The decay of sunspot plays a key role in magnetic flux transportation in solar active regions(ARs).To better understand the physical mechanism of the entire decay process of a sunspot,an α-configuration sunspot in AR...The decay of sunspot plays a key role in magnetic flux transportation in solar active regions(ARs).To better understand the physical mechanism of the entire decay process of a sunspot,an α-configuration sunspot in AR NOAA 12411 was studied.Based on the continuum intensity images and vector magnetic field data with stray light correction from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager,the area,vector magnetic field and magnetic flux in the umbra and penumbra are calculated with time,respectively.Our main results are as follows:(1) The decay curves of the sunspot area in its umbra,penumbra,and whole sunspot take the appearance of Gaussian profiles.The area decay rates of the umbra,penumbra and whole sunspot are-1.56 MSH day^(-1),-12.61 MSH day^(-1) and-14.04 MSH day^(-1),respectively;(2) With the decay of the sunspot,the total magnetic field strength and the vertical component of the penumbra increase,and the magnetic field of the penumbra becomes more vertical.Meanwhile,the total magnetic field strength and vertical magnetic field strength for the umbra decrease,and the inclination angle changes slightly with an average value of about 20°;(3) The magnetic flux decay curves of the sunspot in its umbra,penumbra,and whole sunspot exhibit quadratic patterns,their magnetic flux decay rates of the umbra,penumbra and whole sunspot are-9.84 × 10^(19)Mx day^(-1),-1.59 × 10^(20)Mx day^(-1) and -2.60 × 10^(20)Mx day^(-1),respectively.The observation suggests that the penumbra may be transformed into the umbra,resulting in the increase of the average vertical magnetic field strength and the reduction of the inclination angle in the penumbra during the decay of the sunspot.展开更多
In the present work,we study the time evolution,significance of the N-S asymmetry excesses presented as a function of the solar cycle and prominent rotational periods(~27 d)separately for the northern and southern hem...In the present work,we study the time evolution,significance of the N-S asymmetry excesses presented as a function of the solar cycle and prominent rotational periods(~27 d)separately for the northern and southern hemispheres.We have investigated short-term variations of the hemispheric solar activity(sunspot numbers and sunspot areas)during the time period 2010-2015,which covers the ascending and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24.We have implemented the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and continuous wavelet transform power spectrum techniques to study the time evolution and dominant rotational periods separately for the northern and southern hemispheres,and whole solar disk.Our results showed that the northern hemisphere exhibited longer solar synodic periods than the southern hemisphere,indicating that the northern hemisphere has a lower rotation rate.Moreover,the northern hemisphere was found to be dominant before transferring to the southern hemisphere during mid-2013.Also,the sunspot areas clearly demonstrated a two-peak structure of solar activity in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively during 2012 and 2014.The statistical significance of the southern hemisphere affirmed enhanced excess during the maximum phase of solar cycle 24.展开更多
In the present paper, the theoretical frame work of magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) is used to give a solution of the problem about the origin, persistence and disappearance of the Sunspots;as well as their tendency to ap...In the present paper, the theoretical frame work of magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) is used to give a solution of the problem about the origin, persistence and disappearance of the Sunspots;as well as their tendency to appear as bipolar magnetic couples. According to the results obtained, a possible explanation about the change of polarity in both solar hemispheres is given. Heuristic but logical arguments about the periodicity of the phenomenon of the observed magnetic polarity and the tendency of couples of Sunspots to appear solely in certain latitudes that can be called tropical regions of the Sun are presented. Finally, an indirect experimental test is proposed to show the possible process that produces the polarity of the Sunspots in a given cycle, as well as the invertion of that polarity in the next solar cycle.展开更多
Listed examples of virus transmission epidemics that can be strongly transmitted through the air<span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caused by sunspot change...Listed examples of virus transmission epidemics that can be strongly transmitted through the air<span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caused by sunspot change cycle</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">analyzed the mechanism that promotes the generation of new viruses. From the schematic diagram of the changes in the combined force of the hydrodynamic effect of the sun sweeping the earth and the sweeping force, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">we </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtain the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">places that are prone to light vortices are 30 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">south latitude on the east coast of the mainland creatively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The curved continental lines are perfect, the range of the light vortex generated is more obviously, and the effect is stronger. And the curved continental lines are perfect, the range of the light vortex generated is more obviously, and the effect is stronger. It is inferred that the light vortex produces the special amplified energy so</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that can</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> make the virus mutate to produce a new highly infectious novel coronavirus. The earliest known place and time of the novel coronavirus origin are consistent with the reasoning of the new theory. Because the radius and frequency of the light vortex are different, the resulting virus strains are also different. Moreover, the fatality rate in the light vortex area is much higher than that in the non-light vortex area, indicating that the virus</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s toxicity and lethality are higher in the light vortex area, so it can explain why Russia, India, and countries in the African equatorial region mortality are much lower than the United States, Italy, Spain and Brazil. Finally, preventive and recommended measures are proposed.</span>展开更多
