasters under rainfall conditions.To ensure the smooth construction of the high-speed railway and the subsequent safe operation,it is necessary to master the stability evolution process of the loose accumulation slope under rainfall.This article simulates rainfall using the finite element analysis software’s hydromechanical coupling module.The slope stability under various rainfall situations is calculated and analysed based on the strength reduction method.To validate the simulation results,a field monitoring system is established to study the deformation characteristics of the slope under rainfall.The results show that rainfall duration is the key factor affecting slope stability.Given a constant amount of rainfall,the stability of the slope decreases with increasing duration of rainfall.Moreover,when the amount and duration of rainfall are constant,continuous rainfall has a greater impact on slope stability than intermittent rainfall.The setting of the field retaining structures has a significant role in improving slope stability.The field monitoring data show that the slope is in the initial deformation stage and has good stability,which verifies the rationality of the numerical simulation method.The research results can provide some references for understanding the influence of rainfall on the stability of loose accumulation slopes along high-speed railways and establishing a monitoring system.

Three-dimensional stability calculation method for high and large composite slopes formed by mining stope and inner dump in adjacent open pits

The 2D limit equilibrium method is widely used for slope stability analysis.However,with the advancement of dump engineering,composite slopes often exhibit significant 3D mechanical effects.Consequently,it is of significant importance to develop an effective 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes to enhance the design and stability control of open-pit slope engineering.Using the composite slope formed by the mining stope and inner dump in Baiyinhua No.1 and No.2 open-pit coal mine as a case study,this research investigates the failure mode of composite slopes and establishes spatial shape equations for the sliding mass.By integrating the shear resistance and sliding force of each row of microstrip columns onto the bottom surface of the strip corresponding to the main sliding surface,a novel 2D equivalent physical and mechanical parameters analysis method for the strips on the main sliding surface of 3D sliding masses is proposed.Subsequently,a comprehensive 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes is developed,and the quantitative relationship between the coordinated development distance and its 3D stability coefficients is examined.The analysis reveals that the failure mode of the composite slope is characterized by cutting-bedding sliding,with the arc serving as the side interface and the weak layer as the bottom interface,while the destabilization mechanism primarily involves shear failure.The spatial form equation of the sliding mass comprises an ellipsoid and weak plane equation.The analysis revealed that when the coordinated development distance is 1500 m,the error rate between the 3D stability calculation result and the 2D stability calculation result of the composite slope is less than 8%,thereby verifying the proposed analytical method of equivalent physical and mechanical parameters and the 3D stability calculation method for composite slopes.Furthermore,the3D stability coefficient of the composite slope exhibits an exponential correlation with the coordinated development distance,with the coefficient gradually decreasing as the coordinated development distance increases.These findings provide a theoretical guideline for designing similar slope shape parameters and conducting stability analysis.

Effects of vertical seismic acceleration on 3D slope stability

The conventional pseudo-static approach often neglects the effect of the vertical＇ seismic acceleration on the stability of a slope, but some analyses under plane-strain （2D） conditions show a significant effect on the slope stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the vertical acceleration on the safety of three-dimensional （3D） slopes. In the strict framework of limit analysis, a 3D kinematically admissible rotational failure mechanism is adopted here for 3D homogeneous slopes in frictional/cohesive soils. A set of stability charts is presented in a wide range of parameters for 3D slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loading conditions. Accounting for the effects of the vertical seismic acceleration, the difference in safety factors for 3D slopes can exceed 10%, which will significantly overestimate the safety of the 3D slopes.

Upper Bound Solution of Soil Slope Stability under Coupling Effect of Rainfall and Earthquake

Based on the limit analysis upper bound method,a new model of soil slope collapse has been proposed which consists of two rigid block zones and a plastic shear zone.Soil slope was induced failure by coupling effect of rainfall and earthquake,and these blocks were also incorporated horizontal earthquake force and vertical gravitate.The velocities and forces were analyzed in three blocks,and the expression of velocity discontinuities was obtained by the principle of incompressibility.The external force work for the blocks,the internal energy of the plastic shear zone and the velocity discontinuous were solved.The present stability ratios are compared to the prevenient research,which shows the superiority of the mechanism and rationality of the analysis.The critical height of the soil slope can provide theoretical basis for slope support and design.

