Photosynthetic Characteristics of a Super High Yield Cultivar of Winter Wheat During Late Growth Period

The mechanism of high yield of winter wheat in the field at late growth period was investigated by measuring the photosynthetic characteristics of photosystem Ⅱ （PSⅡ） and xanthophylls cycle, which could provide physiological reference for breeding. Weimai 8 （W8）, a super high yield cultivar, and Lumai 14 （L14）, a control cultivar were object. The photosynthetic rate （Pn）, parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content were measured. The Pn, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII （Fv/Fm）, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ΦPSⅡ）, efficiency of excitation energy capture by open PSII reaction centers （Fv＇/Fm＇）, and photochemical quenching coefficient （qP） were higher in Weimai 8 compared to that in Lumai 14, a commercial high yield cultivar. Furthermore, Weirnai 8 showed a lower non- photochemical quenching coefficient and a lower de-epoxidized ratio of the xanthophyll cycle pigments than of Lumai 14 at late growth period. At mature stage, chlorophyll content of different leaves decreased both in Weimai 8 and Lumai 14. Chlorophyll content in flag, second and third leaf from the top of plant decreased more in Lumai 14 than in Weimai 8. These results suggested that Weimai 8 had more antenna pigments to absorb light energy, and had higher photosynthetic capability and photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ. The yield of Weimai 8 was also higher than that of Lumai 14.

Yield potential and nitrogen use efficiency of China's super rice

In 1996, a mega project that aimed to develop rice varieties with super-high yield potential （super rice） was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture （MOA） in China using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. Significant progress has been made in the last two decades, with a large number of super rice varieties being approved by the MOA and the national average grain yield being increased from 6.21 t ha^-1 in 1996 to 6.89 t ha^-1 in 2015. The increase in yield potential of super rice was mainly due to the larger sink size which resulted from larger panicles. Moreover, higher photosynthetic capacity and improved root physiological traits before heading contributed to the increase in sink size. However, the poor grain filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets and the quickly decreased root activity of super rice during grain filling period restrict the achievement of high yield potential of super rice. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that the high yield potential of super rice requires a large amount of N fertilizer input, which has resulted in an increase in N consumption and a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, although it remains unclear whether super rice per se is responsible for the latter. In the present paper, we review the history and success of China＇s Super Rice Breeding Pro- gram, summarize the advances in agronomic and physiological mechanisms underlying the high yield potential of super rice, and examine NUE differences between super rice and ordinary rice varieties. We also provide a brief introduction to the Green Super Rice Project, which aims to diversify breeding targets beyond yield improvement alone to address global concerns around resource use and environmental change. It is hoped that this review will facilitate further improvement of rice production into the future.

Effects of nitrogen level on yield and quality of japonica soft super rice

Although studies on the balance between yield and quality of japonica soft super rice are limited, they are crucial for super rice cultivation. In order to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on grain yield and rice quality, two japonica soft super rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 （NJ 9108） and Nanjing 5055 （NJ 5055）, were used under seven N levels with the application rates of 0, 150, 187.5,225, 262.5, 300, and 337.5 kg ha^-1. With the increasing nitrogen application level, grain yield of both varieties first increased and then decreased. The highest yield was obtained at 300 kg ha^-1. The milling quality and protein content increased, while the appearance quality, amylose content, gel consistency, cooking/eating quality, and rice flour viscosity decreased. Milling was significantly negatively related with the eating/cooking quality whereas the appearance was significantly positively related with cooking/eating quality. These results suggest that nitrogen level significantly affects the yield and rice quality of japonica soft super rice. We conclude that the suitable nitrogen application rate for japonica soft super rice, NJ 9108 and NJ 5055, is 270 kg ha^-1, under which they obtain high yield as well as superior eating/cooking quality.

Relationship Between Grain Yield and Yield Components in Super Hybrid Rice

Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential. It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production. The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions, and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer’s paddy fields. Field experiments were done in Changsha, Guidong, and Nanxian, Hunan Province, China, from 2007 to 2009. Eight super hybrid varieties, one common hybrid variety, and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year. Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding （Guidong）, moderate-yielding （Nanxian）, and low-yielding （Ningxiang） regions of Hunan Province, China, in 2009. Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation. Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years. Yield potential has been increased by 11.4% in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties. The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size. Panicles per m2 had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha-1, and was positively related to grain yield in farmer’s field at all of the high-, moderate-, and low-yielding regions. Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.