A sunspot is an ideal waveguide for a variety of magnetohydrodynamic waves,which carry a significant amount of energy to the upper atmosphere and could be used as a tool to probe the magnetic and thermal structure of ...A sunspot is an ideal waveguide for a variety of magnetohydrodynamic waves,which carry a significant amount of energy to the upper atmosphere and could be used as a tool to probe the magnetic and thermal structure of a sunspot.In this study,we used the New Vacuum Solar Telescope and took highresolution image sequences simultaneously in both Ti O(7058±10?A)and Hα(6562±2.5?A)bandpasses.We extracted the area and total emission intensity variations of sunspot umbra and analyzed the signals with synchrosqueezing transform.We found that the area and emission intensity varied with both three and five minute periodicity.Moreover,the area and intensity oscillated in phase with each other,this fact hold in both Ti O and Hαdata.We interpret this oscillatory signal as a propagating slow sausage wave.The propagation speed is estimated at about 8 km s^-1.We infer that this sunspot's umbra could have temperature as low as 2800–3500 K.展开更多
It is a significant task to predict the solar activity for space weather and solar physics. All kinds of approaches have been used to forecast solar activities, and they have been applied to many areas such as the sol...It is a significant task to predict the solar activity for space weather and solar physics. All kinds of approaches have been used to forecast solar activities, and they have been applied to many areas such as the solar dynamo of simulation and space mission planning. In this paper, we employ the long-shortterm memory(LSTM) and neural network autoregression(NNAR) deep learning methods to predict the upcoming 25 th solar cycle using the sunspot area(SSA) data during the period of May 1874 to December2020. Our results show that the 25 th solar cycle will be 55% stronger than Solar Cycle 24 with a maximum sunspot area of 3115±401 and the cycle reaching its peak in October 2022 by using the LSTM method. It also shows that deep learning algorithms perform better than the other commonly used methods and have high application value.展开更多
Nebula theory is the most widely accepted hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. This theoryholds that the Sun is formed from a collapsed gas cloud 4.57 billion years ago;when the core tempe...Nebula theory is the most widely accepted hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. This theoryholds that the Sun is formed from a collapsed gas cloud 4.57 billion years ago;when the core temperature of the gas cloud rises to 10million K, the thermonuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium is ignited, then the Sun become a star;once the hydrogen in thecore is exhausted, the life of the star will end. But the limited hydrogen element obviously cannot satisfy such a long-termthermonuclear reaction, in order to sustain long-term thermonuclear reactions, a steady stream of fuel must be obtained from space.So the existing hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System has serious defects. Thus the author has studied theformation of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, and discovered the formation of the Sun and the real source of star energy. The authorcould also explain many solar activity phenomena such as sunspots, flares, prominences, etc.展开更多
The HDPFF (heavy-disaster-period of forest fire) takes up 1 / 4-1 / 3 of all observation years, but the loss takes up 80-90% of all. The author studied the relations between forest fire activity in Heilongiiang Provin...The HDPFF (heavy-disaster-period of forest fire) takes up 1 / 4-1 / 3 of all observation years, but the loss takes up 80-90% of all. The author studied the relations between forest fire activity in Heilongiiang Province from 1950 to 1989 and activity of sunspot, SSTA (sea surface temperature abnormality) of the North Pacific Ocean. The study discovered that : (1 )there was a negative correlation between forest fire condition in Heilongjiang Province and annual average of sunspot relative numbers, furthermore, the heavy-disaster-period was prone to occur in valley year and the next year; (2) SSTA in the North Pacific Ocean markedly influenced the forest fire activity and the level of its conditions in Heilongjiang province.展开更多
In this paper, with the theory of nonlinear dynamic systems, It is analyzed that the dynamic behavior and the predictabilityfor the monthly mean variationsof the sunspot relative number recorded from January 1891 to D...In this paper, with the theory of nonlinear dynamic systems, It is analyzed that the dynamic behavior and the predictabilityfor the monthly mean variationsof the sunspot relative number recorded from January 1891 to December 1996. Inthe progress, the fractal dimension (D = 3. 3±0. 2) for the variation process wascomputed. This helped us to determine the embedded dimension [2×D + 1] = 7.By computing the Lyapunov index (λ1 = 0. 863), it was indicated that the variationprocess is a chaotic system. The Kolmogorov entropy (K = 0.0260) was also computed, which provides, theoretically, the predicable time scale. And at the end,according to the result of the analysis above, an experimental predication is made,whose data was a part cut from the sample data.展开更多