Vertical and horizontal displacements of a reservoir slope due to slope aging effect,rainfall,and reservoir water

Landslides are common hazards in reservoir areas and significantly affect dam operation and human lives.For the prevention and management of landslides,accurate assessment of the factors influencing their generation is essential.This study evaluated the key external factors influencing horizontal and vertical displacements of Luobogang Reservoir Slope in Hanyuan County,China.Displacements had been monitored by a surface-displacement-monitoring system consisting of 118 GPS stations during 2012-2015.To identify the external driving factors,their influence zones,and slope responses,we analyzed 32 months of displacement measurements and other multi-source datasets using the empirical orthogonal function.Overall,the results show that slope aging effect,rainfall,and reservoir water levels are three main driving factors.For horizontal displacement,aging effect is the most critical factor and predominantly affects the edges of landslides,the gob cave,and the public building zones.The secondary factor is the reservoir water level,which mainly acts on the boundary between the slope and reservoir water surface.The closer the slope zone is to the reservoir water,the more significant the impact is.Regarding vertical displacement,the most important factor is rainfall.The vertical displacement caused by rainfall accounts for 56.76% of the total vertical displacements.However,rainfall induces elastic displacements that generally cause less damage to the slope.The secondary factor is aging effect,and the vertical displacement caused by aging effect accounts for 9.42%.However,seven individual zones are highly affected by slope aging effect,which is consistent with the distribution of public buildings.

A Modified Form of Mild-Slope Equation with Weakly Nonlinear Effect

Nonlinear effect is of importance to waves propagating from deep water to shallow water. The non-linearity of waves is widely discussed due to its high precision in application. But there are still some problems in dealing with the nonlinear waves in practice. In this paper, a modified form of mild-slope equation with weakly nonlinear effect is derived by use of the nonlinear dispersion relation and the steady mild-slope equation containing energy dissipation. The modified form of mild-slope equation is convenient to solve nonlinear effect of waves. The model is tested against the laboratory measurement for the case of a submerged elliptical shoal on a slope beach given by Berkhoff et al. The present numerical results are also compared with those obtained through linear wave theory. Better agreement is obtained as the modified mild-slope equation is employed. And the modified mild-slope equation can reasonably simulate the weakly nonlinear effect of wave propagation from deep water to coast.

Simulation study of the void space gas effect on slope instability triggered by an earthquake

This study aims at exploring the void space gas effect of earthquake-triggered slope instability and providing a new method for studying the formation mechanism of earthquake-triggered landslides. We analysed the basic characteristics, kinematic characteristics, initiation mechanisms and physical mechanical parameters of the Daguangbao landslide, generalized a landslide prototype, and established a geological model and performed simulation tests. Based on the seismic wave propagation theory of rock-soil mass, rock fracture mechanics and the effective stress principle, we found that the void space gas effect is due to the occurrence of excess void space gas pressure when the dynamic response of seismic loads impacts the void space gas in weak intercalated layers of the slope. The excess void space gas pressure generated by the vibration(earthquake) damages the rock mass around the void space with a certain regularity. The model test results show that the effective shear strength of the rock mass can be reduced by 4.4% to 21.6% due to the void space gas effect.

三维土工网边坡防护水土保持能力研究

路基边坡防护工程可减轻降雨对坡面土体的侵蚀作用,为深入研究坡面防护材料水土保持能力的定量表征方法,通过室内人工降雨边坡侵蚀模型试验,分析不同降雨强度和不同三维土工网防护下路基边坡的降雨侵蚀规律,提出三维土工网水土保持能力的试验测定方法及相关系数计算公式。研究结果表明:三维土工网防护边坡泥沙流失干质量明显小于相同条件下不设防边坡泥沙流失干质量,土工网防护在减少边坡侵蚀量的同时,有利于边坡侵蚀进程的快速稳定,但土工网的水土保持能力随雨强增大急剧下降。泥沙流失速度随着降雨的持续而逐渐减小,后期趋于收敛稳定,侵蚀历程采用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性。建议设防边坡的试验降雨时间不少于70 min,不设防的边坡试验降雨时间不小于100 min。水土保持能力系数随雨强的增大呈对数函数关系减小,雨强超过100 mm/h时水土保持能力系数实测值与对数函数拟合值差异较大,建议在测定材料水土保持能力系数时雨强取20~100 mm/h,可取50 mm/h作为标准试验雨强。泡面类三维土工网水土保持能力显著优于普通三维土工网,而双泡面的三维土工网优于单泡面三维土工网。试验条件下凹凸泡面三维土工网的水土保持能力系数主要分布在1.71~3.03,建议50 mm/h雨强三维土工网水土保持能力系数不应小于1.5。

齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化

针对齐大山铁矿东帮边坡空间形态优化问题,在分析边坡工程地质条件的基础上,将极限平衡法与数值模拟法相结合,评价原设计到界边坡稳定性,优化设计到界边坡的形态参数,探讨追踪距离对边坡三维稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明:采用逐水平优化方法设计的到界边坡角为46°,每阶段的边坡二维稳定性系数均满足安全储备系数要求;边坡的三维稳定性系数与追踪距离呈负相关指数函数关系,当追踪距离为50 m时,齐大山铁矿东帮到界边坡角可设计为48°,整体边坡角提高了2°,经济效益显著。

