Shape Optimization of Pressure Vessel Head Based on the Super-ellipse Equation

This paper studies optimal shape design of pressure vessel head subject to internal uniform pressure.The optimization aims at minimizing its maximum stress while the volume of the vessel head remains no less than the standard ellipsoidal head.Super-ellipse curve is selected to describe the middle surface shape of the vessel head because it represents a large family of curves with only two or three parameters and makes the design and manufacture easy.The performance of different elements and element sizes of FEM modeling is carefully studied in view of computational cost,accuracy and noises of von Mises stress.The response surface of the maximum stress vs.shape design parameters is approximated by a Kriging surrogate model with EI criterion for sampling adding,based on the parameter optimization which is carried out to search the optimal shape.Finally,it is shown by numerical comparison that the super-ellipsoidal head is better than the standard ellipsoidal head and the other vessel heads in the literature.

Changes of Nitric Oxide and Its Relationship with Clinical Features,Intracranial Pressure and Outcome in Acute Head Injury

To investigate the content and dynamics of nitric oxide (NO) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute head injury and to clarify the relationship of NO with clinical features and intracranial pressure (ICP) as well as outcomes, 38 adults with acute head injury were studied. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) obtained at admission and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 3 months after injury was assessed. ICP was surveyed via intraventricular catheter and lumbar puncture and CSF samples were obtained simultaneously. NO was determined with Griess reagents. Results showed that NO peak content in the head injury group was significantly higher than that of the control group. During dynamic research, no peak content of mildly injured cases and severely injured ones appeared in different time windows respectively. The peak value of NO was distinctly higher in the severe group than in the mild group. NO peak value of the raised ICP group was remarkably higher than that of the normal ICP group. The peak value of NO was considerately higher in the poor outcome group than in the good outcome group. When the content of NO was over 6. 5 μmol/L, the rate of poor outcome was increased. There existed a correlation between NO and GCS, ICP and GOS. It is concluded that the content of NO was increased in patients with acute head injury and the changes of NO had different time windows in severely injured patients and mildly injured ones. The more sever the injury, the higher the NO content; and the more serious the secondary brain injury and brain edema, the worse the outcomes. When NO is combined with GCS, GOS and ICP, it increases the accuracy of judgement to the degree of head injury and outcome.

Evaluation of “C” Values to Head Loss and Water Pressure Due to Pipe Aging: Case Study of Uni-Central Sarawak

Samarahan has transformed from a small village into education hub for the past 2 decades. Rapid development and population growth had led to speedy growth in water demand. The situation is getting worse as the pipes are deteriorating due to pipe aging. Therefore, there is a need to study the adequacy of water supply and relationships among roughness coefficient (C) values in Hazen Williams’ Equation with head loss and water pressure due to pipe aging at Uni-Central, a residential area located at Samarahan Sarawak. Investigations were carried out with Ductile Iron, Abestos Cement and Cast Iron pipes at age categories of 0 - 10 years, 10 - 30 years, 30 - 50 years, 50 - 70 years and >70 years. Six critical nodes named as A, B, C, D, E and F were identified to study the water pressure and head loss. Model was developed with InfoWorks Water Supply (WS) Pro software. The impact of pipe aging and materials to water pressure and head loss was not significant at Nodes A, B, C and F. However, max water pressure at Nodes D and F were only reaching 6.30 m and 7.30 m, respectively for all investigations. Therefore, some improvement works are required. Results also show that Asbestos Cement pipe has the least impact on the head loss and water pressure, followed by Ductile Iron pipe and lastly Cast Iron pipe. Simulation results also revealed that older pipes have higher roughness coefficients, indicated with lower “C” values, thus increase the head loss and reduce the water pressure. In contrast, as “C” values increased, head loss will be reduced and water pressure will be increased.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography crosssectional image of optic nerve head during intraocular pressure elevation

