混合储能聚合商参与能量-调频市场控制策略

提出了一种混合储能聚合商(hybrid energy storage aggregator,HESA)参与能量-调频市场的控制策略。首先,对于独立系统运营商(ISO)发出的调频指令信号进行VMDWVD时频域分析,重构固有模态分量(IMF)生成高频信号与低频信号,分别作为HESA中功率型储能和能量型储能的输入信号。其次,构建了计及多市场价格不确定性的HESA投标与运行策略min-max-min模型,基于列和约束生成算法(C&CG)和强对偶理论对主子问题进行迭代交替求解。最后,基于实际PJM市场的价格、调频信号等数据进行了仿真,验证了HESA主体投标运营策略的有效性。

含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频研究

针对新能源在电网中渗透率不断提高导致系统调频容量和频率响应能力不足的问题,提出一种含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频方法。首先,建立了电解铝工业负荷、废旧矿井抽蓄电站和超级电容频率响应模型。然后,基于模型预测控制理论,以系统状态量和控制量的加权函数最小为目标,设计区域信息互动的分布式模型预测控制器,并提出含废旧矿井抽蓄电站的源-荷-储协同控制调频方法。最后,将分布式模型预测控制器应用在所提源-荷-储协同控制方法中,并在改进的IEEE标准两区域LFC模型中进行仿真。结果表明所提方法可以缩短频率恢复时间,减小最大频差值,改善系统调频动态性能。

Voltage Stabilization of Hybrid Micro-Grid Using Super Capacitors

Scarcity of fossil fuel resources has motivated the researchers to develop renewable energy based power projects. Instead of using a single or independent renewable energy source, it is preferable to use the combination of such energy sources in a distributed way to compensate the power fluctuations of the system and this leads to the concept of hybrid micro-grid energy. Voltage stability is an important parameter for the secure operation of the hybrid-micro grid, and IEEE 1547 Standard defines the limit of the voltage for the successful operation of the micro-grid. Although Vanadium Redox Batteries (VRBs) can help the system to stabilize the voltage when voltage sag occurs when a heavy load is suddenly connected to the system, this stabilization process takes some time. This paper discusses the application of super capacitors to the hybrid micro-grid system, as a higher energy density element, to help the system quickly recover its transient voltage.

Power management in co-phase traction power supply system with super capacitor energy storage for electrified railways

Increasing railway traffic and energy utilization issues prompt electrified railway systems to be more economical,efficient and sustainable.As regenerative braking energy in railway systems has huge potential for optimized utilization,a lot of research has been focusing on how to use the energy efficiently and gain sustainable benefits.The energy storage system is an alternative because it not only deals with regenerative braking energy but also smooths drastic fluctuation of load power profile and optimizes energy management.In this work,we propose a co-phase traction power supply system with super capacitor(CSS_SC)for the purpose of realizing the function of energy management and power quality management in electrified railways.Besides,the coordinated control strategy is presented to match four working modes,including traction,regenerative braking,peak shaving and valley filling.A corresponding simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the feasibility of the proposed system under dynamic working conditions.The results demonstrate that CSS_SC is flexible to deal with four different working conditions and can realize energy saving within the allowable voltage unbalance of 0.008%in simulation in contrast to 1.3%of the standard limit.With such a control strategy,the performance of super capacitor is controlled to comply with efficiency and safety constraints.Finally,a case study demonstrates the improvement in power fluctuation with the valley-to-peak ratio reduced by 20.3%and the daily load factor increased by 17.9%.

基于超级电容储能的HL-3装置中性束逆变型高压电源模块设计

高压电源是中性束注入加热系统的重要组成部分,决定着束能量和引出束流的品质。随着电压等级的逐步提高,脉冲阶梯调制(Pulse Step Modulation,PSM)高压电源无法满足实验要求。为了实现中性束调制注入功率的快速切换,提出一种基于超级电容储能的逆变型高压电源。采用超级电容储能方式,降低所需电网容量,减小对电网的冲击。采用软开关技术的直流(DC)-直流(DC)谐振变换器结构,提高电源的响应速度,减小开关器件的开关损耗。设计电源模块电路拓扑,根据电源性能指标要求完成系统建模计算。建立充电电路和主回路的电力仿真软件PSIM(Power SIMulation)仿真模型,对电源性能指标进行仿真验证。最后搭建了逆变电源模块测试样机,进行了阶跃响应、电压纹波和软开关性能指标测试。仿真及实验验证结果表明:设计的电源模块能够实现1 600 V/50 A的稳定输出,满足6 MW/120 kV设计要求。

