Advances and prospects of super rice breeding in China

Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of ＂generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor＂, a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding： 1） the super rice varieties were still rare; 2） most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3） current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors＇ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps （super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production） were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria： good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo（photo）-genic male sterile [T（P）GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice varlet3, 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T（P）GMS line C815S as the female parent.

Research progress on the breeding of japonica super rice varieties in Jiangsu Province,China

In this study we report the results of a decade-long breeding program for japonica super rice made by Nanjing Branch of Chinese National Center for Rice Improvement in Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. We concluded that selection of parents with good comprehensive traits and complementary advantages and disadvantages of both parents in the hybrid combination, and early selection of high heritability traits in earlier segregating generations could significantly improve the breeding efficiency. The use of closely-linked functional markers in pyramiding of multiple genes could greatly increase breeding efficiency, avoiding time-consuming and laborious steps that were used in traditional breeding program. It is also important to coordinate the yield components with variety characteristics such as yield stability, wide adaptability, lodging resistance, and an attractive grain appearance during late growth stage of rice.

Breeding Methodology and Practice of Super Rice in China

To meet the growing demand for rice production, the Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China initiated a nationwide project on the development of super rice in 1996. Through efforts in research, super rice breeding in China has gained significant advances in the aspects of breeding theories, creation of breeding materials and selection and promotion of elite rice varieties. A creative super rice breeding path of the construction of harmonious plant type combined with the utilization of heterosis was proposed. Super rice plays more and more important roles in rice production. Totally, 71 super rice varieties in China have been successfully developed and released to production. These varieties have 12 t/hm2 yield potential in on-farm demonstration fields, 8% to 15% higher than the check varieties with high resistance to pest and medium to high level of grain quality, the total growing area of which has reached 23.7 million hectares, and rice grain production increased by 17.7 million tons from 1996 to 2009. This paper reviewed the development and achievements of super rice breeding in aspects of the breeding methodology and breeding practices, summarized the successful experience of super rice breeding in China and proposed the developmental strategies of super rice for the future.

Super Antibiotics, Part II. Hyperforin, Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Evidence of Permeability of the Blood-Testis Barrier (BTB) and the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to Hyperforin

In the first article of this series, we presented some evidence of hyperforin as an antibiotic, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anticancer, and immunomodulatory substance. In the present article, evidence of the permeability of the blood-testis barrier (BTB) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) to hyperforin and its distribution in other organs of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) are revealed. Seven-month-old male boars with a body mass of 100 kg were fed a diet containing hyperforin. Organs were surgically removed under anesthesia. Organs were suitable prepared and extracted, and then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with supersonic molecular beams (GC-MS with SMB). The presence of hyperforin was recorded in all organs and body fluids. Special attention was paid to the evaluation of the presence of hyperforin in the brain and testes of experimental animals. The presence of hyperforin in the brain and testes of experimental animals was established by GC-MS with SMB. The results are of interest because penicillin and numerous other antibiotics cannot pass through the BTB or BBB if healthy or non-inflamed, which limits their use in patients with meningitis and gonorrhea. The findings are also of interest in cases of penicillin- and multi-antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.

Super Rice Breeding in China

1. Dernand for super high yield rice in ChinaRice is one of the main staple food in China. Theperformance of rice sector in production and yield had been

超高层Tuned Mass Damper防震支撑系统技术研究应用

超高层建筑是现代城市建设的重要标志之一,其高度已经超过了传统建筑的极限。然而,随着建筑高度不断增加,地震的破坏力也越来越强,超高层建筑面临着更加严峻的安全挑战。因此,研究超高层建筑防震支撑系统技术非常重要,Tuned Mass Damper(TMD)是一种被广泛研究和应用的超高层建筑防震支撑系统技术,TMD最初是在20世纪60年代提出的,最早应用于桥梁上,后来,TMD被引入到建筑领域,并得到广泛的应用。通过精确调节质量、阻尼和弹性等参数来削弱地震引起的建筑物减震效应,从而减少了建筑物因地震造成的损害和崩塌的风险.

A SUPER SENSITIVITY MINICYCLOTRON MASS SPECTROMETER SPECIALIZED FOR CARBON-14 DATING

The structure consideration of a minicyclotron as super- sensitivity mass spectrometer for carbon -14 dating being constructed at this Institute is described. Some new design ideas and techniques are presented.

