Creation of Super Long Transversely Polarized Optical Needle Using Azimuthally Polarized Multi Gaussian Beam

The intensity distribution in the focal region of a high-NA lens for the incident azimuthally polarized multi Gaussian beam transmitted through a multi belt spiral phase hologram is studied on the basis of the vector diffraction theory. Here we report a new method used to generate a needle of transversely polarized light beam with sub diffraction beam size of 0.366A that propagates without divergence over a long distance of about 22A in free space. We also expect that such a light needle of transversely polarized beam may find its applications in utilizing optical materials or instruments responsive to the transversal field only.

Allowance of Lateral Breakthrough Error for Super Long Tunnels from 20km to 50km

Up to now there is no specification about the allowance of lateral breakthrough error for super long tunnel from 20 km to 50 km. On the basis of the design of GPS networks located outside and inside tunnel traverse network, we propose a method for calculating the influence value caused by control surveying errors. Through a lot of simulative calculations and combination with piercing practice of super tunnels in Wan Jiazai Project, Shanxi province, we present an allowance table of lateral breakthrough error for super long tunnels from 20 km to 50 km.

Difficulties and measures of driving super long piles in Bohai Gulf

Long piles of the ocean oil platform are usually manufactured as the integration of several segments, which have to be assembled one by one during installation. During pile driving, excessive pore pressure will build up in such a high level that hydraulic fracturing in the soil round the pile may take place, which will cause the soil to consolidate much faster during pile extension period. Consequently, after pile extension, the soil strength will recover to some extent and the driving resistance will increase considerably, which makes restarting driving the pile very difficult and even causes refusal. A finite element （FE） analysis procedure is presented for judging the risk of refusal by estimating the blow counts after pile extension, in which the regain of soil strength is considered. A case analysis in Bohai Gulf is performed using the proposed orocedure to exolain the nile refusal phenomenon.

大长径比远程制导火箭弹自适应Super-twisting控制方法

针对具有轻质薄壳结构的大长径比远程制导火箭弹刚体-弹性体耦合动力学控制难题,提出了一种自适应Super-twisting控制方法。首先,将大长径比远程制导火箭弹的弹性模态与外部干扰项视为归一化扰动,建立了考虑参数、模型不确定性的刚体-弹性体耦合动力学模型。针对外部扰动难以实时精准获取的问题,设计了有限时间收敛干扰观测器,能够在大范围气动参数摄动情形下对远程制导火箭弹外部扰动进行实时精准估计。为提高系统鲁棒性,设计了基于Super-twisting算法的自适应有限时间控制方法,使系统能根据状态误差自动调节控制参数,在削弱高频抖振的同时有效提高抗干扰能力。仿真结果表明:所提控制方法在弹体±15%气动参数摄动的条件下,由平飞状态转变为跟踪幅值为10的正弦弹道倾角指令时,实现3.2 s内弹道倾角跟踪误差收敛至0.002°,可实现远程制导火箭弹姿态平稳跟踪控制弹道倾角指令。

Realizing super-long Cu_2O nanowires arrays for high-efficient water splitting applications with a convenient approach

Nanowire(NW) structures is an alternative candidate for constructing the next generation photoelectrochemical water splitting system, due to the outstanding optical and electrical properties. NW photoelectrodes comparing to traditional semiconductor photoelectrodes shows the comparatively shorter transfer distance of photo-induced carriers and the increase amount of the surface reaction sites, which is beneficial for lowering the recombination probability of charge carriers and improving their photoelectrochemical(PEC) performances. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that super-long Cu_2O NWs, more than 4.5 μm,with highly efficient water splitting performance, were synthesized using a cost-effective anodic alumina oxide(AAO) template method. In comparison with the photocathode with planar Cu_2O films, the photocathode with Cu_2O NWs demonstrates a significant enhancement in photocurrent, from –1.00 to –2.75 mA/cm^2 at –0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl. After optimization of the photoelectrochemical electrode through depositing Pt NPs with atomic layer deposition(ALD) technology on the Cu_2O NWs, the plateau of photocurrent has been enlarged to –7 mA/cm^2 with the external quantum yield up to 34% at 410 nm. This study suggests that the photoelectrode based on Cu_2O NWs is a hopeful system for establishing high-efficiency water splitting system under visible light.