Electrochemical performance of nickel oxide/KOH/active carbon super-capacitor

The fabrication and characterization of new type Nickel oxide/KOH/Activecarbon super-capacitor have been described. Porous nickel oxide was prepared by hydrolysis of nickelacetate and heated in air at 300 deg C. The resulting nickel oxide behaved as an electrochemicalcapacitor electrode with a specific capacitance (50-70 F/g) superior to most active carbonelectrodes. This kind of nickel oxide maintained high utilization at high rate of discharge (i.e.,high power density) and had excellent cycle life more than 1000 times, while the capacitance of thecell composed of two identical nickel oxide electrodes was poor at high discharge current densityand the maximum operational voltage of this type capacitor was limited to 0.5 V. A new typesuper-capacitor was designed in which the nickel oxide and the active carbon were applied to thepositive and negative electrodes respectively. The breakdown voltage of this type super-capacitorwas improved effectively to 0.8 V and excellent characteristic of high power discharge was attainedin this way. The Nickel oxide/KOH/Active carbon super-capacitor has promising potentials in portabletelecommunications, uninterruptable power supplies and battery load leveling applications.

Composite Electrodeposited PbO2/Co3O4 on a Ti Substrate as Positive Electrode Materials for a Hybrid Supercapacitor

PbO2/Co3O4 composites were prepared on a Ti substrate by means of a composite electrodeposition method in Pb2+ plating solution containing dissolved nano-Co3O4 particles. X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS） and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were used to characterize the chemical composition and morphology of the PbO2/Co3O4 composites. The electrochemical and capacitance performance of the composites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry（CV）, charge-discharge tests and electrochemical impedance（EIS）. The results indicate that the composites comprise rutile phase Co3O4 and β-PbO2. In addition, the surface of the composite electrode is rough and porous. The PbO2/Co3O4 composites exhibit a high specific capacitance up to 215 F/g, which is ten times higher than that of the pure-PbO2 and two times higher than that of the pure-Co3O4 in 1 mol/L NaOH electrolytes.

Carbonaceous mesophase spherule/activated carbon composite as anode materials for super lithium ion capacitors

A series of carbonaceous mesophase spherule/activated carbon composites were prepared as anode materials for super lithium ion capacitors using carbonaceous mesophase spherules as the core materials and pitch as the active carbon shell precursor.The structures of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The electrochemical performance was investigated in electric double layer capacitor and half-cell.The results show that,the composite exhibits good performance in both capacitor and battery with a high reversible capacity of 306.6 mA·h/g(0.2C) in the half-cell,along with a capacitance of 25.8 F/g in the capacitor when an optimum ratio of carbonaceous mesophase spherules to active carbon is adopted.The composite also shows a favorable rate performance and good cycle ability.A working model of this anode in super lithium ion capacitors was established.

The Research of Hybrid Energy Management System Based on Super Capacitor

This paper designs energy management system of the super capacitance in parallel hybrid electric vehicle,through dynamic instantaneous optimal control strategy,ameliorate the comprehensive efficiency of hybrid system,improve the vehicle fuel economy.Simulated using software matlab6.5 / advisor2002 modeling simulation and verify,which indicates that the super capacitor hybrid huge market prospects and practical significance.

Electrochemical Introduction of Active Sites into Super-long Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Capacitance

Electrochemical cyclic voltammetric（CV） scan was applied to inducing the partial oxidation and defects of carbon nanotubes（CNTs）.The electrochemically induced functional groups and physical defects were demonstrated to show positive effects on the nanotube capacitance,as exemplified by super-long CNT arrays as model for the easy fabrication of CNT electrodes.Specifically,the initial hydrophobic nanotube surface becomes hydrophilic and a ten-time enhancement in capacitance is observed with respect to the pristine CNT sample.Thus,the electrochemical CV pretreatment can be used as an effective approach to activate the CNT surface for an enhanced electrochemical performance in capacitors,and many other advanced devices beyond capacitors,such as electrochemical sensors and batteries.