Effects of Plant Density and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Super Hybrid Rice

The nitrogen uptake, yield and its components for two super-high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Guodao 6 and Eryou 7954 were investigated under different plant densities （15, 18, and 21 plants/m^2） and different nitrogen application rates （120, 150, 180, and 210 kg/hm^2）. The experiment was conducted on loam soil during 2004-2006 at the experimental farm of the China National Rice Research Institute in Hangzhou, China. In these years, the two hybrid rice cleady showed higher yield at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Guodao 6 produced an average grain yield of 10 215.6 kg/hm^2 across the three years, while the yield of Eryou 7954 was 9 633.0 kg/hm^2. With fewer plants per unit-area and larger plants in the plots, the two hybrid rice produced more panicles per plant in three years. The highest nitrogen uptake of the two hybrid rice was at a plant density of 15 plants/m^2 with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/hm^2. Further increasing nitrogen application rate was not advantageous for nitrogen uptake in super-high-yielding rice under the same plant density.

Plant Ideotype at Heading for Super High-Yielding Rice in Double-Cropping System in South China

The newly released super high-yielding hybrid rice combinations, Yueza 122, Fengyou 428, Peiza 67, and the super high-yielding conventional cultivars, Guangchao 3 and Shengtai 1, were grown in both early and late seasons. The morphological characters of each population were investigated at the heading stage, and the data were analyzed by using ANOVY and other statistic methods. The plant ideal morphological characters at the heading stage were established as follows： 1 ） for the early-season cropping, 90-105 cm plant height; 11-12 tillers per plant; 35-40 em length and 2.1-2.2 cm width of flag leaf; 46-50 cm length and 1.8-2.1 cm width of the second leaf from the top （L2）; 59-64 cm length and 1.4-1.9 cm width of the third leaf from the top （L3）; 7°-14°, 18° and 200-33° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively; 2） for the late-season cropping, 90-100 cm plant height; 9-15 tillers per plant; 30-41 cm length and 1.8-2.0 cm width of flag leaf; 53-61 cm length and 1.3-1.8 cm width of L2; 52-58 cm length and 1.2-1.5 cm width of L3; 9°-19°, 15°-37° and 16°-49° for the ideal leaf angles of the flag leaf, L2 and L3, respectively. The main physiological characteristics of these varieties were also analyzed.

Research Advances in High-Yielding Cultivation and Physiology of Super Rice

In 1996,China launched a program to breed super rice or super hybrid rice by combining intersubspecific heterosis with ideal plant types.Today,approximately 80 super rice varieties have been released and some of them show high grain yields of 12-21 t/hm2 in field experiments.The main reasons for the high yields of super rice varieties,compared with those of conventional varieties,can be summarized as follows：more spikelets per panicle and larger sink size （number of spikelets per square meter）;larger leaf area index,longer duration of green leaf,greater photosynthetic rate,higher lodging resistance,greater dry matter accumulation before the heading stage,greater remobilization of pre-stored carbohydrates from stems and leaves to grains during the grain-filling period;and larger root system and greater root activity.However,there are two main problems in super rice production：poor grain-filling of the later-flowering inferior spikelets （in contrast to earlier-flowering superior spikelets）,and low and unstable seed-setting rate.Here,we review recent research advances in the crop physiology of super rice,focusing on biological features,formation of yield components,and population quality.Finally,we suggest further research on crop physiology of super rice.

Study on Plant Morphological Traits and Production Characteristics of Super High-Yielding Soybean