We analyze sunspot rotation and magnetic transients in NOAA AR 11429 during two X-class(X5.4 and X1.3)flares using data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory.A large leading...We analyze sunspot rotation and magnetic transients in NOAA AR 11429 during two X-class(X5.4 and X1.3)flares using data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory.A large leading sunspot with positive magnetic polarity rotated counterclockwise.As expected,the rotation was significantly affected by the two flares.Magnetic transients induced by the flares were clearly evident in the sunspots with negative polarity.They were moving across the sunspots with speed of order 3-7 km s^(-1).Furthermore,the trend of magnetic flux evolution in these sunspots exhibited changes associated with the flares.These results may shed light on understanding the evolution of sunspots.展开更多
This paper analyses the relationship of forest fires and sunspots in Heilongjiang Province in the past 40 years(1950—1989).The results indicated that each of the forest fire in-dexes such as forest fire rate(Y1),time...This paper analyses the relationship of forest fires and sunspots in Heilongjiang Province in the past 40 years(1950—1989).The results indicated that each of the forest fire in-dexes such as forest fire rate(Y1),times of forest fire(Y2),average forest fire area for one time Y4(equals the Y5/Y2)and total forest fire area(Y5)has a negatlve correlation with mean annual relative sunspots of the same year;total times of forest fire inside and outside of forest stands(Y3)bus a positive correlation with sunspots The 5 indexes stated above has a similar re-lation to last year’s mean annual relative sunspots.展开更多
Three-and five-minute sunspot oscillations have different spatial distributions in the solar atmospheric layers.The spatial distributions are crucial for revealing the physical origin of sunspot oscillations and to in...Three-and five-minute sunspot oscillations have different spatial distributions in the solar atmospheric layers.The spatial distributions are crucial for revealing the physical origin of sunspot oscillations and to investigate their propagation.In this study,six sunspots observed by Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly were used to obtain the spatial distributions of three-and five-minute oscillations.The fast Fourier transform method is applied to represent the power spectra of oscillation modes.We find that,from the temperature minimum to the lower corona,the powers of the fiveminute oscillation exhibit a circle-shape distribution around its umbra,and the shapes gradually expand with temperature increase.However,the circle-shape disappears and the powers of the oscillations appear to be very disordered in the higher corona.This indicates that the five-minute oscillation can be suppressed in the high-temperature region.For the three-minute oscillations,from the temperature minimum to the high corona,their powers mostly distribute within an umbra,and part of them are located at the coronal fan loop structures.Moreover,those relative higher powers are mostly concentrated in the position of coronal loop footpoints.展开更多
Quasi-biennial Oscillations(QBOs)of the Sun have a significant meaning as a benchmark of solar cycle,not only for understanding the dynamo action but also in terms of space weather prediction.In this paper,the hand-dr...Quasi-biennial Oscillations(QBOs)of the Sun have a significant meaning as a benchmark of solar cycle,not only for understanding the dynamo action but also in terms of space weather prediction.In this paper,the hand-drawn sunspot images recorded from the Purple Mountain Observatory are used to investigate the solar QBOs and the Gnevyshev gap of the sunspot relative numbers(Rs)and group sunspot numbers(Rg)during the period 1954–2011.The main results are as follows:(1)both the Rs and Rg exhibit similar periods including the 22-year magnetic cycle,the 11-year Schwabe cycle,and the QBOs modes;(2)the reconstructed QBOs of both data sets exhibit coherent behavior and tend to have a high amplitude during the maximum phase of each solar cycle;(3)the Gnevyshev gap is produced by the superposition of the QBOs and the 11-year Schwabe cycle,and the Rs is better to study the variation of the Gnevyshev gap rather than the Rg.展开更多
Sunspots are the most striking and easily observed magnetic structures of the Sun,and statistical analysis of solar historical data could reveal a wealth of information on the long-term variation of solar activity cyc...Sunspots are the most striking and easily observed magnetic structures of the Sun,and statistical analysis of solar historical data could reveal a wealth of information on the long-term variation of solar activity cycle.The hand-drawn sunspot records of Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences have been accumulating for more than 60 years,and nearly 16000 images have been preserved.In the future,the observation mode of recording sunspots by hand-drawing will be replaced inevitably by digital images observed either at ground or in space.To connect the hand-drawn sunspot data and the purely digital sunspot data in future,it is necessary to analyze the systematic errors of the data which are observed by the two observation modes in the period of transition.In this paper,we choose 268 round sunspots(Htype in modified Zurich sunspot classification)from the drawing of Yunnan Observatories to compare their positions and areas with the CCD observations made by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager(HMI)on board Solar Dynamic Observatory(SDO)and Global Oscillation Network Group(GONG).We find that the latitude and longitude accuracy of hand-drawn sunspot are within-0.127 and 2.29 degree respectively,and the area accuracy is about 16.36 sunspot unit(μHem).Systematic errors apparently decrease with large sunspot.展开更多