Challenges and Thoughts on Risk Management and Control for the Group Construction of a Super-Long Tunnel by TBM

The total length of the second stage of the water supply project in the northern areas of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is 540 km, of which the total length of the tunnels is 516 km. The total tun- neling mileage is 569 km, which includes 49 slow-inclined shafts and vertical shafts. Among the tunnels constructed in the project, the Ka-Shuang tunnel, which is a single tunnel with a length of 283 kin, is cur- rently the longest water-conveyance tunnel in the world. The main tunnel of the Ka-Shuang tunnel is divided into 18 tunnel-boring machine （TBM） sections, and 34 drilling-and-blasting sections, with 91 tunnel faces. The construction of the Ka-Shuang tunnel has been regarded as an unprecedented challenge for project construction management, risk control, and safe and efficient construction; it has also pre- sented higher requirements for the design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance of the TBMs and their supporting equipment. Based on the engineering characteristics and adverse geological conditions, it is necessary to analyze the major problems confronted by the construction and systematically locate disaster sources. In addition, the risk level should be reasonably ranked, responsibility should be clearly identified, and a hierarchical-control mechanism should be established. Several techniques are put for- ward in this paper to achieve the objectives mentioned above; these include advanced geological prospecting techniques, intelligent tunneling techniques combined with the sensing and fusion of infor- mation about rock parameters and mechanical parameters, monitoring and early-warning techniques, and modern information technologies. The application of these techniques offers scientific guidance for risk control and puts forward technical ideas about improving the efficiency of safe tunneling. These techniques and ideas have great significance for the development of modern tunneling technolo- gies and research into major construction equipment.

Perturbation of symmetries for super-long elastic slender rods

This paper analyses perturbations of Noether symmetry, Lie symmetry, and form invariance for super-long elastic slender rod systems. Criterion and structure equations of the symmetries after disturbance are proposed. Considering perturbation of all infinitesimal generators, three types of adiabatic invariants induced by perturbation of symmetries for the system are obtained.

Electrochemical Introduction of Active Sites into Super-long Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Capacitance

Electrochemical cyclic voltammetric（CV） scan was applied to inducing the partial oxidation and defects of carbon nanotubes（CNTs）.The electrochemically induced functional groups and physical defects were demonstrated to show positive effects on the nanotube capacitance,as exemplified by super-long CNT arrays as model for the easy fabrication of CNT electrodes.Specifically,the initial hydrophobic nanotube surface becomes hydrophilic and a ten-time enhancement in capacitance is observed with respect to the pristine CNT sample.Thus,the electrochemical CV pretreatment can be used as an effective approach to activate the CNT surface for an enhanced electrochemical performance in capacitors,and many other advanced devices beyond capacitors,such as electrochemical sensors and batteries.

Structure properties and Noether symmetries for super-long elastic slender rod

DNA is a nucleic acid molecule with double-helical structures that are special symmetrical structures attracting great attention of numerous researchers. The super-long elastic slender rod, an important structural model of DNA and other long-train molecules, is a useful tool in analysing the symmetrical properties and the stabilities of DNA. This paper studies the structural properties of a super-long elastic slender rod as a structural model of DNA by using Kirchhoff＇s analogue technique and presents the Noether symmetries of the model by using the method of infinitesimal transformation. Baaed on Kirchhoff＇s analogue it analyses the generalized Hamilton canonical equations. The infinitesimal transfornaationa with rcspect to the radial coordinnte, the gonarnlizod coordinates, and the Cluasi-momenta of 5he model are introduced. The Noether gymmetries and conserved qugntities of the model are obtained.

截至2023年底中国10km以上特长公路隧道统计与分析

在隧道行业相关单位的大力支持及既有统计数据的基础上,对截至2023年底中国已建成运营、正在建设、规划设计的共计74座长度10 km以上的特长公路隧道进行统计,其中,已建成运营特长公路隧道25座,正在建设特长公路隧道31座,规划设计特长公路隧道18座。从隧道长度、所在省份、公路等级、地理位置、技术标准、施工工法、设计与施工单位等方面,对中国已建成运营、正在建设、规划设计的长度10 km以上的特长公路隧道建设情况进行分析,其中:长度在10~14.9 km的隧道共62座,长度在15~19.9 km的隧道共10座,长度大于20 km的隧道共2座;隧道主要集中在中国西南部,约占63%,四川省最多,其次是云南省;高速公路隧道达65座,占比约为88%;山岭公路隧道68座,水下隧道6座;隧道技术标准以双向4车道为主;隧道施工工法以钻爆法为主,近些年出现了TBM+钻爆组合工法;隧道设计单位主要有31家;隧道施工单位主要有52家。

Long-distance super-exchange and quantum magnetic relaxation in a hybrid metal–organic framework

The hybrid metal-organic framework [（CH3）2NH2]Fe（HCOO）3 with a perovskite-like structure exhibits a variety of unusual magnetic behaviors at low temperatures. While the long-distance super-exchange through the Fe-（Y-CH-O- Fe exchange path leads to a canted antiferromagnetic ordering at TN - 19 K, a second transition of magnetic blocking develops at TB- 9 K. The stair-shaped magnetization hysteresis loops below TB resemble the behaviors of resonant quantum tunneling of magnetization in single-molecular quantum magnets. Moreover, the magnetic relaxation also exhibits several features of resonant quantum relaxation, such as the exponential law with a single characteristic relaxation time, and the nonmonotonic dependence of relaxation rate on the applied magnetic field with a much faster relaxation around the resonant fields. The origin of quantum tunneling behaviors in the [（CH3）2NH2]Fe（HCOO）3 metal-organic framework is discussed in terms of magnetic phase separation due to the modification of hydrogen bonding on the long-distance super-exchange interaction.