南粳系列超级稻品种灌浆期光合产物的分配特性

【目的】研究南粳系列超级稻灌浆期光合产物转运和分配及相关基因表达量的变化特性及其与对照品种的差异,总结南粳系列超级稻高产的生理优势,为优质高产粳稻的培育提供理论依据。【方法】采用南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908和南粳5055为研究对象,以淮稻5号为对照,在孕穗期、开花期以及开花后每隔7 d至成熟期测定剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质分配和转运,以及剑叶和籽粒发育不同时期物质转运相关基因的表达量,统计产量差异。【结果】南粳系列超级稻产量和千粒重高于淮稻5号,其剑叶净光合速率在孕穗期和花后28 d显著高于淮稻5号。在物质转运方面,南粳系列超级稻开花后茎叶干重、叶片输出量、输出率和转运率显著高于淮稻5号,其中南粳5718叶片输出量和输出率最高。南粳5718剑叶中与淀粉降解和糖类代谢相关基因(OsSPS1,OsSUT2,OsGWD1)的表达比其他品种启动早,最高表达量也高于其他品种。籽粒中SWEET基因在灌浆早期的蔗糖转运过程中扮演重要角色,中后期OsPK3、OsSUT1、OsSUT2基因在糖类的运输卸载中发挥重要作用,OsAGPL2和OsDPE1基因在中后期淀粉合成中发挥重要作用,南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908籽粒中与淀粉合成和糖类运输的相关基因在不同时期的表达量显著高于淮稻5号。【结论】南粳系列超级稻较高的产量在物质转运方面主要有以下特征:茎秆和叶片物质积累量多,穗积累量大,叶片和茎秆物质转运率高;叶片中蔗糖代谢和转运相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在源端的合成、装载和转运;籽粒中蔗糖转运和淀粉合成相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在库端的卸载及籽粒中淀粉的合成。

优质超级稻新品种荃优212的选育与应用

荃优212是福建省农业科学院水稻研究所利用自育的优质抗稻瘟病恢复系福恢212与安徽荃银高科种业股份有限公司选育的荃9311A配组育成的中籼杂交稻新品种,米质达部颁一等优质食用稻品种品质标准,2018年通过福建省农作物品种审定,2021年被农业农村部确认为超级稻品种,是目前福建省选育的超级稻品种中首个米质达部颁一等优质食用籼稻品种品质标准的品种,2023年荃优212通过国家农作物品种审定。介绍了恢复系福恢212的选育过程和配制杂交稻荃优212的种植表现。

微藻生物固碳技术在碳中和中的应用及潜在价值

在“双碳目标”背景下,碳中和将对未来30年人类的经济、社会、科技开发和生活方式产生深远的影响。碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)作为碳达峰、碳中和技术的重要组成部分,是减少CO_(2)排放的关键措施和技术。微藻CCUS技术通过光合作用固定CO_(2)并生成高附加值产品,具有环境友好及资源可持续利用的优势。基于碳捕集、利用技术现状,重点阐述了微藻生物固定CO_(2)技术的应用潜力,分析了CO_(2)在养殖体系内的溶解传输及转化过程,深入讨论了提高微藻固碳效率的有效手段,包括强化CO_(2)传质、高效反应器的优化调控等,并对信息化技术助力微藻高效养殖生产进行了介绍;此外,还总结了微藻生物质在生物能源、蛋白替代及高价值产品等领域的多元化利用途径;最后,系统探讨了微藻生物固碳技术的经济可行性、市场前景及成本优化的策略,以期推动微藻CCUS技术在碳中和中发挥更多作用。

SV波斜入射时不同水体模拟方法下超高水头船闸地震反应分析

基于黏弹性人工边界的地震动斜入射方法模拟平面SV波不同角度入射情况,分别采用声固耦合法和附加质量法模拟闸室内水体,研究超高水头船闸闸室位移、应力和塑性损伤等地震反应,对比两种水体模拟方法计算结果的异同。结果表明:(1)整体上,两种方法计算得出的左、右闸墙地震反应结果随入射角度变化的规律基本一致;左闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角15°时,右闸墙受拉损伤的最大值均出现在入射角35°时;地震波入射角度对超高水头船闸动力响应影响较大,设计时应考虑地震波斜入射的影响。(2)当入射角较大时,采用声固耦合法计算的闸墙相对位移极值、主应力极值和受拉损伤结果偏保守的概率更大,对超高水头船闸结构设计来说更为安全。(3)建议两种计算方法相互参考和校核,推荐采用偏安全的结果进行超高水头船闸结构设计。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定肥料中9种污染元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,超级微波消解并优化不同类型肥料的消解条件,建立了超级微波-ICP-MS测定多种类型肥料中V、Cr、Co、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Tl、Pb 9种污染元素含量的方法。本方法的线性相关系数均大于0.9999,方法检出限范围为0.000500~0.0293 mg/kg,各元素加标回收率为85.0%~110%,该方法灵敏度高、准确度较好,可实现不同类型肥料样品中多元素的准确测定。