The ratio of penumbral to umbra area of sunspots plays a crucial role in the solar physics fields, especially for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar activity cycle. By analyzing the recently digitized...The ratio of penumbral to umbra area of sunspots plays a crucial role in the solar physics fields, especially for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar activity cycle. By analyzing the recently digitized sunspot drawings observed from Yunnan Observatories(1957–2021), we investigate the long-term variation of the penumbral to umbra area ratio of sunspots. An automatic extraction method, based on the maximum between-class variance and the morphological discrimination, is used to accurately extract penumbra and umbra and to calculate the ratio over six solar cycles(cycle 19–24). The expected value of the ratio of penumbra to umbra area is found to be 6.63 ± 0.98, and it does not exhibit any systematic variation with sunspot latitudes and phases. The average ratio fluctuates from 5 to 7.5 per year and the overall trend has decreased after 1999 compared to the previous one.The ratio of sunspot penumbra to umbra area satisfies the log-normal distribution, implying that its variation is related to the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field. Our results are consistent with previous works.展开更多
Most model generated projections of climate change for the future decades only consider anthropogenic activities.It is hard to think about the effects of solar activity and volcano effects,because the predictions of b...Most model generated projections of climate change for the future decades only consider anthropogenic activities.It is hard to think about the effects of solar activity and volcano effects,because the predictions of both solar activity and volcano effects are difficult.But as we know,the sun is the source of energy for the Earth’s climate system,and展开更多
Three-and five-minute oscillations are commonly observed in any sunspot.Because they are modulated by the internal thermal and magnetic structures of a sunspot,they could be used as an effective tool for researching s...Three-and five-minute oscillations are commonly observed in any sunspot.Because they are modulated by the internal thermal and magnetic structures of a sunspot,they could be used as an effective tool for researching sunspot seismology.In this paper,we investigate the properties of oscillations in sunspot groups with varying sizes and magnetic fields,and aim to establish the relationships between sunspot oscillations and its internal structure comparatively.We selected three groups of the unipolar sunspot with approximately axial-symmetric magnetic field and calculated their Fourier spectra based on the ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet emission intensity variations recorded by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly.We found that the distribution of three-minute oscillation is defined by the joint effect of diverging magnetic field and the stratification of the sunspot atmosphere.Its distribution could be modified by any invading magnetic structures in the umbra.In contrast,the five-minute oscillations are more prominent in small spots,implying that five-minute oscillation is very closely connected with umbral dynamics.展开更多
The earthquake number was correlated (R2 = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the yea...The earthquake number was correlated (R2 = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the year of El Niño events (R2 = 0.9939) as well as to the year of earthquake events (R2 = 0.9943) in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru from 1977 to 2016. Therefore, there can be El Niño and earthquake events in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru if there are strong volcanic eruptions either from aboveground volcanoes or undersea seamounts in the GHS during the maximal sunspot number’s period. Global volcanic eruptions were occurred during the maximal temperature departure, the latter being reversely proportional (R2 = 0.4512) to the sunspot number from 1980 to 2019. Forest fires occurred in middle latitude countries (South Korea, California, western Russia, Australia) around 35 degree from Pacific Equator during La Niña events at the time of the minimal sunspot number. Since there were intense forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California in 2019, more are expected in 2030 due to the 11 year cyclical variation in the sunspot number. The sequence of forest fires can be schematically summarized as below. 1) La Niña event in Equator causes the low vapor pressure of water due to the low sea surface temperature (SST);2) There is the pumping of freshwater from the warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator with simultaneous transfer of heat (warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator) and mass (water enriched Pacific Ocean to water lean Equator);3) Strong winds from dry zone pass Mountains to cause the forest fires in the residential land with bushes and trees. 4) According to the Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure gradient between the high Mountains and the low Ocean, induces the decrease of static velocity gradient for vigorously upwards flares in the Mountains and the residential land during the forest fires, which may be why it is difficult to extinguish the forest fires until burnt up bushes and trees in the Mountains and residential land with serious damages. Most effective solution to forest fires is to change the events from La Niña to El Niño for reductions of temperature and pressure gradients by Gay-Lussac’s law. Such a transition may be induced by artificial submarine volcanic eruptions among volcanoes of Fernandina, Sierra Negra and Wolf in the GHS for Korea and California. As for Australia, artificial volcanic eruptions can be caused in huge underwater volcano chain in Tasmania. The strong damages of forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California were observed in the period of the minimal sunspot number, as were in October of 2019 to February of 2020. Simultaneous transfers of momentum (velocity), heat (temperature) and mass (freshwater) were occurred from the dry zone or the hot Deserts via the Mountains and the residential land with bushes and trees to the cold Sea or Ocean. It is expected the lowest SST during the year of the minimal sunspot number to induce the strong damages of forest fires, as was in South Korea, Australia and California during the years from 2019 to 2020. CO2 emissions in Australia showed 34.5% increase, 70% coal power and no nuclear power to induce bushfires because of increases of ozone hole area and UV radiation for the hot land in the period of La Niña. Fossil fuel operation should be cut down to decrease the ozone hole area and UV radiation for weak bushfires in Australia. A few coming years may still have bushfires in Australia although their damages may not be as terrible as was in 2020. A simple remedy can be the reduction of CO2 emissions as low as possible. It was proposed that the maximal sunspot number induced El Niño event, GHS volcanic eruption and Ecuadorian earthquakes, while the minimal sunspot number induced La Niña events in Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and intense forest fires in middle latitude countries of South Korea (forest fires), Australia (bushfires) and California (wildfires).展开更多
