Preparation of activated carbon with low ash content and high specific surface area from coal in the presence of KOH

An activated carbon with ash content less than 10% and specific surface area more than 1 600 m 2 /g was prepared from coal and the effect of K containing compounds in preparation of coal based activated carbon was investigated in detail in this paper. KOH was used in co carbonization with coal, changes in graphitic crystallites in chars derived from carbonization of coal with and without KOH were analyzed by X ray diffraction (XRD) technique, activation rates of chars with different contents of K containing compounds were deduced, and resulting activated carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and iodine numbers. The results showed that the addition of KOH to the coal before carbonization can realize the intensive removal of inorganic matters from chars under mild conditions, especially the efficient removal of dispersive quartz, an extremely difficult separated mineral component in other processes else. Apart from this, KOH demonstrates a favorable effect in control over coal carbonization with the goal to form nongraphitizable isotropic carbon precursor, which is a necessary prerequisite for the formation and development of micro pores. However, the K containing compounds such as K 2 CO 3 and K 2 O remaining in chars after carbonization catalyze the reaction between carbon and steam in activation, which leads to the formation of macro pores. In the end an innovative method, in which KOH is added to coal before carbonization and K containing compounds are removed by acid washing after carbonization, was proposed for the synthesis of quality coal based activated carbon.

Characterization of Microporous Activated Carbon Electrodes for Electric Double-layer Capacitors

Activated carbons(ACs) with a wide range of surface areas were made from petroleum coke by means of KOH activation. The electrochemical characterization was carried out for several activated carbons used as polarizable electrodes of electric double-layer capacitors(EDLCs) in an aqueous electrolytic solution. The porous structures and electrochemical double-layer capacitance of the activated carbons were investigated by virtue of nitrogen gas adsorption and constant current cycling(CCC) methods. The relationship among the surface area, pore volume of the activated carbons and specific double-layer capacitance was discussed. It was found that the specific capacitance of ACs increased linearly with the increase of surface area. The presence of mesopores in the activated carbons with very high surface area(>2000 m\+2/g) was not very effective for them to be used as EDLCs. The influence of chemical characteristics of the activated carbons on the double layer formation could be considered to be negligible.

Characterization of porous cobalt hexacyanoferrate and activated carbon electrodes under dynamic polarization conditions in a sodium-ion pseudocapacitor

We report here the activated carbon and cobalt hexacyanoferrate composite,which is applied as the electrode materials in symmetric supercapacitors containing a 1.0 M Na_(2)SO_(4) aqueous electrolyte.This novel material combines high specific surface area and electrochemical stability of activated carbon with the redox properties of cobalt hexacyanoferrate,resulting in maximum specific capacitance of 329 F g^(-1) with large voltage working window of 2.0 V.Electrochemical studies indicated that cobalt hexacyanoferrate introduces important pseudocapacitive properties accounting for the overall charge-storage process,especially when I<0.5 A g^(-1).At lower gravimetric currents(e.g.,0.05 A g^(-1))and up to 1.0 V,the presence of cobalt hexacyanoferrate improves the specific energy for more than 300%.In addition,to better understanding the energy storage process we also provided a careful investigation of the electrode materials under dynamic polarization conditions using the in situ Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron light Xray diffraction techniques.Interesting complementary findings were obtained in these studies.We believe that this novel electrode material is promising for applications regarding the energy-storage process in pseudocapacitors with long lifespan properties.