Very long wavelength infrared focal plane arrays with 50% cutoff wavelength based on type-Ⅱ In As/GaSb superlattice

A very long wavelength infrared（VLWIR） focal plane array based on In As/Ga Sb type-Ⅱ super-lattices is demonstrated on a Ga Sb substrate. A hetero-structure photodiode was grown with a 50% cut-off wavelength of 15.2 μm, at 77 K.A 320×256 VLWIR focal plane array with this design was fabricated and characterized. The peak quantum efficiency without an antireflective coating was 25.74% at the reverse bias voltage of-20 mV, yielding a peak specific detectivity of 5.89×10^10cm·Hz^1/2·W^-1. The operability and the uniformity of response were 89% and 83.17%. The noise-equivalent temperature difference at 65 K exhibited a minimum at 21.4 mK, corresponding to an average value of 56.3 mK.

超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁结构体系研究

新建甬舟铁路西堠门公铁两用大桥连接金塘岛和册子岛,桥位处海域宽2.7 km,最大水深93 m,地形复杂,桥梁设计难度大。为研究超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁合理结构体系,结合地形地质条件,选取主跨1500 m悬索桥、斜拉桥及斜拉悬索协作体系3种桥型方案,对上部结构设计进行详细介绍,并从静力性能、动力性能、经济性能等方面对不同结构体系进行对比分析。研究表明:(1)与斜拉体系相比,协作体系桥可减小30%~50%的主梁内力和60%的桥塔内力,一定程度上解决了加劲梁承受巨大轴压力造成屈曲问题,并有效减小了桥塔规模;(2)与悬索桥相比,协作体系可减小50%的主缆内力,主缆钢丝和锚碇的工程量相应减小,施工难度得以降低,同时协作体系扭转频率更高,降低了结构在较低风速下发生涡激振动的可能性;(3)斜拉悬索协作体系能够充分发挥斜拉结构和悬索结构的组合优势,实现超大跨度的同时具有较大的纵向刚度和竖向刚度,满足铁路行车对结构刚度的要求;(4)对于主跨1500 m级超长大跨度公铁合建桥梁,斜拉悬索协作体系经济性更好。

秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群关键技术创新与实践

针对秦岭天台山超长公路隧道群在建设和运营过程中面临的工程建设难度大,运营管理复杂、安全风险高以及运营能耗高等诸多技术难题,围绕安全智慧运营、安全快速施工、单层衬砌支护、自然能源利用等方向,系统总结了秦岭山区特殊地质地形条件下32 km隧道群建设与运营过程中系列创新技术成果。主要结论:1)通过超长隧道群安全智慧运营技术创新与应用,破解山区超长连续公路隧道群运营安全保障难题;2)通过公路隧道安全快速施工技术创新与应用,突破超长大断面公路隧道机械化安全快速施工瓶颈;3)通过公路隧道单层衬砌支护技术创新与应用,构建硬质岩公路隧道单层衬砌支护体系;4)通过公路隧道利用自然能源技术推广应用,探索超长公路隧道绿色低碳运行。

上海浦东足球场整体模型分析与计算

上海浦东足球场整体结构由一层地下室结构、地上钢结构看台和大跨度钢结构屋盖三部分组成,地上看台结构采用钢框架+屈曲约束支撑体系,屋盖采用轮辐式张拉体系。屋盖和下部结构单独分析,不能体现上下结构之间的相互影响。为更可靠合理进行整体结构设计,采用了整体模型分析作为单体模型分析的重要且必要的补充。整体模型分析工作主要包括多遇地震、设防地震下的弹性分析,罕遇地震下的弹塑性时程分析,以及超长混凝土结构应力分析。结果表明:单体分析存在局限性,整体模型的足球场结构受力安全。