Studies on the periodic variation and the phase relationship between different solar activity indicators are useful for understanding the long-term evolution of solar activity cycles.Here we report the statistical ana...Studies on the periodic variation and the phase relationship between different solar activity indicators are useful for understanding the long-term evolution of solar activity cycles.Here we report the statistical analysis of grouped solar flare(GSF) and sunspot number(SN) during the time interval from January 1965 to March 2009.We find that,(1) the significant periodicities of both GSF and SN are related to the differential rotation periodicity,the quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO),and the eleven-year Schwabe cycle(ESC),but the specific values are not absolutely identical;(2) the ESC signal of GSF lags behind that of SN with an average of 7.8 months during the considered time interval,which implies that the systematic phase delays between GSF and SN originate from the inter-solar-cycle signal.Our results may provide evidence about the storage of magnetic energy in the corona.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11973084,11873087,12003066 and 11527804)Yunnan Key Laboratory of Solar Physics and Space Science under number 202205AG070009+5 种基金Yunnan Science Foundation of China under number:202201AT070194Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(No.2019061)CAS“Light of West China”ProgramYunnan Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.202001AV070004)Key Research and Development Project of Yunnan Province under number 202003AD150019Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by YNAST.9。
文摘The decay of sunspot plays a key role in magnetic flux transportation in solar active regions(ARs).To better understand the physical mechanism of the entire decay process of a sunspot,an α-configuration sunspot in AR NOAA 12411 was studied.Based on the continuum intensity images and vector magnetic field data with stray light correction from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager,the area,vector magnetic field and magnetic flux in the umbra and penumbra are calculated with time,respectively.Our main results are as follows:(1) The decay curves of the sunspot area in its umbra,penumbra,and whole sunspot take the appearance of Gaussian profiles.The area decay rates of the umbra,penumbra and whole sunspot are-1.56 MSH day^(-1),-12.61 MSH day^(-1) and-14.04 MSH day^(-1),respectively;(2) With the decay of the sunspot,the total magnetic field strength and the vertical component of the penumbra increase,and the magnetic field of the penumbra becomes more vertical.Meanwhile,the total magnetic field strength and vertical magnetic field strength for the umbra decrease,and the inclination angle changes slightly with an average value of about 20°;(3) The magnetic flux decay curves of the sunspot in its umbra,penumbra,and whole sunspot exhibit quadratic patterns,their magnetic flux decay rates of the umbra,penumbra and whole sunspot are-9.84 × 10^(19)Mx day^(-1),-1.59 × 10^(20)Mx day^(-1) and -2.60 × 10^(20)Mx day^(-1),respectively.The observation suggests that the penumbra may be transformed into the umbra,resulting in the increase of the average vertical magnetic field strength and the reduction of the inclination angle in the penumbra during the decay of the sunspot.
文摘In the present work,we study the time evolution,significance of the N-S asymmetry excesses presented as a function of the solar cycle and prominent rotational periods(~27 d)separately for the northern and southern hemispheres.We have investigated short-term variations of the hemispheric solar activity(sunspot numbers and sunspot areas)during the time period 2010-2015,which covers the ascending and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24.We have implemented the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and continuous wavelet transform power spectrum techniques to study the time evolution and dominant rotational periods separately for the northern and southern hemispheres,and whole solar disk.Our results showed that the northern hemisphere exhibited longer solar synodic periods than the southern hemisphere,indicating that the northern hemisphere has a lower rotation rate.Moreover,the northern hemisphere was found to be dominant before transferring to the southern hemisphere during mid-2013.Also,the sunspot areas clearly demonstrated a two-peak structure of solar activity in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively during 2012 and 2014.The statistical significance of the southern hemisphere affirmed enhanced excess during the maximum phase of solar cycle 24.
文摘In the present paper, the theoretical frame work of magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) is used to give a solution of the problem about the origin, persistence and disappearance of the Sunspots;as well as their tendency to appear as bipolar magnetic couples. According to the results obtained, a possible explanation about the change of polarity in both solar hemispheres is given. Heuristic but logical arguments about the periodicity of the phenomenon of the observed magnetic polarity and the tendency of couples of Sunspots to appear solely in certain latitudes that can be called tropical regions of the Sun are presented. Finally, an indirect experimental test is proposed to show the possible process that produces the polarity of the Sunspots in a given cycle, as well as the invertion of that polarity in the next solar cycle.
