Thermomechanical and Hydrous Effect of Heavy Fuel Oil in a Building Material Based on Silty Clayey Soil

This study focuses on the use of heavy fuel oil in construction in Burkina Faso.Mixed with silty and/or clay soil,it is used as a coating to reinforce the walls of raw soil constructions which are very sensitive to water.The interest of this paper is to shed light on the thermomechanical and above all water effects of heavy fuel oil on a sample of silty clayey soil.To achieve this,we used heavy fuel oil added in different proportions to silty clayey soil,to make sample of bricks on which tests were carried out.At the end of the experimental tests carried out on materials made(bricks)with our soil sample,it appears that heavy fuel oil moderately reduces the mechanical resistance of bricks and slightly increases thermal diffusion through them.On the contrary,we note a very good water resistance of the bricks thanks to the heavy fuel oil,in particular their water absorption by capillarity.This confirms that the mixture of heavy fuel oil and a silty-clayey soil used as a coating makes it possible to prevent the infiltration of water into the walls of raw soil constructions.However,its use as a construction material does not guarantee very good mechanical resistance,and slightly increases thermal diffusion.

Numerical simulation of heavy fuel oil atomization using a pulsed pressure-swirl injector

It is known that increasing the injection pressure reduces the breakup length and the droplet size.Adding pulses,on the other hand,helps to atomize the liquid into finer droplets,similar to airassisted injectors but without altering the airtofuel concentration.To further reduce the droplet size and breakup length,a novel injector type,called''Pulsed PressureSwirl"(PPS),is introduced in this work,which is a combination of pressureswirl and ultrasonic pulsed injectors.A pressureswirl atomizer was designed and fabricated specifically for Mazut HFO(Heavy Fuel Oil).The droplet formation process and droplet size distribution have been studied experimentally(by shadowgraphy high speed imaging)and numerically(with the opensource VolumeofFluid code Gerris).Changing liquid injection pressure effect on the spray angle and film thickness has been quantified.These simulations have been used to study the primary breakup process and quantify the droplet size distributions,using different injection pulse frequencies and pressures.The numerical results have revealed that the new injector concept successfully produces finer droplets and results in a decrease in the breakup length,especially when applying high pulse frequencies,with no significant changes in the spray angle.

Investigation on the biodegradation levels of super heavy oils by parameter-striping method and refined Manco scale: a case study from the Chepaizi Uplift of Junggar Basin

The Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the Chepaizi Uplift became an exploration hot target in recent years for its substantial amount of oils discovered. However, most of the Carboniferous heavy oils were biodegraded to PM7 or higher with orders of magnitude variation in oil viscosities. Two oil groups (I and II) exactly corresponding to the western and eastern Chepaizi Uplift were distinguished according to their source diagnose. Furthermore, three oil families (II1, II2 and II3), with the biodegradation level of PM7, PM8–8+, PM9+, respectively, were classified based on molecular compositions and parameter-stripping method of strongly bioresistant parameters. Allowing for this extremely high biodegradation case, more biodegradation refractory compound class were added to establish a refined Manco scale to quantitatively evaluate the biodegradation extent. Refined Manco number (RMN2) positively correlated with the oil density, NSO contents, and absolute concentrations of diasteranes and gammacerane, negatively correlated with the absolute concentrations of diahopane, summed tricyclic terpanes and pentacyclic terpanes. This refined scale showed higher resolution than the PM one to differentiate the biodegradation extent of Carboniferous heavy oils from the Chepaizi Uplift, especially those with same PM values but different oil viscosities.