AIM: To analyze changes of the optic nerve head(ONH) and peripapillary region during intraocular pressure(IOP) elevation in patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT).METHODS: Both an optic disc 200×200 cube scan and a high-definition 5-line raster scan were obtained from open angle glaucoma patients presented with monocular elevation of IOP(≥30 mm Hg) using SD-OCT. Additional baseline characteristics included age, gender, diagnosis,best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, findings of slit lamp biomicroscopy, findings of dilated stereoscopic examination of the ONH and fundus, IOP, pachymetry findings, and the results of visual field.RESULTS: The 24 patients were selected and divided into two groups: group 1 patients had no history of IOP elevation or glaucoma(n =14), and group 2 patients did have history of IOP elevation or glaucoma(n =10). In each patient, the study eye with elevated IOP was classified into group H(high), and the fellow eye was classified into group L(low). The mean deviation(MD)differed significantly between groups H and L when all eyes were considered(P =0.047) and in group 2(P =0.042), not in group 1(P =0.893). Retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) average thickness(P =0.050), rim area(P =0.015),vertical cup/disc ratio(P =0.011), cup volume(P =0.028),inferior quadrant RNFL thickness(P =0.017), and clockhour(1, 5, and 6) RNFL thicknesses(P =0.050, 0.012, and0.018, respectively), cup depth(P =0.008), central prelaminar layer thickness(P =0.023), mid-inferior prelaminar layer thickness(P =0.023), and nasal retinal slope(P =0.034)were significantly different between the eyes with groups H and L.CONCLUSION:RNFLaveragethickness,rim area,vertical cup/disc ratio, cup volume, inferior quadrant RNFL thickness, and clock-hour(1, 5, and 6) RNFL thicknesses significantly changed during acute IOP elevation.

Effect of super-high pressure on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2) alloys

Super-high pressure(SHP)technique plays an increasing role in the fields of materials science and engineering.Herein,the Mg_(97)Zn_(1)Y_(2) alloy was heat-treated under SHP(6 GPa)by cubic-anvil large-volume press with six rams for 2 h in the temperature range of 500–1200℃.The microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated.The results indicated that the as-cast sample consists of α-Mg equiaxed dendrites and continuous lamellar long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase in grain boundaries.After the SHP treatment,the LPSO phase is gradually replaced by eutectic phase(Mg,Zn)_(3)Y with increasing temperature.The microhardness and strength of sample prepared at 1100℃ under SHP treatment are significantly improved compared with the as-cast one at room temperature.The improved mechanical behaviors are mainly attributed to LPSO phase kink-banding strengthening at low temperature and the precipitation strengthening of a large amount of fine(Mg,Zn)_(3)Y particles at high temperature after SHP treatment.It reveals the SHP is an effective approach to prepare high performance Mg alloys.

Preliminary Study on the Linear Relationship between the Internal Pressure Head of Rubber Dam Bags and Real-time Dam Height

The design operating conditions of rubber dams were analyzed,and it is found that the operating conditions are similar to the actual operating conditions of changes in the internal pressure ratio of a specific rubber dam bag in the process of filling and draining. Based on this,the linear relationship curve between the internal pressure head H0 and the real-time dam height H and its approximate analytical formula can be obtained,which can be used as a supplement and correction method for the measurement method of real-time dam height during rubber dam operation,and provides reference for rubber dam project managers.

Head trauma can cause transient elevation of intraocular pressure in patients with open angle glaucoma

AIM: To describe a newly-recognized entity, illustrated by five cases of glaucoma in whom trauma to the head, but not the eye, resulted in marked, transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Retrospective case series. Chart review. RESULTS: All five cases had a diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma prior to the experience of trauma to the head. All cases had an unusual elevation of IOP (around 70 percent) for days to weeks following the trauma, after which the IOP fell to pre-accident levels. No cause other than the trauma could be determined. CONCLUSION: The relationship between head trauma and elevation of IOP appears real.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION UNDER NORMAL FEET DURING STANDING AND LEVEL WALKING