Super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14, soybean cultivars from Ohio in the United States, and the common soybean cultivars from Liaoning Province, China, with similar geographic latitudes and identical pod-bearing habits were used as the study materials for a comparison of morphological traits and production characteristics to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of improved super high-yielding soybean cultivars. Using a randomized block design, different soybean cultivars from the same latitude were compared under conventional and unconventional treatments for their production characteristics, including morphological traits, leaf area index （LAI）, net photosynthesis rate, and dry matter accumulation. The specific characteristics of the super high-yielding soybean cultivar Liaodou 14 were analyzed. The results showed that the plant height of Liaodou 14 was significantly lower than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, whereas the number of its main-stem nodes was higher than that of the cultivars from Ohio or Liaoning. A high pod density was observed in Liaodou 14 under conventional treatments. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, the branch number of Liaodou 14 was markedly higher than that of the common cultivars from Liaoning, and its branch length and leaf inclination angle were significantly higher than those of common cultivars from Liaoning or Ohio. Only small changes in the leaf inclination angle were observed in Liaodou 14 treated with conventional or unconventional methods. Under each treatment, Liaodou 14 exhibited the lowest amplitude of reduction in SPAD values and net photosynthesis rates from the grain-filling to ripening stages; the cultivars from Ohio and the common cultivars from Liaoning exhibited more significant reductions. Liaodou 14 reached its peak LAI later than the other cultivars but maintained its LAI at a higher level for a longer duration. Under both conventional and unconventional treatments, Liaodou 14 produced a higher yield than the other two cultivars, with significant differences from the Ohio cultivars. In summary, super high-yielding soybean cultivars have several main features： suitable plant height, high pod density, good leaf structure with strong functionality, and slow leaf senescence at the late reproductive stage, which is conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and improved yield.

Yield and tillering response of super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu to tillage and establishment methods

Tillering is an important agronomic trait for rice grain production. To evaluate yield and tillering response, Liangyoupeijiu(super hybrid rice) was grown in Hunan, China during 2011–2012 under different methods of tillage(conventional and no-tillage system) and crop establishment methods(transplanting at a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm with one seedling per hill and direct seeding at a seeding rate of 22.5 kg ha-1). Our results revealed that, at maximum tillering(Max.) and at maturity(MA) stages, direct seeding(DS) resulted in 22% more tillers than transplanting(TP) irrespective of tillage system. Tiller mortality reached a peak between panicle initiation(PI) and booting(BT) stages, and was 16% higher under conventional tillage(CT) than under no-tillage(NT). Transplanting required 29% more time for the completion of tillering and less for DS. Tillering rate was 43% higher in DS than TP under either CT or NT. There was a positive correlation between panicle number per m2and maximum tiller number per m2, but not panicle-bearing tiller rate. The panicle bearing tiller rate was higher under DS than TP and higher under NT than CT. Tiller dry weight gradually increased up to heading(HD) stage, and was 14% higher under TP than DS. Leaf area(cm2tiller-1) gradually increased from Max. to HD stage and then decreased by 34% in conventional tillage transplanting(CTTP) and 45% in no-tillage transplanting(NTTP) from 12DAH–24DAH(days after heading), but was similar(35%) under DS under either CT or NT. Grain yield was higher under CTTP owing to the larger sink size(heavier panicle, more spikelets in per cm length of panicle) than under DS.

Yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and its production strategies

China＇s Super Hybrid Rice Breeding Program has made significant progress over the past two decades. In this paper, we reviewed our studies on the yield potential and stability in super hybrid rice and discussed the strategies for super hybrid rice production. The results of our studies show that rice yield potential has been increased by 12% in super hybrid cultivars as compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars are attributed to larger panicle size coupled with higher biomass production or higher harvest index. However, grain yields in super hybrid rice cultivars vary widely among locations depending on soil and climatic factors. Therefore, it is important to tailor target yield to local conditions in super hybrid rice production. The target yield for super hybrid rice production can be determined by the average yield method or the regression model method. Improving soil quality is critical to achieving the target yield in super hybrid rice production. Favorable crop rotations such as rice-oilseed rape and novel soil management practices, such as biochar addition, are effective approaches to improve soil quality. It is needed to develop simplified cultivation tech- nologies for super hybrid rice to meet the changes in socioeconomic environments during the period of transition. There are such technologies as no-tillage direct seeding and mechanized transplanting at high hill density with single seedling per hill.

Changes in Some Physiological Characteristics After Full Heading Stage in Flag Leaves of Super High-Yielding Inbred Rice

In a field experiment, rice cultivar Shanyou 63 was used as a check cultivar to investigate the changes in activity of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein after full heading stage in flag leaves of two super high-yielding inbred rice, including Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan. The results showed that the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents in the leaves of the three cultivars tended to increase gradually to peak values and thereafter descended during stage after full heading. Moreover, both the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents of Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan peaked at 8 days after full heading, which was compared with that of Shanyou 63 at 4 days later. Meanwhile, the malondialdehyde contents in the leaves of the three cultivars increased gradually after full heading stage. In addition, activities of peroxidase and contents of malondialdehyde and soluble protein in different cultivars were various at the same time. In general, for Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan, the peroxidase activities and soluble protein contents were higher than those of Shanyou 63, whereas the malondialdehyde contents were lower compared with that of Shanyou 63. And these features could make the senescence of leaf become later and slower and photosynthetic product was more in Shengtai 1 and Yuxiangyouzhan than that in Shanyou 63.

