基于Super-GBS简化基因组测序技术的柞蚕SNP位点挖掘

基于Super-GBS基因分型(super-genotyping-by-sequencing)技术开展柞蚕单核苷酸多态性标记(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点挖掘研究,旨在开发性状关联SNP分子标记,为柞蚕种质资源评价鉴定、遗传图谱构建、QTL定位提供数据支撑。以白体色小白蚕为母本、黄体色H04为父本,获得BC1M群体(110个)、F_(1)(3个)、P_(1)(1个)、P_(2)(1个)总计115个柞蚕材料,利用PstⅠ-HF/MspⅠ双酶切基因组构建Super-GBS文库并测序,使用BWA软件将过滤后的序列数据比对到柞蚕参考基因组,采用GATK软件开发SNP标记,使用SnpEff软件注释SNP位点及R语言分析遗传结构。测序共产生序列数据量为106.39 Gb,过滤后的平均读长为0.89 Gb,Q30测序质量值平均为90.11%,比对率平均为98.48%。共得到有效SNP位点141100个,主要位于基因间隔区、内含子区、基因下游、上游,其中C/T、A/G变异类型最多,转换与颠换的比例为1.296187∶1。SNP位点变异主要为同义突变和错义突变,产生修饰(MODIFIER)影响。主成分与聚类分析将115个样品分为4组(P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、BC_(1)M),反映了样品的遗传背景及亲缘关系,群体遗传分化指数F_(ST)在0.0003777~0.8272间,群体遗传距离DR分布在0.0004~1.7556,F_(ST)与DR均表现出明显的遗传背景上的聚类。结果表明,Super-GBS技术能够获得大量柞蚕SNP位点信息,可用于SNP标记开发,且开发的SNP标记能够对115个样品的亲缘关系、体色演变进行解释,为今后柞蚕种质资源评价与鉴定、分子标记辅助育种工作奠定基础。

基于简化基因组测序(Super-GBS)的子午岭黑山羊保种群遗传结构评估

旨在分析子午岭黑山羊的群体遗传多样性和亲缘关系以及家系结构,为子午岭黑山羊的保护和利用提供依据。本研究通过简化基因组测序(super-genotyping by sequencing,Super-GBS)技术对99只(10公/89母)成年子午岭黑山羊进行全基因组SNP检测。利用Plink软件计算观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)、核苷酸多样性(Pi)、有效等位基因数(Ne)及次要等位基因频率(MAF)等6项遗传多样性指标;GCTA软件进行主成分分析及基因组亲缘关系G矩阵构建;Plink软件构建IBS遗传距离矩阵,R语言绘制热图;PHYLP构建系统发育树;detect RUNS工具检测ROH。结果表明,99只子午岭黑山羊个体共检测到996042个SNPs。子午岭黑山羊群体的PIC、Pi、Ne及MAF值分别是0.161、0.193、1.295、0.130,且Ho(0.167)低于He(0.192),说明子午岭黑山羊群体遗传多样性较低。G矩阵和IBS遗传距离结果均表明子午岭黑山羊群体间大部分个体间亲缘关系较远。主成分分析结果揭示子午岭黑山羊群体内部不存在明显分化,系统发育树结果说明子午岭黑山羊群体公羊可大致分为6个家系,所有家系公羊数量较少。子午岭黑山羊群体的近交系数FROH为0.0496,说明子午岭黑山羊群体内部近交程度相对较低。综上所述,子午岭黑山羊群体遗传多样性较低,大部分个体间亲缘关系较远,群体内近交程度较低,后期应注意后代的选育,避免血统流失。

A Fusion Neutron Source Driven Sub-Critical Nuclear Energy System: A Way for Early Application of Fusion Technology

This paper proposes a sub-critical nuclear energy system driven by fusion neutron source, FDS, which can be used to transmute long-lived radioactive wastes and to produce fissile nuclear fuel as a way for early application of fusion technology. The necessity and feasibility to develop that system in China are illustrated on the basis of prediction of the demand of energy source in the first half of the 21th century, the status of current fission energy supply and the progress in fusion technology in the world. The characteristics of fusion neutron driver and the potential for transmutation of long-lived nuclear wastes and breeding of fissile nuclear fuel in a blanket are analyzed. A scenario of development steps is proposed.