基于超效率DEA的地铁初近远期编组方案比选研究

编组方案是实现不同时期地铁运营模式与客流特征相匹配的基础,也是直接影响地铁规划建设成本和低碳运营的关键问题。在综合分析影响地铁编组方案关键要素的基础上,构建了地铁初近远期编组方案比选的综合评价指标体系,以及编组方案比选的两步筛选法;通过分析各指标对地铁编组方案影响的差异性,提出基于超效率DEA的地铁初近远期编组方案评价比选模型,并在对指标体系进行约简合并的基础上,从投入和产出两个角度对指标体系进行划分;最后,以实例验证和分析了地铁初近远期编组方案评价比选模型的可行性和合理性。算例分析结果表明:(1)固定编组方案属于成本赋能型方案,需较高的设备设施成本和运营投入;而更改编组方案属于技术赋能型方案,通过提高管理和技术水平,实现了运能匹配和乘客时间满意度等方面的有效产出;(2)更改编组方案和固定编组方案之间的优劣具有一定的动态性,需结合具体的线路条件、城市或企业财政情况、运营管理和技术水平等条件进行综合判断。本文提出的地铁初近远期编组方案比选理论方法适用于多种实践场景,具有一定的实用性,可为地铁初近远期编组方案比选的规范化提供一定的理论参考。

基于车体加速度的超大跨度桥上线路纵断面优化方法

合理的线路纵断面是高速列车安全平稳通行的必要条件。超大跨度铁路桥梁成桥线形较设计线形易出现较大偏差,由于线路调整能力有限,桥上线路纵断面难以达到设计高程,故需在成桥线形基础上变更线路纵断面设计。在满足道床厚度要求的前提下,变更后的纵断面线形难以满足线路设计规范要求,严重影响了工程验收及列车达速运营。为此,以实测桥梁线形为基准,充分考虑道床厚度及线路衔接,依据傅里叶级数原理建立线路线形频域特征与车体加速度的关联关系,进而构建纵断面目标优化模型,提出一种适用于超大跨度铁路桥上线路纵断面的优化方法。以某超大跨度悬索桥为例,研究结果表明:该方法可使线路纵断面的最小波长远离车体加速度敏感波长,降低车体振动加速度;优化后的线路纵断面车体加速度响应最大值为0.15 m/s2,优于工程实际中所采用的多坡段纵断面;优化后的线路纵断面具有良好的平顺性及适应性。本方法可直观反映优化后线路纵断面的频域特性,并从波长的角度实现了纵断面优化与高速列车行车性能的关联,可用于指导桥上线路纵断面设计及优化。

重庆龙兴足球场超限结构设计

重庆龙兴足球场主体结构采用设置少量剪力墙的框架结构,屋盖钢结构采用悬挑平面桁架+上下弦稳定支撑+立面单层网格结构。为了研究结构设计的难点,采用了SPASCAD⁃PMSA、MIDAS Gen(Ver.2019)和SAP2000设计软件分别对结构进行多遇地震下的抗震性能分析。采用了SAUSAGE、SAP2000软件对结构进行设防、罕遇地震下的抗震性能分析。采用了ANSYS软件对钢屋盖整体稳定进行分析,采用了ABAQUS软件对节点受力性能进行分析。结果表明:结构具有较好的抗震能力和抗连续倒塌能力,结构设计安全、合理、经济。

超长效镇痛药物的研发与转化

疼痛管理越来越受到临床医生的重视,疼痛也因此被列为第五大生命体征。传统镇痛药物作用时间有限,疼痛早期需密切监测、频繁用药才能降低慢性疼痛发生率,并达到满意的镇痛效果。因此,如何延长镇痛药物的作用时间成为疼痛领域的重要研究方向。从使用佐剂、开发衍生药物,到缓释药物载体的引进,超长效镇痛药物研发进程被不断推进,其临床应用亦逐渐成为现实。本文简述超长效镇痛药物研发策略,并以缓释镇痛药物为重点,介绍缓释药物载体在镇痛领域的研发进展及产品转化现状,以期为超长效镇痛药物后续研究提供参考。

超长重力热管联合热泵的地热利用系统热力经济性分析

深层地热资源储量巨大,采用超长重力热管取热技术对深层地热资源进行开采,将其与热泵系统联合为用户供热是一种高效利用深层地热资源的方法。针对如何调节不同参数下超长重力热管与热泵联合运行以期获得最佳热力经济性的问题,建立了系统热力经济性模型,研究了热泵系统蒸发温度、超长重力热管热阻、井深、地温梯度以及蒸发器面积不同的情况下系统热力经济性变化规律。结果表明存在一个最佳蒸发温度使供热成本最低,如在地温梯度30℃/km、井深3 000 m的条件下,最佳蒸发温度为-2℃;超长重力热管热阻越小或地温梯度越大时可实现供热成本越低且最佳蒸发温度越高;存在最佳的井深和蒸发器面积使得供热成本最低。研究结果可为优化超长重力热管在开采深层地热联合热泵系统性能方面提供理论指导。