Studies on the Relationship Between Grain-yield and Climatic Ecological Factors in Summer Corn Under Super-high-yielding Cultivation Conditions

Cultivation experiments on super-high-yield (^12000kg/ha) of summer corn (Zea mays L.) were conducted in Laizhou, Shangdong Province, from 1986 to 1997, and in Wenxian, Henan Province, from 1996 to 1997. The results showed that requirements of accumulated temperature and hours of sunshine for super-high-yield of summer corn could be met in normal years in the areas of the Huanghuaihai Plain. Amount of precipitation influenced the yield most strongly in indirect way among all the meteorological factors, and the relationship between them displayed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.5418). The regression equation between yield and amount of precipitation at seedling stage and grain filling stage both reached significant level, and the partial regression coefficients were - 4.8735 and - 13.7415, respectively. Further research revealed that the key climatic-ecological factors influencing yield were as fellows: the average temperature in the third and the ninth Xun (note: a Xun indicates ten days and the accounting of Xun was from the corresponding sowing date), the hours of sunshine in the sixth and the eighth Xun, the amount of precipitation in the sixth, the seventh and the second Xun. Results obtained by analyzing yield components of summer corn showed that grain numbers per ear (GN/E) made greater contribution to super-high-yield than kernel weight (KW) and the numbers of ears did. The key factors influencing GN/E were the amount of precipitation in the sixth and the eighth Xun and the hours of sunshine in the sixth Xun, with the correlation coefficients of -0.6074, 0.5793 and 0.5854, respectively.

Grain yield and water use efficiency of super rice under soil water deficit and alternate wetting and drying irrigation

This study investigated if super rice could better cope with soil water deficit and if it could have better yield performance and water use efficiency （WUE） under alternate wetting and drying （AWD） irrigation than check rice. Two super rice cultivars and two elite check rice cultivars were grown in pots with three soil moisture levels, well watered （WW）, moderate water deficit （MWD） and severe water deficit （SWD）. Two cultivars, each for super rice and check rice, were grown in field with three irrigation regimes, alternate wetting and moderate drying （AWMD）, alternate wetting and severe drying （AWSD） and conventional irrigation （CI）. Compared with that under WW, grain yield was significantly decreased under MWD and SWD treatments, with less reduction for super rice than for check rice. Super rice had higher percentage of productive tillers, deeper root distribution, higher root oxidation activity, and greater aboveground biomass production at mid and late growth stages than check rice, especially under WMD and WSD. Compared with CI,AWMD increased, whereasAWSD decreased grain yield, with more increase or less decrease for super rice than for check rice. Both MWD and SWD treatments and eitherAWMD orAWSD regime significantly increased WUE compared with WW treatment or CI regime, with more increase for super rice than for check rice. The results suggest that super rice has a stronger ability to cope with soil water deficit and holds greater promising to increase both grain yield and WUE by adoption of moderate AWD irrigation.

豫东平原‘郑麦1860’不同播期播量试验的超高产效应

为了实现豫东平原小麦主产区超高产栽培良种良法配套,充分发挥优质中强筋小麦新品种‘郑麦1860’的超高产潜力,运用裂区试验及统计分析方法,研究确定‘郑麦1860’在豫东平原小麦主产区超高产条件下适宜的播期播量指标。结果表明‘:郑麦1860’的适宜播期为10月10日-10月15日,最佳播期为10月15日;适宜播量为187.5~225.0 kg/hm^(2),最佳播量为225.0 kg/hm^(2)。最佳播期播量组合为10月15日与187.5 kg/hm^(2),折合单产12326 kg/hm^(2)。本项试验所取得的适宜播期播量技术指标,可在豫东平原小麦主产区‘郑麦1860’超高产栽培条件下推广应用。