Effect of activated carbon and electrolyte on properties of supercapacitor

Effect of activated carbon and electrolyte on electrochemical properties of organic supercapacitor was investigated. The results show that specific surface area and mesoporosity of activated carbon influence specific capacitance. If specific surface area is larger and mesoporosity is higher, the specific capacitance will become bigger. Specific surface area influences resistance of carbon electrode and consequently influences power property and pore size distribution. If specific surface area is smaller and mesoporosity is higher, the power property will become better. Ash influences leakage current and electrochemical cycling stability. If ash content is lower, the performance will become better. The properties of supercapacitor highly depend on the electrolyte. The compatibility of electrolyte and activated carbon is a determining factor of supercapacitor’s working voltage. LiPF6/(EC+EMC+DMC) is inappropriate for double layer capacitor. MeEt3NPF4/PC has higher specific capacitance than Et4NPF4/PC because methyl’s electronegativity value is lower than ethyl and MeEt3N+ has more positive charges and stronger polarizability than Et4N+ when an ethyl is substituted by methyl.

Optimal Electrochemical Performances of CO_2 Activated Carbon Aerogels for Supercapacitors

Activated carbon aerogels（ACAs） derived from sol-gel polycondensation of resorcinol （R） and formaldehyde （F） were pyrolyzed under Ar flow and activated in CO2 atmosphere. The morphology of ACAs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the structural properties were determined by N2 adsorption at 77 K. The results show that ACAs have a typical three-dimensional nanonetwork structure composing of cross-linking of carbon nanoparticles. The specific surface area and the total pore volume remarkably increase with increasing activation time while the previous porous structure still remains. The specific capacitance of the 950-10-ACA electrode can reach up to 212.3 F/g in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte. The results of constant-current charge-discharge testing indicate that the ACAs electrodes present fast charge- discharge rate and long cycle life （about 98% capacitance retained after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 1.25 mA/cm2）. Lower internal resistances can be achieved for 950-10-ACA electrode in KOH electrolyte. Our investigations are very important to improve the wettability and electrochemical performance of electrode for supercapacitors.

Optimization of Preparation Conditions of Activated Carbons Based on the Shells of Ricinodendron heudoltii

The purpose of this work is to prepare better activated carbons from the shells of Ricinodendron Heudelotii by chemical activation with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The process was optimized by a full factorial design (2K) based on the analysis of the external specific surface area of sixteen (16) activated carbons prepared according to the parameters of the preparation. This active analysis reveals that under the preparation conditions, good carbons are obtained for a sodium hydroxide concentration equal to 1 M, an impregnation time of 24 h and carbonization at 500˚C for 1 h. The external specific surface of this carbon is 358 m2 • g-1. The characteristics of this prepared carbon are as follows: a pH at zero point charge (pHpzc) of 8.2, a predominantly amorphous structure, a basic character and a low ash content (4.2%). It also has surface functions;the lactonic and carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1600 cm-1 and the carboxylate groups (O-H or C-O) at 1340 cm-1.

Catalytic Pyrolyses of Rayon and the Effect on Activated Carbon Fiber

The catalytic pyrolyses of rayon have been studied respectively by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) when rayon was treated with phosphoric acid (PA), three ammonium phosphate salts and ammonium sulfate (AS). The air is favorable to the catalysis of dibasic ammonium phosphate (DAP), but not to those of ADP, PA, AP, and AS obviously. It is put forward that a peak’s shape character can be described with the ratio of height to half-height-width (H/W /2) of the peak on a differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curve. A flat cracking peak, presenting a more moderate dehydration reaction, has a smaller ratio and could lead to higher carbonization and activation yields. The experimental results prove this view. According to expectation, the order of catalysis is: DAP≥ADP>PA> APAS no catalyst.

A new preparation process of coal-based magnetically activated carbon

Fe/C-based magnetically activated carbon(MAC) was obtained by carbonizing and activating its precursor, that was prepared by co-precipitation of anthracite coal impregnated in ferric chloride solution. The effect of the concentrations of FeCl3 and pH of solution on BET surface area, pore volume and magnetic properties of the MAC was studied by BET N2 adsorption and VSM method. The results indicated that the magnetization of MAC gradually increases with increasing concentration of FeCl3 and pH value of solution, and BET surface area was inclined to fluctuation. The largest BET surface area and magnetization of MAC were 1327.5 m2/g and 35.56 emu/g, respectively. The form of magnetic matter in the magnetically activated carbon was mainly Fe3C by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD) and magnetic attraction test.