Foot pressure measurements were performed during standing and level walkingon a series of 30 normal subjects (15 males, 15 females, a total of 60 feet) with amean age of 37.6 yrs and a mean body weight of 66.3 kg. A significant difference wasfound in the peak pressure under the second metatarsal head between males and femaleswith females showing higher pressures than males daring walking (P【0. 01). The meanpeak pressure and standard deviation for all 7 areas selected for 30 adult subjects duringstanding and walding were obtained. The rise time to peak pressure at each selected areafor walking was recorded and analysed. The practical application and clinical significanceof these data were also discussed.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Simple Hypothesis

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a devious phenomenon. It is a disease that is difficult to diagnose and difficult to treat, the only treatment being a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, though good shunting results rarely pass a 70% level of effectiveness. We need to understand its pathophysiology better before things will improve. Although some colleagues know it as a possible “reversible dementia” others hardly know about its existence. Solutions would also have value for the general understanding of hydrocephalus of other types. Many theories have been published recently in the search for the missing pieces in this puzzle and I feel that my own postulations could turn out to be useful. After years of diagnosing and operating on hydrocephalus patients I propose that: 1) There is reason to believe that patients with the Apoprotein E3/3 genotype and a high head size percentile are particularly vulnerable to developing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). 2) The classical theory that the arachnoid granulations (AG) transport cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the venous circulation is wrong. I postulate, that the AG essentially are sensors, registering the pressure differences between the CSF in the subarachnoidal space at the top of the skull and the venous pressure in the sagittal sinus. The AG’s endothelium produces nitric oxide (NO) as a messenger that is received by the vagus nerve at the jugular foramen. 3) The disease has its fundamental pathology in the subpial space in the large cisternas and along the large vessels under the brain. Here the intravenous absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) takes place. Cerebrospinal fluid is transported into the subpial venules and veins, driven by the pulse pressure of the subpial arteries. Morphological changes in the pial/subpial anatomy explain the existence of acquired normal pressure hydrocephalus (aNPH).

高水压高应力岩石声波时域传播特性试验研究

地下工程岩体普遍处于水压力和地应力环境中,水压力和地应力共同控制着岩石的物理力学特性,研究高水压和高应力对岩石声波传播的影响特性,有利于揭示深部岩体工程开挖时围岩损伤演化、动态力学响应以及水压力和地应力的反演。基于自主研发的高水压高应力岩石声波测试系统,设置多组水压力和轴向静应力等级用于模拟地下水压力和地应力环境,对红砂岩和石灰岩进行声波传播试验。选取岩石声波首波波形,研究岩石声波波速、首波幅值和能量随水压力和轴向静应力的变化关系,构建岩石声学参数的演化经验模型。研究结果表明,当承受的轴向静应力确定时,红砂岩声波波速随水压力的增大呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,2者呈良好高斯函数关系,石灰岩声波波速随水压力的增加先快速升高后缓慢降低。当承受的水压力确定时,2种岩石声波波速随轴向静应力的增大均呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,红砂岩声波波速与轴向静应力呈高斯函数关系,且红砂岩声波波速变化显著,石灰岩变化较小。确定轴向静应力工况下,红砂岩首波幅值和能量随水压力的增加先平缓发展后快速降低,首波幅值与水压力呈指数函数的变化关系;石灰岩首波幅值和能量随水压力的增加先快速增加后平稳发展或略有降低。确定水压力工况下,红砂岩首波幅值和能量随轴向静应力的增加先升高后下降;石灰岩首波幅值和能量随轴向静应力的增大先快速上升后急剧减小。研究成果对深部高水压环境下岩体工程开挖围岩赋存状态表征、应力波传播以及邻近结构的稳定性分析提供理论基础。