文摘Listed examples of virus transmission epidemics that can be strongly transmitted through the air<span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">caused by sunspot change cycle</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">analyzed the mechanism that promotes the generation of new viruses. From the schematic diagram of the changes in the combined force of the hydrodynamic effect of the sun sweeping the earth and the sweeping force, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">we </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtain the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">places that are prone to light vortices are 30 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees</span><span "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">south latitude on the east coast of the mainland creatively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The curved continental lines are perfect, the range of the light vortex generated is more obviously, and the effect is stronger. And the curved continental lines are perfect, the range of the light vortex generated is more obviously, and the effect is stronger. It is inferred that the light vortex produces the special amplified energy so</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> that can</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> make the virus mutate to produce a new highly infectious novel coronavirus. The earliest known place and time of the novel coronavirus origin are consistent with the reasoning of the new theory. Because the radius and frequency of the light vortex are different, the resulting virus strains are also different. Moreover, the fatality rate in the light vortex area is much higher than that in the non-light vortex area, indicating that the virus</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s toxicity and lethality are higher in the light vortex area, so it can explain why Russia, India, and countries in the African equatorial region mortality are much lower than the United States, Italy, Spain and Brazil. Finally, preventive and recommended measures are proposed.</span>
基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,U1931107)the Key Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province(2018FA035)+3 种基金the NSFC(Nos.11803005 and 11911530690)Shenzhen Technology Project(JCYJ20180306172239618)the NSFC(Grant Nos.11427901,11673038,11773038,11873062 and 11973056)the Open Research Program(KLSA202007)of Key Laboratory of Solar Activity of National Astronomical Observatory of China。
文摘A sunspot is an ideal waveguide for a variety of magnetohydrodynamic waves,which carry a significant amount of energy to the upper atmosphere and could be used as a tool to probe the magnetic and thermal structure of a sunspot.In this study,we used the New Vacuum Solar Telescope and took highresolution image sequences simultaneously in both Ti O(7058±10?A)and Hα(6562±2.5?A)bandpasses.We extracted the area and total emission intensity variations of sunspot umbra and analyzed the signals with synchrosqueezing transform.We found that the area and emission intensity varied with both three and five minute periodicity.Moreover,the area and intensity oscillated in phase with each other,this fact hold in both Ti O and Hαdata.We interpret this oscillatory signal as a propagating slow sausage wave.The propagation speed is estimated at about 8 km s^-1.We infer that this sunspot's umbra could have temperature as low as 2800–3500 K.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant numbers U2031202,U1731124 and U1531247the special foundation work of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China under Grant number 2014FY120300the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant number XXH13505-04。
文摘It is a significant task to predict the solar activity for space weather and solar physics. All kinds of approaches have been used to forecast solar activities, and they have been applied to many areas such as the solar dynamo of simulation and space mission planning. In this paper, we employ the long-shortterm memory(LSTM) and neural network autoregression(NNAR) deep learning methods to predict the upcoming 25 th solar cycle using the sunspot area(SSA) data during the period of May 1874 to December2020. Our results show that the 25 th solar cycle will be 55% stronger than Solar Cycle 24 with a maximum sunspot area of 3115±401 and the cycle reaching its peak in October 2022 by using the LSTM method. It also shows that deep learning algorithms perform better than the other commonly used methods and have high application value.
文摘Nebula theory is the most widely accepted hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System. This theoryholds that the Sun is formed from a collapsed gas cloud 4.57 billion years ago;when the core temperature of the gas cloud rises to 10million K, the thermonuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium is ignited, then the Sun become a star;once the hydrogen in thecore is exhausted, the life of the star will end. But the limited hydrogen element obviously cannot satisfy such a long-termthermonuclear reaction, in order to sustain long-term thermonuclear reactions, a steady stream of fuel must be obtained from space.So the existing hypothesis about the formation and evolution of the Solar System has serious defects. Thus the author has studied theformation of the Moon, the Earth and the Sun, and discovered the formation of the Sun and the real source of star energy. The authorcould also explain many solar activity phenomena such as sunspots, flares, prominences, etc.
文摘The HDPFF (heavy-disaster-period of forest fire) takes up 1 / 4-1 / 3 of all observation years, but the loss takes up 80-90% of all. The author studied the relations between forest fire activity in Heilongiiang Province from 1950 to 1989 and activity of sunspot, SSTA (sea surface temperature abnormality) of the North Pacific Ocean. The study discovered that : (1 )there was a negative correlation between forest fire condition in Heilongjiang Province and annual average of sunspot relative numbers, furthermore, the heavy-disaster-period was prone to occur in valley year and the next year; (2) SSTA in the North Pacific Ocean markedly influenced the forest fire activity and the level of its conditions in Heilongjiang province.
文摘In this paper, with the theory of nonlinear dynamic systems, It is analyzed that the dynamic behavior and the predictabilityfor the monthly mean variationsof the sunspot relative number recorded from January 1891 to December 1996. Inthe progress, the fractal dimension (D = 3. 3±0. 2) for the variation process wascomputed. This helped us to determine the embedded dimension [2×D + 1] = 7.By computing the Lyapunov index (λ1 = 0. 863), it was indicated that the variationprocess is a chaotic system. The Kolmogorov entropy (K = 0.0260) was also computed, which provides, theoretically, the predicable time scale. And at the end,according to the result of the analysis above, an experimental predication is made,whose data was a part cut from the sample data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41231068, 41374187, 41531073 and 41674147)
文摘We analyze sunspot rotation and magnetic transients in NOAA AR 11429 during two X-class(X5.4 and X1.3)flares using data from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory.A large leading sunspot with positive magnetic polarity rotated counterclockwise.As expected,the rotation was significantly affected by the two flares.Magnetic transients induced by the flares were clearly evident in the sunspots with negative polarity.They were moving across the sunspots with speed of order 3-7 km s^(-1).Furthermore,the trend of magnetic flux evolution in these sunspots exhibited changes associated with the flares.These results may shed light on understanding the evolution of sunspots.