Influence of KOH activation techniques on pore structure and electrochemical property of carbon electrode materials

Taking the selection of coal-tar pitch as precursor and KOH as activated agent, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated for supercapacitor.The surface area and the pore structure of activated carbon were analyzed by Nitro adsorption method. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were determined using two-electrode capacitors in 6 mol/L KOH aqueous electrolytes. The influences of activated temperature and mass ratio of KOH to C on the pore structure and electrochemical property of porous activated carbon were investigated in detail. The reasons for the changes of pore structure and electrochemical performance of activated carbon prepared under different conditions were also discussed theoretically. The results indicate that the maximum specific capacitance of 240 F/g can be obtained in alkaline medium, and the surface area, the pore structure and the specific capacitance of activated carbon depend on the treatment methods; the capacitance variation of activated carbon cannot be interpreted only by the change of surface area and pore structure, the lattice order and the electrolyte wetting effect of the activated carbon should also be taken into account.

稻草秸秆-煤基压块活性炭的制备及工艺优化

为降低压块破碎活性炭的制备成本,以稻草秸秆炭和大同不黏煤为主要原料,利用配煤工艺,经过成型、炭化、H_(2)O_((g))-CO_(2)联合活化成型炭制备压块破碎活性炭。采用碘吸附法、亚甲蓝吸附法以及BET、FTIR和Boehm滴定方法测试和表征不同条件下制备的压块破碎活性炭。实验结果表明,加入适量稻草秸秆炭和H_(2)O_((g))-CO_(2)联合活化对活性炭的碘吸附值和亚甲蓝吸附值均有明显提升作用。Boehm滴定结果表明,活性炭具有丰富的酸性和碱性官能团。当活化温度为900℃、活化时间为2.5 h、H_(2)O_((g))和CO_(2)流量比为2时,制备的活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲蓝吸附值和比表面积分别达到790 mg/g、262 mg/g和809 m^(2)/g。

有机胺改性树脂基球形活性炭对二氧化碳的吸附行为

以球形结构的固废离子交换树脂为原料,经CO_(2)活化、酸洗处理制得具有较高比表面积和较大中孔孔容的树脂基球形活性炭(HRSAC),然后在其表面负载聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)制得吸附材料PEI-HRSAC。系统考察了PEI负载量和吸附温度对CO_(2)吸附性能的影响,结果表明,在活化温度为950℃、活化时间为1 h的最佳活化工艺条件下,所制得的树脂基球形活性炭经酸洗处理后其比表面积为1365 m^(2)/g,中孔孔容为2.04 cm^(3)/g,中孔孔径主要分布在10~40 nm;PEI-HRSAC吸附材料对CO_(2)的吸附性能随吸附温度和PEI负载量的升高先增大后减小;当PEI负载量为65%、吸附温度为75℃时,PEI-HRSAC吸附材料对CO_(2)的吸附量最高,约为4.09 mmol/g,在经过4次循环吸/脱附后吸附量仍保持在较高水平(3.66 mmol/g)。

活性炭二次活化工艺研究进展

活性炭二次活化是指对已经完成活化的活性炭进行再活化的过程。活性炭二次活化技术作为一种活性炭孔隙调控手段,在合适的工艺条件下,可以使活性炭的孔隙结构更为发达,并且使孔径分布更为集中,从而赋予活性炭特异性功能。综述了二次活化工艺在活性炭孔隙调控方面的研究进展及应用途径,并对其未来的应用及发展方向进行展望,为高性能活性炭的开发和应用提供参考。

高表面活性炭制备工艺的优化

为解决化学活化法制备高表面活性炭成本高、能耗大的问题,在对高表面活性炭制备工艺简单概述的基础上,结合实践生产对当前活化比条件下的生产工艺参数进行调试;为达到降低能耗和生产成本的目的对活化比参数以及活化剂添加时间点进行优化,最终达到产品比表面积等指标满足要求的基础上降低生产成本的目的。