渗透各向异性土层中考虑挡墙厚度的基坑稳态渗流解析解

本文对考虑厚度挡墙支护下渗透各向异性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则区域,采用坐标变换将渗透各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,对各区域利用叠加法和分离变量法推导得到二维稳态渗流场、挡墙上水压力以及坑底出逸比降的显式解析解。对比保角变换和积分变换方法,本文解渗流场计算结果连续且无奇异点,且基坑水头和挡墙两侧水压力分布情况与数值软件分析一致性较好,说明本文解析解的正确性和优越性。本文解与不同计算方法得到的挡墙水压力结果对比分析发现,挡墙厚度d、竖直与水平向渗透系数比α对挡墙上水压力的影响不可忽略。分析α、d对挡墙底部水压力及出逸比降的影响,随着α和d的增大,基坑外侧挡墙底部水压力增大,基坑内侧挡墙底部水压力减小;随着α和d的逐渐减小,坑底出逸比降不断增大;当α和d较小时,考虑一维渗流情况得到的出逸比降安全性较低,且随着α和d的减小与本文解析解差距越来越大。

隔膜式电磁阀内部流场数值模型构建与流动特性分析

基于k-ε(k为湍流动能,ε为湍流耗散率)湍流模型,以进口质量流量、出口静压为数值计算条件,建立了隔膜阀内部流场的数值模拟模型,并对模型的精度进行了试验验证。在此基础上,应用该模型分析了不同进口流量(2.787~33.273 kg/s)条件下阀体内部流动特性及压力场分布规律,并建立了进口流量与阀体水头损失的精确数量关系。结果表明:(1)数值模拟能较好的预测不同流量条件下阀体的水头损失,在进口流量分别为5.546、11.091和16.637 kg/s时,试验与数值模拟相对误差仅为-6.433%、4.619%和7.264%。(2)在进口流量恒定的条件下,从进口至出口,流道内的静压总体沿程呈减小趋势,在阀体内部由于阀坎的阻挡造成流道收缩以及水流撞击隔膜产生折流而出现较大的静压变化梯度。(3)水流在经过阀坎上的窄流道后,在阀体下游形成明显的空化区,伴随着有一定的回流现象,阀体下游的空化区主要出现在距出口1/3流体域处,随着进口流量的增大,阀体下游的涡流更加剧烈,回流现象更为显著,但回流区的范围并未显著增加。(4)在模型精度验证的基础上,应用该模型进一步分析了18种进口流量条件下阀体内部流动特性及压力场分布规律,并建立了进口质量流量Q与阀体水头损失?P的数量关系,当进口质量流量Q从2.787~15.428 kg/s,雷诺数从37927~215984时的拟合方程为?P=2076.31Q-7567.49,R^(2)=0.964;进口质量流量从17.141~33.273 kg/s,雷诺数从240097~467009时的拟合方程为?P=5688.02Q-67317.39,R^(2)=0.993,为灌溉管网水力计算提供了参考依据。

压力微导管对血流储备分数测定准确性的随机对照研究

目的探究压力微导管(PMC)在血流储备分数(FFR)测量方面的准确性及明确其是否比压力导丝(PW)的测量操作更方便快捷。方法前瞻性纳入38例慢性冠脉综合征的患者,将其1∶1随机分为甲、乙两组。乙组使用PMC为试验器械,甲组使用PW为对照器械。甲组先行PW的FFR测量,后在同一位置行PMC的FFR测量;乙组行相反测量顺序(先PMC后PW);主要终点指标为压力微导管在FFR测量方面的准确性,通过分析压力微导管测量的FFR(FFRpmc)与压力导丝测量的FFR(FFPpw)的平均偏差获得。次要终点指标包括通过测量操作时间、通过率和测量成功率验证的器械操作便捷性。结果乙组的测量均值为(0.77±0.11),甲组的测量均值为(0.76±0.11),两组检测结果间的平均偏差为0.005,95%一致性界限为[-0.068,0.078];两组成功率和通过率的差异无统计学意义(P=0.31和P=0.32);而乙组的测量耗时均值为(290±40)s,显著低于甲组(441±41)s,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论压力微导管对FFR的测定与压力导丝有非常好的测量一致性,具且有测量耗时短,操控和使用更便捷的优点。