Distribution of calcium, nickel, iron, and manganese in super-heavy oil from Liaohe Oilfield, China

Liaohe super-heavy crude oil was separated into its components, namely saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes （SARA）, by the group separation method. Several solvents were used to extract different forms of metallic elements from crude oil. The metallic elements, such as calcium, nickel, iron and manganese, in crude oil, SARA and extract samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES）. The results demonstrate that the contents of calcium, nickel, iron, and manganese gradually increase in saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes, suggesting that the abundance of the four metallic elements in asphaltenes is much higher than that in the other groups. For example, the content of calcium in asphaltenes reaches a maximum of 7,920 pg/g. Among the SARA components of Liaohe super-heavy crude oil, resins account for more than 50 wt%, suggesting that the total amount of the four metallic elements are higher in the resin component than in other components. The four metallic elements mainly exist in the form of organic metallic compounds in crude oil. Further analysis shows that calcium and manganese elements exist mainly as metal salts of petroleum acids, and the majority of the iron and all the nickel exist mainly as metalloporphyrin and non-metalloporphyrin compounds.

Identification of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil

In this study, petroleum acids were extracted from the super-heavy oil of Liaohe oilfield, North-east China, by using acetic acid, and their structural components and properties were investigated by using FT-IR and MS. Moreover, the trace metal contents in the super-heavy oil sample before and after acetic acid treatment were also measured in this work. The results showed that naphthenic acids were the main component of petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil, and the content of naphthenic acids with double rings was higher than that of other naphthenic acids. It can be concluded that petroleum acids in Liaohe super-heavy oil mainly consist of naphthenic acids, with a carbon number of around 11–69 and containing one to six naphthenic rings and/or one to two aromatic rings, and mainly exists in form of metal salts of petroleum acid. The molecular weight of petroleum acids is in the range of 190–1000.

Air-SAGD technology for super-heavy oil reservoirs

The air oxidation of super-heavy oil at low temperature was studied in laboratory and its influences on oil viscosity, component and steam sweep efficiency before and after air-injection were analyzed. The feasibility, operation mode and air flooding effect at the late stage of steam assisted gravity drainage(SAGD) were investigated by numerical simulation. The experimental results show for vertical-horizontal well pair SAGD test area of Xing VI Formation in Block Du 84 of Liaohe Oilfield, the low temperature oxidation occurred between 150-250 ?C(steam chamber temperature), the oil viscosity increased greatly after low temperature oxidation, consequently, the oil displacement efficiency dropped sharply. Three development methods in the late stage of SAGD were simulated, i.e., steam + air low temperature oxidation, only air low temperature oxidation and only air high temperature oxidation. By comparing production dynamic curves and residual oil distribution etc., high temperature oxidation reduced the heat loss in late stage of SAGD, recovered the residual oil effectively, and prolonged reservoir development time.

Microscopic and macroscopic atomization characteristics of a pressure-swirl atomizer, injecting a viscous fuel oil

Combustion of heavy fuels is one of the main sources of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, ashes, NOxand SOx. Gasification is an advanced and environmentally friendly process that generates combustible and clean gas products such as hydrogen. Some entrained flow gasifiers operate with Heavy Fuel Oil(HFO) feedstock. In this application, HFO atomization is very important in determining the performance and efficiency of the gasifiers.The atomization characteristics of HFO(Mazut) discharging from a pressure-swirl atomizer(PSA) are studied for different pressures difference(Δp) and temperatures in the atmospheric ambient. The investigated parameters include atomizer mass flow rate( _m), discharge coefficient(CD), spray cone angle(θ), breakup length(Lb), the unstable wavelength of undulations on the liquid sheet(λs), global and local SMD(sauter mean diameter) and size distribution of droplets. The characteristics of Mazut sheet breakup are deduced from the shadowgraph technique. The experiments on Mazut film breakup were compared with the predictions obtained from the liquid film breakup model. Validity of the theory for predicting maximum unstable wavelength was investigated for HFO(as a highly viscous liquid). A modification on the formulation of maximum unstable wavelength was presented for HFO. SMD decreases by getting far from the atomizer. The measurement for SMD and θ were compared with the available correlations. The comparisons of the available correlations with the measurements of SMD andθ show a good agreement for Ballester and Varde correlations, respectively. The results show that the experimental sizing data could be presented by Rosin-Rammler distributions very well at different pressure difference and temperatures.