The storage mechanism difference between amorphous and anatase as supercapacitors

Although TiO_(2)nanotubes is a promising electrode as supercapacitors due to its high energy density,easy synthesis and chemical stability,there are draw backs such as low conductivity and capacitance.Many studies concentrated on improving its electrochemical performance itself but little attention was payed to the reason of capacitance differences caused by its different crystal structures.Herein,we prepare amorphous and anatase TiO_(2)nanotubes and hydrogenated them by a simple electrochemical hydrogenation method to improve their conductivity and capacitance.And then study and compare their morphology and structure differences by SEM,TEM,XRD and BET.The results show that the pore size distribution,internal structure order and internal carrier concentration are the main reasons for their electrochemical performance differences.The microporous structure less than 2 nm in amorphous nanotubes act as a trap of electrolyte ions at current density larger than 0.1μA cm^(-2),leading to small charge and discharge capacitance.The long-range ordered crystal structure of anatase is more favorable for the orderly diffusion of carriers,reducing the inelastic scattering of carrier diffusion process and the electron hole-complexing probability,making anatase nanotubes exhibit higher coulomb efficiency and cycle stability than that of amorphous ones.

Research on 48 V Super Capacitor Micro Hybrid System with 12 V Power Supply Multiplexing Function

48 V lithium battery micro hybrid system is the most fuel economy vehicle which can be mass produced at present.However,with the irreversible internal resistance increase of the key component 48 V lithium battery,and the capacity continues to decline,the system performance deteriorate.Worst case could be the system not functional in the middle and later age of vehicle life cycle.This paper studies the feasibility of using 48 V super capacitor as the replacement to 48 V lithium battery,and uses a 12 V module of 48 V super capacitor as the traditional 12 V power supply,further reducing the number of components or reducing the demand for parts of 48 V micro hybrid system.This paper analyses the 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system scheme,based on which a prototype is built,and carries out the vehicle comparative test.The results show that:(1)The performance of 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system perform comparably with 48 V lithium battery micro hybrid system,and 12 V multiplexing function does not cause power loss of super capacitor;(2)The SOC fluctuation of super capacitor is larger than that of lithium battery,but it can satisfy all test conditions through the strategy;(3)The voltage mutation of super capacitor is smaller than that of lithium battery.It can greatly reduce the impact of voltage on vehicle electrical appliances.The 48 V super capacitor micro hybrid system with 12 V multiplexing function is of great significance.

Molecular Gas Distribution around the Supernova Remnant G40.5-0.5

The distribution of dense molecular gas around the supernova rem- nant G40.5-0.5 has been investigated by radio spectroscopic observations in the CO （J=1 - 0） transition. The molecular gas is found to extend over the entire region of G40.5-0.5. A molecular shell, with a diameter of ～ 26′, coincides with the ionized gas as revealed by the cm-radio observations. This coincidence, along with the velocity discontinuity following the shell, provides direct evidence for interaction between the ionized gas and the dense molecular gas. No clear evidence for cosmic-ray accelera- tion can be identified from this SNR as previously suggested, due to positional uncertainty in relating the SNR shell defined by CO to the EGRET gamma-ray sources, GRO J1904＋06, from the gamma-ray observations.

基于光储协同的改进型低压穿越控制策略

针对光伏发电系统低压穿越过程中传统控制策略引起的逆变器直流电压泵升,以及储能装置参与协调过程中存在的调节被动和响应滞后问题,提出一种基于光储协同的改进型低压穿越控制策略。首先,揭示不平衡功率在逆变器直流侧堆积是电压泵升的关键原因;其次,以并网点电压支撑与不平衡功率抑制为双重目标,构建逆变器参考电流自适应生成模块,通过优化逆变器低压穿越期间的电流指令抑制不平衡功率的产生。在此基础上,设置直接功率控制的超级电容储能,使其依据光伏与逆变器输出的实时功率差值主动协同消纳超出抑制能力的不平衡功率。仿真结果表明,改进型低压穿越控制策略在保证并网点电压支撑的前提下,通过分级调控获得更快的响应和调节速度,有效解决了逆变器直流侧电压升高问题。