活性炭负载锌催化剂的制备及其处理煤化工废水的试验研究

为实现煤化工高盐废水水质处理效能的提升,以宁夏生产的煤制活性炭为载体,采用直接浸渍法、沉淀-煅烧法2种负载方法,选取Zn元素作为催化剂的活性组分,制备了用于臭氧氧化降解工艺用催化剂,考察了催化剂对宁夏宁东地区煤化工高盐废水中COD去除情况的探究。结果表明:将活性炭与浓度为0.4 mol/L的氯化锌溶液按照m(活性炭)∶V(溶液)=1∶3的比例混合,完全沉淀后,在氮气环境保护下,在恒定300℃的温度下煅烧2 h,制得活性组分为氧化锌的ZnO/AC催化剂,其比表面积为1063.45 m2/g,COD去除率高达71.7%,处理后废水中Zn^(2+)质量浓度增加99.8882 mg/L,高比表面积有利于发挥物理吸附与化学催化的协同作用,提高活性炭基催化剂的催化性能。该臭氧催化剂催化效果显著,可用于煤化工高盐废水中有机物的去除。

Preparation and properties of pitch carbon based supercapacitor

Using the mesophase pitch as precursor, KOH and CO2 as activated agents, the activated carbon electrode material was fabricated by physical-chemical combined activated technique for supercapacitor. The influence of activated process on the pore structure of activated carbon was analyzed and 14 F supercapacitor with working voltage of 2.5 V was prepared. The charge and discharge behaviors, the properties of cyclic voltammetry, specific capacitance, equivalent serials resistance (ESR), cycle properties, and temperature properties of prepared supercapacitor were examined. The cyclic voltammetry curve results indicate that the carbon based supercapacitor using the self-made activated carbon as electrode materials shows the desired capacitance properties. In 1 mol/L Et4NBF4/AN electrolyte, the capacitance and ESR of the supercapacitor are 14.7 F and 60 m?, respectively. The specific capacitance of activated carbon electrode materials is 99.6 F/g; its energy density can reach 2.96 W·h/kg under the large current discharge condition. There is no obvious capacitance decay that can be observed after 5000 cycles. The leakage current is below 0.2 mA after keeping the voltage at 2.5 V for 1 h. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor shows desired temperature property; it can be operated normally in the temperature ranging from -40 ℃ to 70 ℃.

耐热酚醛树脂基活性炭的制备及其超级电容器性能研究

活性炭因其大比表面积和低成本的优势,被广泛应用于超级电容器电极材料中。然而在活性炭的制备过程中,前驱体往往需要进行预炭化/氧化等处理以增强其热稳定性,这将会提高制备成本和工艺复杂性,不利于实际应用需求。为解决这一问题,本工作利用具有高度交联结构的耐热酚醛树脂为前驱体,通过一步活化法制备具有超高比表面及优异导电性的活性炭电极材料。最佳碱炭质量比为3∶1时所制备的活性炭比表面积高达2656m2·g^(-1)。在6 mol·L^(-1)KOH电解液中测试了活性炭电极的电容储能性能,1 A·g^(-1)时其比容量高达305.5F·g^(-1),在50A·g^(-1)的超大电流密度下电容保持率有63.8%,远高于目前商业活性炭水平。另外,其在高质量负载量下仍具有优异的容量、倍率、循环性能,表现出巨大的应用潜质。