文摘This paper analyses the relationship of forest fires and sunspots in Heilongjiang Province in the past 40 years(1950—1989).The results indicated that each of the forest fire in-dexes such as forest fire rate(Y1),times of forest fire(Y2),average forest fire area for one time Y4(equals the Y5/Y2)and total forest fire area(Y5)has a negatlve correlation with mean annual relative sunspots of the same year;total times of forest fire inside and outside of forest stands(Y3)bus a positive correlation with sunspots The 5 indexes stated above has a similar re-lation to last year’s mean annual relative sunspots.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1931107)the Key Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province (2018FA035)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11761141002 and 11873089)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS
文摘Three-and five-minute sunspot oscillations have different spatial distributions in the solar atmospheric layers.The spatial distributions are crucial for revealing the physical origin of sunspot oscillations and to investigate their propagation.In this study,six sunspots observed by Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly were used to obtain the spatial distributions of three-and five-minute oscillations.The fast Fourier transform method is applied to represent the power spectra of oscillation modes.We find that,from the temperature minimum to the lower corona,the powers of the fiveminute oscillation exhibit a circle-shape distribution around its umbra,and the shapes gradually expand with temperature increase.However,the circle-shape disappears and the powers of the oscillations appear to be very disordered in the higher corona.This indicates that the five-minute oscillation can be suppressed in the high-temperature region.For the three-minute oscillations,from the temperature minimum to the high corona,their powers mostly distribute within an umbra,and part of them are located at the coronal fan loop structures.Moreover,those relative higher powers are mostly concentrated in the position of coronal loop footpoints.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1731124,U1531247,11427901 and U1531247)the special foundation work of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2014FY120300)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XXH13505-04)。
文摘Quasi-biennial Oscillations(QBOs)of the Sun have a significant meaning as a benchmark of solar cycle,not only for understanding the dynamo action but also in terms of space weather prediction.In this paper,the hand-drawn sunspot images recorded from the Purple Mountain Observatory are used to investigate the solar QBOs and the Gnevyshev gap of the sunspot relative numbers(Rs)and group sunspot numbers(Rg)during the period 1954–2011.The main results are as follows:(1)both the Rs and Rg exhibit similar periods including the 22-year magnetic cycle,the 11-year Schwabe cycle,and the QBOs modes;(2)the reconstructed QBOs of both data sets exhibit coherent behavior and tend to have a high amplitude during the maximum phase of each solar cycle;(3)the Gnevyshev gap is produced by the superposition of the QBOs and the 11-year Schwabe cycle,and the Rs is better to study the variation of the Gnevyshev gap rather than the Rg.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1731124,U1531247,11427901 and 11873089)the special foundation work of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2014FY120300)+1 种基金the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XXH13505–04)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS.The hand-drawing historic。
文摘Sunspots are the most striking and easily observed magnetic structures of the Sun,and statistical analysis of solar historical data could reveal a wealth of information on the long-term variation of solar activity cycle.The hand-drawn sunspot records of Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences have been accumulating for more than 60 years,and nearly 16000 images have been preserved.In the future,the observation mode of recording sunspots by hand-drawing will be replaced inevitably by digital images observed either at ground or in space.To connect the hand-drawn sunspot data and the purely digital sunspot data in future,it is necessary to analyze the systematic errors of the data which are observed by the two observation modes in the period of transition.In this paper,we choose 268 round sunspots(Htype in modified Zurich sunspot classification)from the drawing of Yunnan Observatories to compare their positions and areas with the CCD observations made by Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager(HMI)on board Solar Dynamic Observatory(SDO)and Global Oscillation Network Group(GONG).We find that the latitude and longitude accuracy of hand-drawn sunspot are within-0.127 and 2.29 degree respectively,and the area accuracy is about 16.36 sunspot unit(μHem).Systematic errors apparently decrease with large sunspot.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U2031202 and U1731124)the special foundation work of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2014FY120300)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XXH13505-04)。
文摘The ratio of penumbral to umbra area of sunspots plays a crucial role in the solar physics fields, especially for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar activity cycle. By analyzing the recently digitized sunspot drawings observed from Yunnan Observatories(1957–2021), we investigate the long-term variation of the penumbral to umbra area ratio of sunspots. An automatic extraction method, based on the maximum between-class variance and the morphological discrimination, is used to accurately extract penumbra and umbra and to calculate the ratio over six solar cycles(cycle 19–24). The expected value of the ratio of penumbra to umbra area is found to be 6.63 ± 0.98, and it does not exhibit any systematic variation with sunspot latitudes and phases. The average ratio fluctuates from 5 to 7.5 per year and the overall trend has decreased after 1999 compared to the previous one.The ratio of sunspot penumbra to umbra area satisfies the log-normal distribution, implying that its variation is related to the evolution of the photospheric magnetic field. Our results are consistent with previous works.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41175066 and 41305054)
文摘Most model generated projections of climate change for the future decades only consider anthropogenic activities.It is hard to think about the effects of solar activity and volcano effects,because the predictions of both solar activity and volcano effects are difficult.But as we know,the sun is the source of energy for the Earth’s climate system,and
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.12173012 and 12111530078)the Shenzhen Technology project(GXWD20201230155427003-20200804151658001)supported by the Joint Funds of the NSFC(U1931107)。
文摘Three-and five-minute oscillations are commonly observed in any sunspot.Because they are modulated by the internal thermal and magnetic structures of a sunspot,they could be used as an effective tool for researching sunspot seismology.In this paper,we investigate the properties of oscillations in sunspot groups with varying sizes and magnetic fields,and aim to establish the relationships between sunspot oscillations and its internal structure comparatively.We selected three groups of the unipolar sunspot with approximately axial-symmetric magnetic field and calculated their Fourier spectra based on the ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet emission intensity variations recorded by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly.We found that the distribution of three-minute oscillation is defined by the joint effect of diverging magnetic field and the stratification of the sunspot atmosphere.Its distribution could be modified by any invading magnetic structures in the umbra.In contrast,the five-minute oscillations are more prominent in small spots,implying that five-minute oscillation is very closely connected with umbral dynamics.