The Biomarker Changes of a Heavy Fuel Oil After Different Weathering Times

This paper presents the experimental results of composition changes of heavy fuel oil by stmulating weathering in static seawater under natural environmental conditions. The results indicate： n-C10 to n-C15 were lost gradually in 24 weeks and the relative abundance of alkanes with long chains （〉n-C19） increased markedly. The aromatic compounds with less than two tings （except C4N） were completely lost in 24 weeks and CnP and CnD became the main aromatics in the heavy fuel oil after 24 weeks. The ratios of n- C1/Pristane （Pr） and n-C18 Phytane （Ph） were suitable for identifying lightly weathered （3 weeks） heavy fuel oil. The ratios of n-ClT/n-C18 and Pr/Ph were suitable for identifying moderately weathered heavy fuel oil （12 weeks）; the ratios of C2D/C2P and C3D/C3P did not change significantly in 24 weeks and were more suitable for identifying moderately weathered heavy fuel oil （24 weeks）.

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions for Low-Sulfur Heavy Oil Used in Low-Speed Two-Stroke Diesel Engines of Ocean-Going Ships

In this work,particulate matter(PM) emissions from a large two-stroke,low-speed marine diesel engine were investigated when the engine was operated with low-sulfur heavy fuel oil(HFO) at various loads.Particle samples were collected in situ from the engine exhaust to determine the detailed physical and chemical properties.The nanostructure and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy images(TEM).The results show that volatile organic carbon(OC) accounts for more than 80% in the HFO particles and leads to an increase in particle size.The thermodynamic conditions of a low-speed engine favor the behavior of capturing the soluble organic components.A large number of spherical char HFO particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0.2 μm-0.5 μm and a suspected inner metal core were detected.The two peak aerodynamic diameters of the HFO nanoparticles are 15 nm and 86 nm.The morphological differences among the HFO nanoparticles in varied engine conditions represent the formation process from primary nascent particles to mature graphitized particles caused by thermodynamics.The above study will be valuable for understanding the characteristics of PM emissions from low-sulfur HFO to achieve the ship PM emissions reduction target.

A parametric study of the hydrodynamic roughness produced by a wall coating layer of heavy oil

In water-lubricated pipeline transportation of heavy oil and bitumen, a thin oil film typically coats the pipe wall. A detailed study of the hydrodynamic effects of this fouling layer is critical to the design and operation of oil-water pipelines, as it can increase the pipeline pressure loss （and pumping power requirements） by 15 times or more. In this study, a parametric investigation of the hydrodynamic effects caused by the wall coating of viscous oil was conducted. A custom-built rectangular flow cell was used. A validated CFD-based procedure was used to determine the hydrodynamic roughness from the measured pressure losses. A similar procedure was followed for a set of pipe loop tests. The effects of the thickness of the oil coating layer, the oil viscosity, and water flow rate on the hydrodynamic roughness were evaluated. Oil viscosities from 3 to 21300 Pa s were tested. The results show that the equivalent hydrodynamic roughness produced by a wall coating layer of viscous oil is dependent on the coating thickness but essentially independent of oil viscosity. A new correlation was developed using these data to predict the hydrodynamic roughness for flow conditions in which a viscous oil coating is produced on the pipe wall.

Diffusion coefficients of natural gas in foamy oil systems under high pressures

The diffusion coefficient of natural gas in foamy oil is one of the key parameters to evaluate the feasibility of gas injection for enhanced oil recovery in foamy oil reservoirs. In this paper, a PVT cell was used to measure diffusion coefficients of natural gas in Venezuela foamy oil at high pressures, and a new method for deter- mining the diffusion coefficient in the foamy oil was de- veloped on the basis of experimental data. The effects of pressure and the types of the liquid phase on the diffusion coefficient of the natural gas were discussed. The results indicate that the diffusion coefficients of natural gas in foamy oil, saturated oil, and dead oil increase linearly with increasing pressure. The diffusion coefficient of natural gas in the foamy oil at 20 MPa was 2.93 times larger than that at 8.65 MPa. The diffusion coefficient of the natural gas in dead oil was 3.02 and 4.02 times than that of the natural gas in saturated oil and foamy oil when the pressure was 20 MPa. However, the gas content of foamy oil was 16.9 times higher than that of dead oil when the dissolution time and pressure were 20 MPa and 35.22 h, respectively.