400 km/h高铁隧道联通式缓冲结构对微气压波的影响

随着高速列车运行速度的提升,隧道口微气压波幅值剧增,强烈的爆破噪声同时影响着周边环境和附近居民的正常生活。本文研究由平行导坑与横通道组成的联通式缓冲结构对400 km/h高铁隧道微气压波的缓解作用。首先,进行400 km/h动模型试验,验证数值模拟方法的准确性;其次,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格技术分析联通式缓冲结构位置距隧道入口的距离D与联通式缓冲结构长度L对微气压波的影响。研究结果表明:随着D增加,微气压波的缓解率逐渐增大,在D=25 m时达到最优,微气压波幅值减少34.4%;随着L增加,微气压波幅值缓慢增加;当L=30 m时,隧道口20 m处的微气压波幅值为91 Pa,缓解率为37.1%。联通式缓冲结构与既有350 km/h高铁线路上的断面扩大开孔型缓冲结构组合,可将隧道口20 m处微气压波幅值减小至47.3 Pa,降幅达67.3%。联通式缓冲结构合理利用了修建隧道时遗留的平行导坑,可在保障施工成本几乎不变的前提下,显著缓解微气压波,保护隧道周边环境。

不同流量下泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的数值模拟

泵前微压网式过滤器作为一种新型的灌溉过滤装置,具有结构简单、适配性高以及能耗低等优点。为了探究泵前微压网式过滤器内部流场的运行状态,采用了物理模型试验、数值计算及理论分析的方法,从微观角度对清水条件下泵前微压网式过滤器在不同流量(5、8、11、14、17 m^(3)/h)的水力性能和水流运动状态进行分析。结果表明:标准k-ε模型可作为模拟泵前微压网式过滤器清水流场的湍流模型;滤网内部流速分布不均匀,随流量呈现不同形态的“火烛”形态,出水口对过滤器内部影响范围随流量增加而增大;过滤器内部同时出现高压区和负压区,滤网底部为水头损失主要发生位置。研究成果可为泵前过滤设备的浑水数值模拟和结构优化提供理论和技术支撑。

长距离有压输水工程整体模型试验管道沿程水头损失替代研究

长距离有压输水工程一般通过设置阻力环的水头损失替代法进行整体模型试验研究。依托深圳市北坑水库输水隧洞工程,对不同雷诺数、环数和布置方式下阻力环的水头损失替代效果及其变化规律进行数值模拟研究发现:当雷诺数Re>0.32×10^(5)后,几乎不会造成阻力环局部水头损失系数与阻力环后旋涡区长度变化;孔径比d/D减小或距径比L/D增大会增强阻力环的水头损失替代效果;当d/D=0.8,L/D=0.5,环数n>2时,阻力环平均局部水头损失系数K_(d)随环数n增加而减小,当环数n>20后K_(d)不再随环数变化。在此基础上推导出环数影响系数ε随环数n的变化规律及其拟合曲线,以及阻力替代段总局部水头损失和替代管道长度计算公式。通过分析环数对漩涡区长度的影响,阻力替代段后需设置不小于2.5D的过渡段才能保证水流流态恢复至未替代状态。