含挖填界面边坡三维稳定性上限分析

针对工程实践中挖填交界面与边坡坡面走向线斜交的高边坡空间三维稳定分析问题,基于极限分析上限定理,构建拓展的三维牛角状破坏机构,通过引入机构参数挖填界面倾角α突出边坡特性,建立与之对应的功能平衡方程,采用序列二次规划优化算法求解强度折减后的边坡安全系数上限解。在此基础上,计算了宁夏黄土丘陵地区妙岭750kV变电站高边坡以及相关文献中极限状态下边坡稳定性系数γH/c工程案例,并将计算结果与有限元极限分析软件模拟值进行对比分析。结果表明:随着挖填界面倾角α的增大,边坡安全系数Fs上限解和模拟值均减小,两种方法的计算结果相对误差在5.9%以内,且拓展的破坏机构与数值模拟的剪切耗散变形模式基本一致;在极限状态下,拓展机构的上限解和数值模拟结果都十分接近于1.0,二者相对误差未超过8.3%。研究工作为此类高边坡空间稳定分析问题提供了一种简便实用的计算方法。

宁夏黄土区典型坡面表层土壤有机碳含量的空间变化特征及尺度效应

【目的】定量认识土壤有机碳(SOC)含量在坡面上的空间异质性及尺度效应,探索“由点及面”估算坡面平均SOC含量的精确便捷途径,为细致刻画坡面土壤资源状况、全面理解生态系统碳循环、制定土壤高质量管理方案提供科学基础。【方法】在宁夏半干旱黄土丘陵区,选择3个相邻的由退耕还林工程形成的典型坡面,从坡顶向坡脚设置连续样点,调查各样点的土地利用、植被特征、立地条件及表层(0^20 cm)SOC含量,分析其坡向差异、坡位变化;以“离坡顶的水平距离或相对距离”为自变量,以表层SOC含量的顺坡滑动平均值为因变量,定量描述坡面尺度效应;再以坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值为因变量,实现由“点”到“面”的尺度上推。【结果】研究区表层SOC含量存在明显的坡向差异、坡位变化、尺度效应。表层SOC含量的坡面平均值在南坡(7.60 g·kg^(-1))最高,东坡(6.42 g·kg^(-1))次之,西坡(5.65 g·kg^(-1))最低,其坡位间变幅在东坡(15.95 g·kg^(-1))最大,其次为西坡(11.34 g·kg^(-1)),最小为南坡(9.72 g·kg^(-1)),说明东坡的坡面效应最强,其次为西坡,南坡最弱。东坡、西坡、南坡表层SOC含量的坡位变化大致相同,均由坡顶向下逐渐减小,至离坡顶水平距离200、150、280 m(相对距离0.73、0.45、0.76)后趋于稳定,主要与坡面“上部为自然状态的坡地+林草植被+恢复年限长、下部为人工梯田+林农植被+扰动频繁”的空间格局有关。在东坡、西坡、南坡上,距坡顶水平距离每增加100 m,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-3.40、-2.50、-1.51 g·kg^(-1);距坡顶相对距离每增加0.1,SOC含量的滑动平均值分别变化-0.96、-0.75、-0.55 g·kg^(-1)。构建3个坡向不同坡位样点表层SOC含量与坡面平均值的比值随离坡顶水平距离或相对距离增加而变化的数量关系(R^(2)>0.7,P<0.001),籍此可由坡面上任一样点表层SOC含量精确便捷地估算坡面平均值。将所有位点数据融合得出,离坡顶相对距离0.4的位点表层SOC含量最接近坡面平均值。【结论】半干旱黄土丘陵区坡面表层SOC含量沿坡从上至下基本呈先减小后稳定的变化,与土地利用类型、植被类型、恢复年限的坡面分布格局有关。以顺坡(相对)水平坡长增加为尺度变量可较好地定量刻画表层SOC含量的坡面变化特征及尺度效应,藉此可实现坡面表层SOC含量平均值的精确便捷推算。