计及实时最大功率约束的高速磁浮列车再生制动能量存储利用

针对高速磁浮列车牵引供电系统结构及运行规则特殊性导致再生制动能量无法主动利用、能量回馈方式对局域网电压影响大的问题,在对高速磁浮列车牵引供电系统结构和能量流动机理进行分析的基础上,给出基于地面式超级电容储能的高速磁浮列车再生制动能量回收利用系统拓扑结构;考虑高速磁浮列车再生制动能量回收系统容量配置小、超级电容工作电压变化明显的特性,以高效回收再生制动能量为目标,将储能系统实时的可运行最大功率作为约束功率,制定相应的能量管理策略,实现系统不同工况下的能量管理,并通过分层控制策略实现整个再生制动能量利用系统的高效运行。通过仿真验证所提再生制动能量回收利用系统及控制策略的有效性,结果表明:所提方案可使高速磁浮列车牵引能耗降低21.83%;与储能系统采用固定功率约束的功率分配方式相比,再生制动能量利用率提高了11.9%。

新能源储能微电网惯量支撑性能研究

针对传统虚拟惯量控制无法在频率恢复阶段使直流母线电压恢复至额定的问题,提出1种采用高通滤波器的虚拟惯量控制方法。MATLAB/Simulink仿真结果表明,直流母线电压变化可以反应微电网实时频率,新型虚拟惯量控制策略可以保证频率变化全过程稳定,在频率恢复阶段减小虚拟惯量加快频率恢复,为后续频率调节提供充足时间裕度。高通滤波器虚拟惯量控制方法可以使直流母线电压恢复至初值,在不改变超级电容储能惯量支撑的基础上,使新能源储能微电网保持直流母线电压稳定。

Application of Rare Earth Spin Finishes Chloride on PET/PA Composite Super-fine Denier Fiber

The primariy application of rare - earth spin finishes on PET/PA composite super - fine denier fiber has been studied in this paper. It results in the improvement of fi-ber’s properties, such as increased whiteness, brightness and brilliance, effective and uniform spliting of compos-ite fiber into super - fine denier fiber and enhanced dye-ing effect.

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统能量管理方法综述

锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统因其良好的性能、较低的成本和较强的通用性,已成为应用最为广泛的混合储能系统。能量管理技术是混合储能系统的核心技术之一,也是当前主要的研究热点。为了系统地对混合储能系统能量管理方法进行综述,本文首先对锂离子电池/超级电容器混合储能系统的拓扑结构、能量管理架构以及功率分配控制进行了介绍;而后,本文将现有的混合储能系统能量管理方法分为基于经验、基于优化、基于工况模式识别和基于机器学习5大类并进行了详细的对比分析,重点针对规律性工况与随机性工况讨论了各类能量管理方法的效能,并分析了各类方法的鲁棒性与计算复杂度;最后,本文对现有的能量管理方法进行了总结,并对该领域未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望。综合分析表明,提高对随机性负载未来工况的预测精度、建立更加精准的混合储能系统模型并通过云端协同进一步提升能量管理方法的实时性将是未来混合储能系统能量管理研究的重点。

软开关双向DC-DC变换器控制模型

针对在大功率能量存储场合适用的非隔离双向DC-DC变换器一般存在着开关损耗大、断续工作时寄生振荡等问题,研究了非隔离双向DC-DC变换器的基本原理,为了提高系统的功率密度减少系统损耗,半桥变换器的开关管互补导通,并工作在电感电流断续过零状态以实现软开关。对采用超级电容的双向变换器进行了定量分析,分析并计算了主电路电感与电容参数。同时,通过对双向变换器的控制模型的分析,对超级电容采用恒流充电、恒流恒压放电的策略,实现了双向DC-DC变换器双向工作的稳定。在以上理论分析的基础上,搭建了实验样机进行实验验证,仿真和实验结果验证了本文控制模型分析的正确性。

基于磁集成结构DC-DC变换器的超级电容储能系统

针对电力驱动设备用电的波动性,提出一种新型磁集成的超级电容储能系统应用于电力驱动设备。该储能系统采用新型磁集成结构的DC-DC变换器,该变换器能较大地减少磁件体积和电流脉动,自身损耗小。储能系统在给设备提供足够电能的同时,还可以稳定供给电压,优化电能质量。通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真和实验结果表明,该储能系统能够很好地跟踪负载电流,及时补充欠缺电能,吸收多余电能,在负载阶跃变化时,直流母线电压变化不超过额定电压的3.33%,与传统解决方案相比,该系统具有更好的性能和工程实用价值。