失效模式和效应分析的流程化护理干预在头面部医疗器械相关压力性损伤中的预防效果分析

目的:研究失效模式和效应分析(FMEA)的流程化护理干预在头面部医疗器械相关压力性损伤(MDRPI)中的预防效果。方法:组建FMEA干预小组,查找头面部MDRPI预防失效模式原因,计算头面部MDRPI预防失效模式风险评分,分析头面部MDRPI预防失效模式原因并进行护理干预措施改进。选取2021年1月至2022年1月河北省人民医院收治并进行头面部MDRPI预防护理干预的96例患者,按照干预流程不同将其分为对照组和观察组,每组48例,对照组采用常规头面部MDRPI预防护理流程干预,观察组采用FMEA的流程化护理干预,预防头面部MDRPI,比较两组的高危失效模式风险优先指数(RPN)得分、高危失效模式发生率以及两组患者的头面部MDRPI发生率及严重程度。结果:观察组患者高危失效模式的风险评估中缺乏重点、敷料使用不当、管路固定不当、医疗器械管理不当和皮肤清洁不当RPN得分分别为(80.45±24.15)分、(74.86±22.63)分、(68.15±21.88)分、(79.11±20.33)分和(65.54±21.44)分,均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=8.951、8.979、11.399、9.284、12.090,P<0.05);而风险评估中缺乏重点、敷料使用不当、管路固定不当、医疗器械管理不当和皮肤清洁不当的发生率分别为2.08%(1/48)、0、2.08%(1/48)、0和0,亦均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(x^(2)=4.909、6.400、6.008、7.551、6.400,P<0.05)。观察组患者的头面部MDRPI总发生率和MDRPI严重程度Ⅲ期发生率分别为8.33%(4/48)和2.08%(1/48),均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(x^(2)=7.940、4.909,P<0.05)。结论:FMEA的流程化护理干预能有效识别头面部MDRPI风险,进而对患者实施针对性的预防护理措施,能够有效减少头面部MDRPI的发生并降低其发生严重程度。

长抽短压通风抽压比对综掘工作面粉尘分布的影响

为了掌握东曲矿18304综掘工作面粉尘分布规律及不同抽压比对综掘工作面粉尘分布的影响,运用FLUENT数值模拟软件对井下掘进巷道的风流场进行了模拟,得到了不同抽压比下综掘工作面的风流场,并分析其对综掘工作面粉尘分布的影响。结果表明,提高抽压比可减弱压风筒前方的涡流,有利于改善综掘工作面环境。

超大扬程变幅大型导叶式混流泵选型研究

浙江省杭州市九溪排涝泵站,装设有6台大型导叶式混流泵,单机流量50 m^(3)/s,单台电动机功率10000 kW,为国内目前在建单机流量最大的导叶式混流泵。水泵受上游来水和下游钱塘江潮位的影响,扬程变化幅度很大,最低扬程1.71 m,设计扬程14.0 m,最高扬程15.4 m。为保证泵组在超大扬程变化范围内保持安全稳定运行,结合九溪泵站建筑物布置和运行情况,充分利用下游挡潮闸提高最低扬程,详细分析比较全调节和变频调节对优化低扬程运行工况的作用,并采取综合措施提高泵组结构设计刚强度,从多角度对泵组运行工况和选型方案进行优化分析,并提出泵组变频调节和运行优化建议,为类似泵站提供参考。

不同特征波纹管内流动特性分析

为探究不同特征波纹管内部流场的分布特性,基于ANSYS CFX软件,采用进口质量流量和自由出流的数值计算条件,通过对k-ε湍流模型的数值模拟,揭示了不同弯度、波节数和大小的波纹管内部流动特性和压力场分布规律,计算了相应工况下的水头损失。结果表明:(1)波纹管的弯度、波节数和大小都对其内部流场和产生的水头损失有较大影响;(2)不同弯度波纹管内部流体域的静压和流速分布趋势整体相同,从进口至出口,管内流体的静压和流速逐渐减小,随着弯度增加,进口端流体的静压逐渐增大,出口端流体的静压逐渐减小,不同弯度波纹管波节边缘流体流速都较小,中间部位流体的流速较大;(3)波纹管弯度为180°时,随着波节数的增加,管内流体域静压的变化趋势整体相同,平均最大流速呈递增趋势;(4)波纹管弯度为180°且波节数为25时,随着波纹管整体逐渐缩小,管内流体静压与流速迅速增大,X-Y截面流体静压与流速变化趋势整体不变;(5)波纹管内流场产生的水头损失与弯度和波节数呈正相关,与大小呈负相关。为波纹管的优化设计和改进以及安装使用提供参考与合理建议。