我国大规模生猪养殖全要素生产率的时空差异——基于Malmquist指数和超效率SBM模型

我国是最大的猪肉生产国,生猪养殖业是我国农业生产中的支柱产业之一,猪肉在城乡居民肉类食品消费中占据重要地位。本文基于Malmquist指数和超效率SBM模型,依据2011—2021年26省份的生猪生产数据,对大规模生猪养殖的生产效率和全要素生产率及其时空差异特征进行评价分析。结果表明:从生产效率和全要素生产率综合来看,10年间我国大规模生猪养殖的生产效率呈现波动上升态势,生猪养殖技术效率年均值为0.812。从全要素生产率来看,全要素生产率年均增长率为0.5%,呈现周期波动趋势,主要依赖效率变化的增长(1.3%),生猪全要素生产率具有明显的区域性差异,中西部地区适合发展规模化生猪养殖,而东部沿海不太适合大规模生猪养殖。未来中西部应不断完善基础设施并加强技术引进与创新,在东部地区发展小规模生猪养殖,优化生产要素与资源的合理配置,调整养殖结构。

苏州中南中心底板大体积混凝土蓄水养护技术

苏州中南中心项目塔楼底板超厚、超大体积混凝土,在夏雨季进行浇筑,按照先浇筑先养护原则,采用挡水墙将底板面分为若干区域,分区域分阶段蓄水养护,具备良好的保温保湿效果,具有“密闭性、匀质性、统一性”的特点,同时可以抵抗恶劣天气的影响。

超高层超厚筏形基础混凝土施工关键措施分析

超高层筏形基础是典型的大体积混凝土。结合西安市曲江·云松间项目及鸿瑞天成(北区)综合体项目筏形基础大体积混凝土施工,从大体积混凝土计算厚度、配合比、浇筑速度、温度测量、养护方式等方面分析超高层超厚筏形基础施工关键措施。提出了大体积混凝土厚度以及浇筑速度的计算方式,明确了大体积混凝土添加剂、测温方式的适用条件,为后续超高层大体积混凝土施工提供一定的指导。

“村超”引领我国乡村体育赛事的发展经验与启示

本文采用文献资料法、个案分析法等研究方法,以贵州省榕江县“村超”为例,分析了“村超”给我国乡村体育赛事高质量发展带来的经验与启示。“村超”具有满足人们美好生活的需要、彰显乡村振兴卓越成效、推动乡村体育活动开展等丰富内涵。其火爆出圈的发展经验表现为:文体融合共赢,彰显赛事底蕴;群众高度认同,激发赛事活力;多元组合宣传,增强赛事影响;多产业齐发展,注入赛事动力。“村超”给我国乡村体育赛事发展带来的启示为:增强文化内生动力,构建原生态赛事体系;挖掘赛事内涵典范,塑造明星体育赛事;深化产业交叉融合,培育高质量产业体系;打造幸福宜居生态,提高乡村治理水平。

超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱法在水产品兽药残留检测中的研究进展

高效快速的水产品兽药残留检测分析方法是保障水产品质量安全的有效技术手段。超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱法(Super-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrum,UPLC-MS/MS)具有特异性强、灵敏度高等特点,适用于水产品兽药残留检测分析。本文阐述水产品中兽药残留检测的重要意义,介绍UPLC-MS/MS法的原理及优势,并对UPLC-MS/MS法在水产品兽药残留检测的应用进行概述。

反动式工业汽轮机超高转速大流量低压级组优化

杭汽轮引进的西门子反动式工业汽轮机低压扭叶级组在转速和热力性能方面已经无法满足现有市场的需求。针对上述问题,采用优化算法对该系列叶型进行优化,同时,引入了斜T型叶根和枞树型叶根,改进了T型末叶根骑缝螺杆锁紧结构,提高了叶片和转子的材料等级,此外,还通过分析已运行的同类型低压级组的运行数据,推算出优化后级组的最大许用质量流量。综上,优化后的级组子午面尺寸未发生改变,总总效率较优化前最高提高了2.5%,最高连续转速提高了20%,且通流能力保持不变。