Recovery of oil and free fatty acids from spent bleaching earth using sub-critical water technology supported with kinetic and thermodynamic study

This work represents the extraction of oil with high free fatty acid content from spent bleaching earth using sub-critical water technology as a greener production pathway. The extraction efficiencies under different conditions were investigated. The studied parameters include temperatures in the range of 180 to 270°C, the feed to solventfeed-to-solvent (in this case water) ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5) and extraction times in the range of 5-60 minutes. The results showed that the optimum temperature, feed to solventfeed-to-solvent ratio, and extraction time were 270°C, 1:3, and 20 minutes, respectively. In another experiment, the extracted free fatty acids were converted into mono-, di-, and triglycerides through esterification with glycerol to increase the value added of the extracted products. The kinetics of the extraction process was found to be corresponding to an irreversible consecutive unimolecular-type first order reaction, consisting of the extraction step followed by the decomposition reaction step. Both reaction rates of extraction and decomposition were estimated using the reaction rate equations utilizing the nonlinear regression method. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 46.1 kJ·mol-1. This result indicates a diffusion controlled reaction. For more exploration and deep understanding of the extraction mechanism, other thermodynamic parameters were also calculated and analyzed including,ΔH#, ΔS#, and ΔG# of the extraction step.

Law governing strata and ground movement due to sub-critical extraction

The strata movement induced by sub-critical extraction is a problem not receiving due attention because of its relatively small magnitude of deformation. However, with the increase of mining depth, sub-critical extraction has become a general phenomenon. This calls for an in-depth investigation into the characteristics of ground movements observed under different extents of sub-critical extraction, so as to determine the appropriate mining technique for use. Following a discussion of the factors influencing the extent of super-critical extraction, the super-critical extraction extent evaluation criteria was presented, the characteristics and laws of the strata and ground movements caused by such an extraction condition were systematically analyzed, and the mechanism of surface subsidence induced by sub-critical extraction was revealed. The result of study may serve as a basis for the development of the strata and ground movement prediction model and the mining techniques appropriate for use at depth beneath surface structures and buildings.

Fouling process and anti-fouling mechanisms of dynamic membrane assisted by photocatalytic oxidation under sub-critical fluxes

Membrane fouling is often considered as a hindrance for the application of microfiltration/ultrafiltration(MF/UF) for drinking water production. A novel process of photocatalytic membrane reactor/dynamic membrane(PMR/DM), operating in a continuous mode under sub-critical flux, was proposed for the mitigation of membrane fouling caused by humic acids(HAs) in water. The mechanism of membrane fouling alleviation with synergistic photocatalytic oxidation and dynamic layer isolating effect was comprehensively investigated from the characterization of foulant evolution responsible for the reversible and irreversible fouling. The results showed that the PMR/DM utilized photocatalytic oxidation to enhance the porosity and hydrophilicity of the fouling layer by converting the high molecular weight(MW) and hydrophobic HA molecules with carboxylic functional groups and aromatic structures into low-MW hydrophilic or transphilic fractions, including tryptophan-like or fulvic-like substances. The fouling layer formed in the PMR/DM by combination of photocatalytic oxidation and DM running at a sub-critical flux of 100 L·h^-1·m^-2, was more hydrophilic and more porous, resulting in the lowest trans-membrane pressure(TMP) growth rates, as compared to the processes of ceramic membrane(CM), DM and PMR/CM.Meanwhile, the dynamic layer prevented the foulants, particularly the high-MW hydrophobic fractions,from contacting the primary membrane, which enabled the membrane permeability to be restored easily.