超稠油老区氮气辅助VHSD开发数值模拟

转直井辅助水平井重力泄油(VHSD)开发方式已成为超稠油老区进一步提高区块采油速度、油藏采收率的重要调整手段。氮气辅助VHSD的增能提压、顶部隔热效应可有效解决超稠油老区吞吐后压力保持程度低、驱泄操作压力低、蒸汽腔温度低的问题,进而实现节约蒸汽用量、提高产油水平、提升油汽比和减耗降碳的目的。以克拉玛依油田九区某VHSD开发单元为例,采用数值模拟方法分析了在氮气辅助VHSD开发过程中注氮时机、注氮方式、注氮量等参数对提压增能、建立隔热层的影响,以及采出速度和累计注采的变化特点。研究表明,转驱泄初期采用段塞方式注入氮气可有效建立隔热层;矿场试验表明,井组油汽比提升0.025,日产油提升0.7 t,取得了较好的应用效果。研究成果为同类型超稠油老区氮气辅助VHSD效益开发提供了技术借鉴。

海上超稠油高温脱水技术研究

某海上超稠油富含胶质和沥青质,原油密度大、黏度高、油水密度差小、原油流动性差,并且油水乳化严重,导致热化学沉降脱水速度慢、脱水周期长。因海上平台空间受限和缺少稀油资源,该超稠油脱水不能采用陆上油田掺混稀油和长时间大罐沉降脱水的常规方法。开展了超稠油高温脱水技术研究,优选出耐高温破乳剂,破乳剂加剂量400 mg/L,在150℃高温、0.6~0.7 MPa压力下沉降4 h,含水15%~65%超稠油的原油含水率均达到<1%,实现了较好的脱水效果。根据室内脱水实验结果,获得海上超稠油高温脱水工艺参数,确定最佳破乳剂加药量、脱水温度和沉降时间,推荐了海上超稠油二段热化学脱水工艺方案。

用甲醇-无机酸复合溶剂改善重油催化裂化柴油安定性的研究

在实验室用２％ Ｈ２ ＳＯ４ －ＣＨ３ＯＨ 精制重油催化裂化柴油，可大大改善柴油的安定性；将重油催化裂化柴油碱洗后再用２％ Ｈ２ＳＯ４ －ＣＨ３ＯＨ 处理，可除去影响安定性的酸性组分（含氧化合物）和氮化物，使精制油的催速储存安定性颜色达到优级轻柴油的标准，精制油收率达９８．４６％ ，并且精制油中溶剂含量少，水洗可除去；溶剂甲醇经蒸馏回收可再使用。

Ni^(2+)和Sn^(2+)改性的SO_4^(2-)/ZrO_2固体超强酸催化剂对稠油的降黏性能

稠油黏度高的特性使其开采难度较大。为降低胜利油田稠油的黏度,制备了金属离子(Ni2+和Sn2+)改性的SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂,考察了这两种催化剂对稠油的降黏性能。实验结果表明,Ni2+和Sn2+改性的SO24-/ZrO2固体超强酸催化剂能在较低的温度下催化稠油降黏,在反应温度240℃、压力3~4MPa、反应时间24h、稠油与催化剂质量比100∶0.05的条件下,稠油的黏度由0.319Pa.s分别降至0.135Pa.s和0.163Pa.s,降黏率达57.7%和48.9%。反应后,稠油中的饱和烃含量增加,芳烃、胶质和沥青质含量减少,杂原子S和N的含量降低。同时发现,水的存在对稠油降黏不利。