高心墙堆石坝接触黏土与岸坡接触特性的离心模型研究

为了提高砾石土心墙与岸坡之间的变形协调性,高心墙堆石坝通常在心墙与岸坡之间设置高塑性黏土,统称为接触黏土,接触黏土的变形特性对高心墙的应力变形性状和心墙的安全性有重大影响。开展了4组接触黏土与岸坡接触面的局部离心模型试验,通过调整施加的上覆荷载大小来探讨原型坝体不同高程处的接触面剪切位移发展规律。基于理论分析,提出了一个计算接触黏土与岸坡接触面离心模型试验中边界效应影响范围的解析表达式,以确定接触面离心试验中试验模型的相似比尺。试验结果表明:在原型坝体的不同高程处,接触黏土与岸坡之间均会产生一定的剪切位移,但不会出现分离现象;接触黏土和砾质心墙土变形主要以竖向下沉为主,并且接触黏土与砾质心墙土之间的沉降等值线变化较为连续,未出现陡变情况,这说明接触黏土起到了很好地协调变形的作用,因此在进行高心墙堆石坝的结构安全性分析过程中应考虑接触黏土与岸坡的接触效应。

地震荷载下边坡抗滑桩有效加固区与最优加固位置理论

假设边坡滑裂面为对数螺旋曲线,应用极限分析上限定理,根据典型均质边坡的局部失稳模式,分别计算桩前和桩后坡体的局部稳定性,提出抗滑桩有效加固区理论.采用Ito理论考虑桩-土相互作用,分别计算抗滑桩加固边坡的地震安全系数、已知设计安全系数所需的最小桩径或桩间净距及其对应的所需抗力、抗力合力作用点位置和滑面以上桩长.根据计算结果结合工程的安全性、经济性和施工难度可确定合理的设计桩位,通过算例分析地震荷载和岩土物理力学参数对抗滑桩加固边坡的有效加固区的影响.

SLOPE/W软件总应力法和有效应力法的应用

按简单条分法和简化毕肖普法,通过算例阐述了SLOPE/W软件总应力法和有效应力法的计算原理和应用,指出SLOPE/W软件虽然在输入时没有区别总应力参数和有效应力参数,但结合输入时是否定义孔隙水压力,用户可以从计算方法的原理上来区别软件是按总应力法还是按有效应力法计算。

基于相关向量机-层次分析模型的路堑边坡治理效果评价研究——以绥大高速K26+800~K27+320段为例

为探究路堑边坡整体治理效果,通过现场实际监测获得了关于边坡土体变形情况、孔隙水压力变化情况、水位变化情况等数据,利用相关向量机(relevance vector machine,RVM)对各监测指标监测期后的变化趋势进行了预测,之后利用层次分析法(analytie hierarchy process,AHP)对各指标进行了权重赋值,形成一套基于RVM-AHP模型的路堑边坡治理效果评价模型并以绥大高速K26+800-K27+320处的路堑边坡验证了模型的可行性。结果表明,利用RVM-AHP模型所得评价结论与现场情况一致,边坡治理效果为“较优”,评价模型可靠性得到了验证。

正高程差下边坡爆破对X70钢管振速的影响

为了探究正高程差边坡爆炸施工对邻近埋地管道振速的影响,基于商用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA采用数值模拟方法研究了炸药量相同(30 kg),正高程差不同(2.1、2.6、3.1、3.6、4.1、4.6和5.1 m)时,边坡爆破振动对既有X70管道振速的影响,并与平面地形结果作对比分析。研究表明:相较于平面地形,在水平距离不变的条件下,管道Y方向上会出现振速放大现象,且随着高程增大,振速加快衰减。管道振速放大系数随着高程差的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势。当高程差为3.1 m时,管道迎爆面测点的振速放大系数最大,为1.998;当高程差为3.6 m时,管道背爆面测点的放大系数最大,为1.622。爆炸地震波在不同的介质界面发生折射和反射所形成的叠加效应以及在坡脚发生绕射,是产生高程放大效应的主要原因。

L型抗滑桩加固土坡特性的离心模型试验与有限元模拟研究

L型抗滑桩在传统等截面抗滑桩的基础上加入横段,有效提高桩的稳定性和加固边坡效果。本文采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的变形特征与桩土相互作用。基于离心模型试验得到了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的位移场,并采用有限元软件对离心模型试验过程进行了数值模拟,数值与试验结果得出的土坡荷载位移曲线吻合程度较高,水平位移分布趋势基本一致。模拟结果表明,L型抗滑桩的加固效果明显优于传统等截面抗滑桩,土坡位移减小约25%,桩转角减小约70%。通过对比、融合离心模型试验观测与数值模拟结果,分析了L型抗滑桩对土坡的加固效果及桩-土相互作用。横段上下侧的土压力分布相差很大,差距最大时上侧土压力仅为下侧土压力的20%左右。L型抗滑桩横段与土的摩擦力分布存在极小值,竖直段抗滑桩可以改变土坡位移场,使得内侧位移分布存在极大值。坡体受力变形分析结果表明,抗滑桩导致土坡出现土拱效应,L型抗滑桩的横段会进一步增强土拱效应,形成应力重分布,使横段所受土压力增大,提高抗滑桩的稳定性。