两种产量水平下超级杂交稻氮素吸收利用特性

探明不同产量水平下超级杂交稻的氮素吸收利用特性,可为我国西南稻区超级杂交稻高产栽培和育种提供理论和实践依据。以2个超级杂交稻品种(‘德优4727’‘泸优727’)和2个高产常规稻品种(‘金农丝苗’‘黄华占’)为材料,于2018—2020年在四川省德阳市(高产点)和泸州市(中产点)两个生态点进行大田和盆栽试验,研究两种产量水平下超级杂交稻氮素吸收、转运及利用效率的差异。结果表明:大田条件下不同生态点间超级杂交稻产量、氮素吸收积累利用特性差异显著。高产点超级杂交稻产量、氮肥偏生产力较中产点分别增加8.3%~23.2%、8.3%~23.1%。高产点超级杂交稻播种(SO)—幼穗分化(PI)、PI—齐穗(HD)阶段氮素吸收量和氮素吸收速率(除2018年幼穗分化—齐穗外)均高于中产点,HD—成熟(MA)阶段仍保持较高的氮素吸收量。高产点超级杂交稻成熟期氮素总吸收量较中产点增加15.6%~33.7%。尽管高产点超级杂交稻氮素收获指数较中产点平均增加4.6%(2018年除外),但成熟期仍有大量氮素滞留在超级杂交稻的秸秆中,造成高产点氮素籽粒生产效率较中产点平均减少11.3%。方差分析表明,盆栽条件下土壤、土壤×地点、土壤×品种互作对超级杂交稻产量、氮素吸收量、氮素籽粒生产效率影响不显著。高产点盆栽超级杂交稻产量、氮素吸收量、氮素籽粒生产效率变化趋势与大田试验相似。高产点SO—PI平均温度高于中产点,HD—MA平均温度低于中产点;高产点SO—PI、PI—HD和HD—MA太阳辐射积累量(除2018年PI-HD外)均高于中产点。相关分析表明,高产点籽粒产量与PI—HD氮素吸收量、氮素收获指数呈显著正相关;氮素籽粒生产效率与SO—PI的氮素吸收量和平均温度呈显著负相关。中产点籽粒产量与氮素籽粒生产效率、总吸氮量呈显著正相关;氮素籽粒生产效率与SO—PI和HD—MA的平均温度呈显著负相关。因此,不同产量水平超级杂交稻产量和氮素吸收利用特性差异主要与不同生育期内的平均温度和太阳辐射有关。

水稻小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126的高产特征

[目的]挖掘杂交水稻产量潜力,培育超高产品种,既是一道科学难题,也是“藏粮于技”安全战略。本研究旨在解析小粒不育系卓201S配组的杂交稻卓两优1126高产形成规律,为优质高效超级杂交稻培育提供理论支撑。[方法]2022年选用小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126和对照品种超级稻两优培九、Y两优900和湘两优900为试验材料,在湖南省隆回县统一高产栽培,系统比较卓两优1126与其他3个超级杂交稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、根系发育和抗倒性,探究小粒不育系新组合卓两优1126高产特征。[结果]卓两优1126产量极显著高于对照,较超级杂交稻第1期代表品种两优培九增产35.07%,较超级杂交稻第4期代表品种Y两优900增产17.84%,较超级杂交稻新代表品种湘两优900增产14.52%。卓两优1126产量的提高主要原因是在保持稳定千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升。与对照相比,卓两优1126单茎地上部干质量、根干质量和根冠比均极显著高于对照,表明卓两优1126根系具有显著的生长优势,能够很好地协调植株地下和地上部分的生长,有助于超高产的形成。卓两优1126株高适中,基部3节间总长和穗下节间长度都极显著高于对照,但基部第2节间的弯曲力矩和抗折力与湘两优900的差异未达到显著水平,卓两优1126在增加株高的同时保持了较强的抗倒性。卓两优1126耐低氮,稻米品质综合评级为部标优质2级,极端高温下较对照Y两优1928增产5.53%。[结论]卓两优1126在保持稳定的千粒重和结实率基础上,通过平衡有效穗数与每穗粒数使群体总颖花数显著提升,从而实现超高产。卓两优1126亲本间粒型存在显著差异,可以实现父母本混播混收的全程机械化制种,降低种子生产成本。另外,小粒型不育系千粒重仅为常规不育系的1/2,在制种产量保持不变的前提下,单位制种面积的杂交稻种子粒数比普通不育系多1倍,大幅降低杂交稻的用种成本。因此,以卓两优1126为代表的“小粒种高产稻”模式,能为解决杂交水稻当前困境提供新思路,是新的发展方向。