In-plane shear(ModeⅡ) crack sub-critical propagation of rock at high temperature

In-plane shear crack sub-critical propagation of rock at high temperature was studied by finite element method and shear-box(i.e.compression-shear) test with newly designed electrically conductive adhesive method.Numerical and experimental results show that the normalized shear(Mode Ⅱ) stress intensity factors,K ⅡT/KT0 is decreased as the temperature increases because high temperature can improve stress distribution at crack tip and reduce the Mode Ⅱ stress intensity factor.Microscopic features of fractured surface are of little pits and secondary micro-cracks in the vicinity(1.5-4.0 mm) of the crack tip.The chevron-shape secondary cracks gradually merge in the length of about 4-5 mm and disappear along the direction of crack propagation.Stable shear crack propagation time is increased with the increasing temperature while the stable shear crack propagation rate is decreased with the increasing temperature,since high temperature can increase the shear(Mode Ⅱ) fracture toughness and prevent the crack growth.It is necessary to ensure the ligament of specimen long enough to measure the maximum unstable crack propagation rate of rock.

Effect of holes on in-plane shear(Mode Ⅱ) crack sub-critical propagation of rock

Shear-box(i.e.compression-shear) test and newly designed electrically conductive adhesive method were used to measure shear crack sub-critical propagation time and rate of sandstone specimen.Different cubic specimens with and without holes were tested to study the effect of holes on the shear crack sub-critical propagation.Numerical and experimental results show that three independent variables of hole,the interval distance S,the distance between the center of hole and the crack tip L,and hole radius R,have different contribution to the ratio of stress intensity factor of the specimen with holes to that of the specimen without hole,KⅡ/KⅡ0.Increasing S and decreasing L and R will result in the decrease of KⅡ/KⅡ0 and help crack arrest.The weight relation of the independent variables for KⅡ/KⅡ0 is S>L>R.The specimen DH3 with the largest value of S and the smallest values of L and R has the longest sub-critical crack propagation time and the smallest sub-critical crack propagation rate.Adding two suitable holes symmetrically to the original crack plane in rock specimen is considered to be a potential method for crack arrest of rock.

Super-Boost变换器的工作模式及输出纹波电压分析

Super-Boost变换器代替传统的充、放电模块可大大减小电源的质量和体积,提高其功率密度,因此在空间电力系统中具有广阔的应用前景。但由于Super-Boost变换器有多个功率元件,且存在电感电流反向流动特性,导致其供能模式及输出纹波电压较传统Boost变换器复杂。为了给Super-Boost变换器的分析和设计提供正确的理论指导,对Super-Boost变换器供能模式及输出纹波电压进行了深入研究。研究发现,电感L_(1)和L_(2)均存在连续导电模式、伪连续导电模式和伪断续导电模式等工作模式,建立各工作模式的临界电感和输出纹波电压解析数学模型,探讨峰值电流与电感间的关系,得到了满足设计要求的最小电容和最小电感,据此给出了变换器参数设计方法,实验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于Super-Twisting滑模S面的无人机路径跟踪控制

针对小型固定翼无人机在执行任务时跟踪精度低以及容易受外界风影响的问题,设计基于Super-Twisting滑模S面(STSM S-Plane)的路径跟踪控制器,同时采用内外双环控制模式。外环即速度环采用Super-Twisting滑模控制,内环即姿态环采用S面控制。考虑到S面控制求导易导致积分爆炸的问题引入了二阶微分器,并对外界风组成进行建模研究。最后通过空间特殊曲线来验证所设计算法的控制性能。仿真结果表明,所设计的算法可以实现固定翼无人机对期望路径的精确跟踪,并具有良好的鲁棒性和抗干扰性能。

Sub-Criticality Measurement with Source Term for Research Reactor in Inverse Kinetics Method

In reactor physics tests, it is important to monitor sub-criticality continuously during criticality approach. Reactivity measurements by the inverse kinetics method are widely used during the operation of a nuclear reactor. This technique is successfully applied at sufficiently high power level or to a core without an external neutron source where the neutron source term in point reactor kinetics equations may be neglected. For operation at low power levels or in the sub-critical domain, the increase in the fluctuation of the neutron signal may cause difficulties in the evaluation of reactivity and the effect of direct emission from the external neutron source may not be neglected. Therefore, contribution of the neutron source must be taken into account and this implies knowledge of a quantity proportional to the source strength, which calls the source term and then it should be determined. The research work has been conducted to measure reactivity with source term using a dedicated reactivity measurement system by the Least Square Inverse Kinetics Method (LSIKM). Application to a simulator of HANARO research reactor, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), with known source strength and reactivity worth has showed consistent and satisfactory agreement.