文摘The earthquake number was correlated (R2 = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the year of El Niño events (R2 = 0.9939) as well as to the year of earthquake events (R2 = 0.9943) in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru from 1977 to 2016. Therefore, there can be El Niño and earthquake events in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru if there are strong volcanic eruptions either from aboveground volcanoes or undersea seamounts in the GHS during the maximal sunspot number’s period. Global volcanic eruptions were occurred during the maximal temperature departure, the latter being reversely proportional (R2 = 0.4512) to the sunspot number from 1980 to 2019. Forest fires occurred in middle latitude countries (South Korea, California, western Russia, Australia) around 35 degree from Pacific Equator during La Niña events at the time of the minimal sunspot number. Since there were intense forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California in 2019, more are expected in 2030 due to the 11 year cyclical variation in the sunspot number. The sequence of forest fires can be schematically summarized as below. 1) La Niña event in Equator causes the low vapor pressure of water due to the low sea surface temperature (SST);2) There is the pumping of freshwater from the warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator with simultaneous transfer of heat (warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator) and mass (water enriched Pacific Ocean to water lean Equator);3) Strong winds from dry zone pass Mountains to cause the forest fires in the residential land with bushes and trees. 4) According to the Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure gradient between the high Mountains and the low Ocean, induces the decrease of static velocity gradient for vigorously upwards flares in the Mountains and the residential land during the forest fires, which may be why it is difficult to extinguish the forest fires until burnt up bushes and trees in the Mountains and residential land with serious damages. Most effective solution to forest fires is to change the events from La Niña to El Niño for reductions of temperature and pressure gradients by Gay-Lussac’s law. Such a transition may be induced by artificial submarine volcanic eruptions among volcanoes of Fernandina, Sierra Negra and Wolf in the GHS for Korea and California. As for Australia, artificial volcanic eruptions can be caused in huge underwater volcano chain in Tasmania. The strong damages of forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California were observed in the period of the minimal sunspot number, as were in October of 2019 to February of 2020. Simultaneous transfers of momentum (velocity), heat (temperature) and mass (freshwater) were occurred from the dry zone or the hot Deserts via the Mountains and the residential land with bushes and trees to the cold Sea or Ocean. It is expected the lowest SST during the year of the minimal sunspot number to induce the strong damages of forest fires, as was in South Korea, Australia and California during the years from 2019 to 2020. CO2 emissions in Australia showed 34.5% increase, 70% coal power and no nuclear power to induce bushfires because of increases of ozone hole area and UV radiation for the hot land in the period of La Niña. Fossil fuel operation should be cut down to decrease the ozone hole area and UV radiation for weak bushfires in Australia. A few coming years may still have bushfires in Australia although their damages may not be as terrible as was in 2020. A simple remedy can be the reduction of CO2 emissions as low as possible. It was proposed that the maximal sunspot number induced El Niño event, GHS volcanic eruption and Ecuadorian earthquakes, while the minimal sunspot number induced La Niña events in Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and intense forest fires in middle latitude countries of South Korea (forest fires), Australia (bushfires) and California (wildfires).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0404603)the Joint Research Fund in Astronomy(Nos.U1831204,U1931141 and U1631129)under cooperative agreement between the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)+3 种基金the NSFC(11903009)the Yunnan Key Research and Development Program(2018IA054)the open research program of the CAS Key Laboratory of Solar Activity(KLSA201807)the major scientific research project of Guangdong regular institutions of higher learning(2017KZDXM062)
文摘Studies on the periodic variation and the phase relationship between different solar activity indicators are useful for understanding the long-term evolution of solar activity cycles.Here we report the statistical analysis of grouped solar flare(GSF) and sunspot number(SN) during the time interval from January 1965 to March 2009.We find that,(1) the significant periodicities of both GSF and SN are related to the differential rotation periodicity,the quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO),and the eleven-year Schwabe cycle(ESC),but the specific values are not absolutely identical;(2) the ESC signal of GSF lags behind that of SN with an average of 7.8 months during the considered time interval,which implies that the systematic phase delays between GSF and SN originate from the inter-solar-cycle signal.Our results may provide evidence about the storage of magnetic energy in the corona.