南粳系列超级稻品种灌浆期光合产物的分配特性

【目的】研究南粳系列超级稻灌浆期光合产物转运和分配及相关基因表达量的变化特性及其与对照品种的差异,总结南粳系列超级稻高产的生理优势,为优质高产粳稻的培育提供理论依据。【方法】采用南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908和南粳5055为研究对象,以淮稻5号为对照,在孕穗期、开花期以及开花后每隔7 d至成熟期测定剑叶光合速率、地上部干物质分配和转运,以及剑叶和籽粒发育不同时期物质转运相关基因的表达量,统计产量差异。【结果】南粳系列超级稻产量和千粒重高于淮稻5号,其剑叶净光合速率在孕穗期和花后28 d显著高于淮稻5号。在物质转运方面,南粳系列超级稻开花后茎叶干重、叶片输出量、输出率和转运率显著高于淮稻5号,其中南粳5718叶片输出量和输出率最高。南粳5718剑叶中与淀粉降解和糖类代谢相关基因(OsSPS1,OsSUT2,OsGWD1)的表达比其他品种启动早,最高表达量也高于其他品种。籽粒中SWEET基因在灌浆早期的蔗糖转运过程中扮演重要角色,中后期OsPK3、OsSUT1、OsSUT2基因在糖类的运输卸载中发挥重要作用,OsAGPL2和OsDPE1基因在中后期淀粉合成中发挥重要作用,南粳5718、南粳晶谷、南粳3908籽粒中与淀粉合成和糖类运输的相关基因在不同时期的表达量显著高于淮稻5号。【结论】南粳系列超级稻较高的产量在物质转运方面主要有以下特征:茎秆和叶片物质积累量多,穗积累量大,叶片和茎秆物质转运率高;叶片中蔗糖代谢和转运相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在源端的合成、装载和转运;籽粒中蔗糖转运和淀粉合成相关基因表达量高,有利于蔗糖在库端的卸载及籽粒中淀粉的合成。

超高产花生新品种汕油诱1号的选育与栽培

汕油诱1号是汕头市农业科学研究所以汕油212的干种子为材料,通过EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变选育而成的超高产花生新品种,2014年通过全国花生品种鉴定(国品鉴花生2014014)和广东省农作物品种审定(粤审油2014001),2017年获得植物新品种权(品种权号:CNA20140907.4),2018年通过国家非主要农作物品种登记[GPD花生(2018)440280]。该品种丰产性突出,在全国(南方区)花生品种区域试验和广东省春植花生新品种区域试验中,干荚果产量分别为4590.08、4112.85 kg·hm^(-2),分别比对照汕油523增产11.20%和15.25%;含油量49.31%~53.45%,蛋白质含量21.40%~26.58%,高抗锈病和叶斑病,感青枯病,抗倒性、耐旱性和耐涝性较强,适宜在广东水旱轮作田及旱坡地春、秋季和广西西部、福建、云南以及江西、湖南两省南部的花生产区春季种植。栽培上注意选择土质、适时播种、合理密植、加强肥水管理、及时防治草害病害虫害鼠害。

调亏-增氧灌溉对超级稻根系生长的影响

为提高农田灌溉用水利用效率,明确调亏-增氧灌溉对超级稻根系形态特征、生理特性、植株农艺性状及产量的影响,以超级稻中早39作为盆栽试验对象,设置灌溉增氧水0~30 mm、调亏灌溉土壤体积饱和含水率的百分比60%~80%和80%~100%3种调亏组合,测定分蘖中期、分蘖后期、拔节孕穗期的株高、有效穗数、植株干重、总根长、根表面积、根平均直径、总根尖数、根系活力和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量指标。结果表明:(1)调亏-增氧灌溉可提升超级稻根系活力,延缓分蘖后期、拔节孕穗期根系活力的减弱,有效降低超级稻根系MDA含量;(2)调亏-增氧灌溉有利于超级稻有效穗数的增加和植株干重的积累;(3)调亏-增氧灌溉对超级稻根表面积、总根长、根平均直径、总根尖数有明显提高。总之,调亏-增氧灌溉对超级稻根系生长影响显著,促进水资源利用效率,促进水稻产量形成。