SK-6型高效稠油降粘剂性能评价及现场应用

稠油、超稠油油藏进入多轮次吞吐后期普遍存在蒸汽驱替效率低、油汽比低、经济效益差的问题。部分区块由于注汽压力高而导致无法正常注汽。室内实验研究表明 ,伴蒸汽注入SK - 6型高效稠油降粘剂可以明显地降低注汽压力 ,提高注汽周期的产量及油汽比 ,提高蒸汽的驱替效率。该项技术应用于单家寺油田取得了良好的经济效益 ,为提高该类油田的开发效果及经济效益提供了新的途径。

浅层超稠油油藏FAST-SAGD提高采收率技术研究

新疆油田浅层超稠油油藏部分SAGD部署区储层物性差,非均质性强,为了增加蒸汽热利用率,提高SAGD开发效果,运用数值模拟技术,以风城油田重18井区为例,开展SAGD与水平井组合的FAST-SAGD技术研究,优化了FAST-SAGD井网部署方式、操作方法及关键参数。结果表明:加密水平井部署在距油层底部2 m,前期进行溶剂浸泡及微压裂处理,在SAGD井组生产2 a后加密水平井以吞吐的方式启动效果最佳;与常规SAGD相比,FAST-SAGD开采周期缩短3 a,最终采收率提高9.3%,油汽比提高0.02。研究结果对浅层超稠油油藏SAGD高效开发有一定指导意义。

固体超强酸SO4^2／TiO2-SiO2催化废旧塑料裂解制燃油

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了SO42-/TiO2-SiO2固体超强酸催化剂,并应用于聚丙烯废塑料催化裂化制燃油。同时考察了催化剂组成、焙烧温度、反应温度、催化剂用量对塑料催化裂解反应的影响。结果表明,在硫酸/TiO2-SiO2质量比为3、TiO2/SiO2摩尔比为1、经500℃焙烧所制备的固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2-SiO2催化剂对塑料裂解反应具有最好的催化性能;在最佳裂解工艺条件(反应温度420℃、催化剂用量2 g/10 g塑料)下,液体燃油的收率可达78.6%。催化剂的正丁胺-TPD表征结果表明,SO42-/TiO2-SiO2催化剂表面具有较多的强酸和超强酸位,XRD结果表明,金红石相TiO2对超强酸位的形成有利。

超稠油乳化降粘剂SHVR-02的研制

用荧光法测得辽河油田杜84块杜54 30井超稠油(室温粘度54.8Pa·s)乳化剂的最佳HLB值为10.8。根据这一HLB值,由主剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、一种生物表面活性剂及辅剂快速渗透剂JFC配成了超稠油乳化降粘剂SHVR 02。当油水体积比为1.0∶0.7、水相中SHVR 02浓度为1g/L时,超稠油乳状液的粘度为492mPa·s,水相浓度增大至5g/L时乳状液粘度降至268mPa·s。在油水体积比1.0∶0.7、水相SHVR 02浓度3g/L、混合温度50℃条件下,粘度在6.2～20.9Pa·s的8种辽河稠油形成的乳状液,粘度在53～148mPa·s之间。乳状液在40～80℃放置10h后,粘度随放置温度升高略有下降(378→248mPa·s),放置温度为90℃时乳状液发生反相,粘度升至26.1Pa·s。SHVR 02的乳化降粘效果优于3种对比乳化剂。SHVR 02形成的超稠油乳状液易破乳,与联合站现用破乳剂配伍。表6参14。

火驱稠油热采井TP90H-9Cr套管热处理工艺优化试验研究

分析了火驱稠油热采井套管钢种的化学成分特点和技术要求,选择电站锅炉用10Cr9Mo1VNb钢作为火驱稠油热采井套管的替代钢种,并对其原有的热处理工艺进行优化改进。结果表明:经过热轧态直接回火处理的TP90H-9Cr套管材料,其高温强度、抗氧化性能和抗CO_2腐蚀性能满足使用要求;TP90H-9Cr套管的室温组织存在一定程度的轧态组织位相遗传,但通过合金元素的固溶强化、析出强化可使其各项性能指标满足要求。