活性炭疏水改性及其油水分离性能

以十八烷基三氯硅烷(OTS)和十二烷酸(LA)为改性剂,采用液相浸渍和热处理相结合方式对废旧活性炭进行疏水改性和再生。将硅氧烷和饱和脂肪酸中的非极性有机长碳链通过化学键接枝在活性炭表面以提高其疏水性能,并经热再生恢复活性炭被堵塞的孔道。结果表明:再生疏水活性炭具有较高比表面积(834.75 m^(2)·g^(-1))、良好的疏水性能(水接触角为135°)和耐酸碱性能,活性炭改性后对水包油(甲苯)乳液的吸附分离效率由42.58%(未改性活性炭)提高至92.07%。再生疏水活性炭与尼龙有机滤膜组成的复合过滤膜对油(甲苯)包水乳液的纯化分离效率由51.76%(未改性活性炭)提高至91.44%,复合过滤膜经10次循环使用后分离效率仍高于91%。

文冠果壳基活性炭制备工艺优化与性能表征

文冠果壳为文冠果榨油后的废弃物,为避免环境污染,充分利用这种废弃物制成高附加值的活性炭,该研究以文冠果壳为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭,以固液比、磷酸浓度、活化时间和活化温度为自变量,活性炭的碘吸附值为因变量,经响应面试验优化制备工艺,探究文冠果壳活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明,通过响应面试验优化得到最佳工艺条件:固液比1∶1 g/mL,磷酸浓度71%,活化时间158 min,活化温度540℃,此时碘吸附值为(1127.377±2.406)mg/g,与预测的碘吸附值误差仅为0.390%。与文冠果壳相比,经活化得到的活性炭水分和灰分明显降低,C元素质量分数升高至69.702%;活性炭的比表面积为841.438 m^(2)/g,总孔容为0.593 cm^(3)/g,平均孔径为4.361 nm,孔隙结构发达,主要以介孔为主,且官能团主要为羰基。因此可以用文冠果壳制备出吸附性能好的活性炭,该结果可为磷酸活化法制备文冠果壳基活性炭的工业化生产提供一定参考。

优化炭表面氧官能团增强锌离子电容器的电容性能

锌离子电容器(ZICs)具有能量密度高、倍率性能好、循环寿命长、成本低等优点,近年来得到了广泛的研究。在碳基阴极表面引入氧官能团是提高水系ZICs电容性能的有效策略。然而,氧官能团的存在是否有利于提高乙醇(EtOH)基ZICs的电容性能,目前还没有被深入研究。本文采用硝酸氧化和进一步热处理的方法对阴极活性炭表面的氧官能团进行了优化。在ZnCl2/EtOH电解液中,优化后的样品在电流密度为1 A g^(−1)时比电容达到195 F g^(−1),比未改性的样品(125 F g^(−1))提高了56%。同时,ZICs也表现出良好的循环稳定性,在3 A g^(−1)下的稳定循环次数超过16000次,并且保持100%的库仑效率。这是因为氧官能团,特别是羧基和酯基(―COO)的存在,为Zn2+氧化还原反应提供了丰富的电化学活性位点。因此,本研究通过优化氧官能团增强了炭阴极的电容性能,并为EtOH基ZICs的商业应用提供了研究基础。

沥青烯基碳纳米材料制备及其对于HMX、RDX的热分解催化性能

为了制备出高比表面积的多孔碳纳米材料来改变HMX和RDX的热分解催化性能,以两种不同分散效果的氧化沥青烯为碳源,以尿素作为结构导向剂在高温条件下形成两种不同孔径的多孔炭纳米片。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和比表面积及孔径分析仪对样品的形貌和结构进行了测试和表征。结果表明,亲水性更好的氧化沥青烯所制备的炭纳米片(ASPCNs 2)较亲水性较差的沥青质氧化物(ASPCNs 1)制备的碳纳米片具有更高比表面积(2470.47、1742.83m^(2)/g)和更大的孔体积(1.38、1.40cm^(3)/g)。ASPCNs 1和ASPCNs 2整体结构呈现蜂窝煤装,孔结构主要是以微孔为主。此外,ASPCNs 2对RDX和HMX热分解的催化作用优于ASPCNs 1,使其热分解峰温和表观活化能分别降低了26.23℃和34.15℃,37.45kJ/mol和48.22kJ/mol。