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wheat Straw in Sub-critical Water/Ethanol with Ionic Liquid for Bio-oil Production

Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw in sub-critical water with ionic liquid was investigated in an autoclave. The product distribution at different temperatures and pressures was studied. The liquid oil and the residuals were tested by 1H NMR, FTIR and SEM techniques. The results indicated that under the same conditions, the oil yield from liquefaction of wheat straw in water/ethanol was higher than that in sub-critical water. The result also showed that under the investigated conditions, adding 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) could increase the total conversion and gas yield, while at the same time the yield of n-hexane insoluble fraction and the tetrahydrofuran soluble fraction was reduced. Moreover, the results also showed that upon adding [Bmim]Cl the contents of the aliphatic hydrogen and phenols in liquid oil also increased along with improved oil quality.

基于改进型Super-twisting的双馈感应发电机直接功率控制

为提高双馈感应发电机(DFIG)直接功率控制的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力,提出一种改进型超螺旋滑模(STSMC)的直接功率控制(DPC)。首先,建立参数摄动下的DFIG最大功率捕获模型和定子磁场定向的双馈感应发电机模型;然后,将非奇异快速终端滑模面(NFTSM)与一种改进型超螺旋(Super-twisting)优化算法结合,设计DFIG直接功率控制器(IST-NFTSMC)。其中所设计的非奇异滑模面能有效避免传统滑模控制(SMC)的奇异现象,且改进超螺旋控制律能有效削弱NFTSMC抖振,提高功率控制精度;最后,通过仿真和实验,与PI控制和传统SMC控制相比,该控制能削弱DFIG功率与电流抖振问题,加快其收敛速度,提高DFIG直接功率控制稳态精度。

组态视角下我国物流业绿色全要素生产率提升路径研究--基于Super-SBM-Malmquist与fsQCA方法

通过整合TOE框架,提取互联网发展水平、新能源比例、创新能力、物流业集聚程度、市场化水平和对外开放程度6个指标为前因变量,以物流业绿色全要素生产率为结果变量,将我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)数据作为研究样本,运用fsQCA方法揭示导致我国物流业产生高与非高绿色全要素生产率的组态路径。研究发现:“十三五”期间我国物流业绿色全要素生产率持续进步;大部分省市区的物流业绿色全要素生产率有提升;产生高物流业绿色全要素生产率的路径可归纳为“互联网-对外开放-创新”驱动型、“互联网-对外开放-新能源-物流业集聚”驱动型和“新能源-市场化-物流业集聚”驱动型三种。

TP347H与Super304H耐热钢热疲劳过程的变形与开裂行为研究

基于金属板材热疲劳试验方法(HB 6660-2011),对比分析了TP347H和Super304H两种耐热钢的供货态、相同热处理条件下的固溶态和时效态试样在热疲劳过程中底部尺寸的变形行为,以及缺口部位裂纹形貌。结果表明:这3种状态Super304H钢在热疲劳试验后的变形均小于相应TP347H钢的,TP347H缺口呈现相对较大的钝化,时效态试样钝化最大,裂纹最短。缺口附近的观察结果,TP347H在缺口附近龟裂损伤程度弱于Super304H钢的,开裂方式主要为沿晶开裂,也有部分穿晶开裂。

Co-liquefaction of Cotton Seed and Flos Populi in Sub-critical Water/Ethanol Solvent for Bio-oil with Medical Stone Based Additives

The co-liquefaction behaviors of cotton seed(CS)and flos populi(FP)were investigated in the sub-critical water/ethanol mixed solvent using the medical stone(MS)based additives.Oil products were characterized using FTIR,GC-MS,1HNMR,and 13CNMR techniques.The test results showed that the synergistic effect of co-liquefaction was obvious when the ratio of cotton seed and flospopuli was 1:1 without additives.The additives,such as 12-phosphotungstic acid(PW12),HZSM-5,PW12/HZSM-5 and modified medical stone(MS),PW12/MS,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the bio-oil yield;and the modified MS resulted in higher liquefied oil yield than that achieved by MS.Furthermore,additives such as Ni/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS also could increase the yield of aliphatic hydrocarbons in liquefied oil.The addition of Co-Mo/MS could lead to a highest liquefied oil yield of 28.8%,while the additive of PW12/HZSM-5 could result in a highest total conversion of 81.6%.Results also revealed that additives,such as PW12/MS,PW12,PW12/HZSM-5,Ni/MS,Co/MS,Mo/MS,and Co-Mo/MS,could increase the H2 production and decrease the CO2 production in gas products.

Deep eutectic solvents:Green multi-task agents for sustainable super green hydrogen technologies

While reliance on renewable energy resources has become a reality, there is still a need to deploy greener and more sustainable methods in order to achieve sustainable development goals. Indeed, green hydrogen is currently believed to be a reliable solution for global warming and the pollution challenges arising from fossil fuels, making it the resilient fuel of the future. However, the sustainability of green hydrogen technologies is yet to be achieved. In this context, generation of green hydrogen with the aid of deep eutectic solvents(DESs) as green mixtures has been demonstrated as a promising research area. This systematic review article covers green hydrogen generation through water splitting and biomass fermentation when DESs are utilized within the generation process. It also discusses the incorporation of DESs in fuel cell technologies. DESs can play a variety of roles such as solvent, electrolyte, or precursor;colloidal suspension and reaction medium;galvanic replacement, shape-controlling, decoration, or extractive agent;finally oxidant. These roles are relevant to several methods of green hydrogen generation, including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and fermentation. As such, it is of utmost importance to screen potential DES formulations and determine how they can function in and contribute throughout the green hydrogen mobility stages. The realization of super green hydrogen generation stands out as a pivotal milestone in our journey towards achieving a more sustainable form of development;DESs have great potential in making this milestone achievable. Overall, incorporating DESs in hydrogen generation constitutes a promising research area and offers potential scalability for green hydrogen production, storage,transport, and utilization.

Application of Sub-Critical Water Extraction in Pharmaceutical Industry

Sub-critical water extraction is a brand-new separation technology. This paper mainly discussed the principle, advantages of sub-critical water extraction, and its applications ranging from the medicinal plants traditionally used in Europe and Asia to produce pharmaceutical extracts (such as volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinone, lactone, etc.). Meanwhile, the prospect of sub-critical water extraction in plant extractives is also explored. It will be widely used in the field of medical plants, bringing huge economic benefits, environmental benefits and social benefits.

Image super‐resolution via dynamic network

Convolutional neural networks depend on deep network architectures to extract accurate information for image super‐resolution.However,obtained information of these con-volutional neural networks cannot completely express predicted high‐quality images for complex scenes.A dynamic network for image super‐resolution(DSRNet)is presented,which contains a residual enhancement block,wide enhancement block,feature refine-ment block and construction block.The residual enhancement block is composed of a residual enhanced architecture to facilitate hierarchical features for image super‐resolution.To enhance robustness of obtained super‐resolution model for complex scenes,a wide enhancement block achieves a dynamic architecture to learn more robust information to enhance applicability of an obtained super‐resolution model for varying scenes.To prevent interference of components in a wide enhancement block,a refine-ment block utilises a stacked architecture to accurately learn obtained features.Also,a residual learning operation is embedded in the refinement block to prevent long‐term dependency problem.Finally,a construction block is responsible for reconstructing high‐quality images.Designed heterogeneous architecture can not only facilitate richer structural information,but also be lightweight,which is suitable for mobile digital devices.Experimental results show that our method is more competitive in terms of performance,recovering time of image super‐resolution and complexity.The code of DSRNet can be obtained at https://github.com/hellloxiaotian/DSRNet.

New direction for surgery:Super minimally invasive surgery

The top goal of modern medicine is treating disease without destroying organ structures and making patients as healthy as they were before their sickness.Minimally invasive surgery(MIS)has dominated the surgical realm because of its lesser invasiveness.However,changes in anatomical structures of the body and reconstruction of internal organs or different organs are common after traditional surgery or MIS,decreasing the quality of life of patients post-operation.Thus,I propose a new treatment mode,super MIS(SMIS),which is defined as“curing a disease or lesion which used to be treated by MIS while preserving the integrity of the organs”.In this study,I describe the origin,definition,operative channels,advantages,and future perspectives of SMIS.