Comprehensive Analysis of the Influential Factors of Karst Cave Tourism Development

There are many karst caves in China and each karst cave is a special part of natural landscape resources.How to exploit karst cave resources to develop tourism relates to the the effective exploitation of karst caves resources.The author comprehensively analyzed the main influential factors of karst cave tourism development and concluded that the influential factors were the feature of karst caves resources,transportation condition,construction condition,regional economic development level,source market,regional combination of scenic spots,spatial competition,investors' decision-making behavior,local residents' attitudes and so on.The integrated action of these factors codetermines whether karst cave tourism development successes or not.Only by thoroughly realizing the status and role of every influential factor karst cave tourism development could be reasonably conducted,exploiting strong points and avoiding shortcomings.

A new method determining safe thickness of karst cave roof under pile tip

Cave roofs are used to support pile foundation in many engineering projects. Accurate stability analysis method of cave roof under pile tip is important in order to ensure the safety of the pile foundation structure. Firstly the mechanical model to analysis the stability of cave roof under pile tip is founded aiming to solve the problems that the simplified mechanical model has. Secondly, the boundary of cave roof is simply supposed to be supported according to the integrity of the rock mass in the boundary of cave roof. Thirdly, based on the theory of plates and shells, the simplified model is calculated and the theoretical calculation formula to determine the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip can be obtained when the edges of the cave roof are simply supported. In the end, the analysis of the practical engineering project proves the feasibility and the rationality of the method which can be a new method to calculate the safe thickness of cave roof under pile tip.

Stability analysis of subgrade cave roofs in karst region

According to the engineering features of subgrade cave roof in karst region, the clamped beam model of subgrade cave roof in karst region was set up. Based on the catastrophe theory, the cusp catastrophe model for bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof and safe thickness of subgrade cave roof in karst region was established. The necessary instability conditions of subgrade cave roof were deduced, and then the methods to determine safe thickness of cave roofs under piles and bearing capacity of subgrade cave roof were proposed. At the same time, a practical engineering project was applied to verifying this method, which has been proved successfu1ly. At last, the major factors that affect the stability on cave roof under pile in karst region were deeply discussed and some results in quality were acquired.

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between concealed karst cave and tunnel

An attribute recognition model for safe thickness assessment between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel is established based on the attribute mathematic theory.The model can be applied to carrying out risk classification of the safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel and to guarantee construction’s safety in tunnel engineering.Firstly,the assessment indicators and classification standard of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are studied based on the perturbation method.Then some attribute measurement functions are constructed to compute the attribute measurement of each single index and synthetic attribute measurement.Finally,the identification and classification of risk assessment of safe thickness between a concealed karst cave and a tunnel are recognized by the confidence criterion.The results of two engineering application show that the evaluation results agree well with the site situations in construction.The results provide a good guidance for the tunnel construction.

Collapse mode of rock mass induced by a concealed karst cave above a deep cavity

Reliable prediction of the potential collapse region of rock mass is a key challenge for deep underground cavity excavation, especially if a concealed karst cave is located above the excavated cavity. Because of the effect of the blast vibration, a possible collapse would occur at a certain region between the concealed karst cave and the excavated cavity. This paper aims to study the roof collapse of a deep buried cavity induced by a concealed karst cave base on a two-dimensional failure mechanism by using upper bound theorem. The failure mechanism is constituted by arbitrary curves which is similar to the collapse observed in an actual cavity excavation. The shape and range of the collapse block is determined by virtual work equation in conjunction with variational approach. The results obtained by the presented approach are approximate with the numerical results provided by finite difference code, which indicates that the proposed method in this work is valid.

Karst Cave Tourism System in Zhejiang Province Based on Resource Regional Analysis

Karst cave tourism plays an important role in the overall tourism of Zhejiang Province, China. In analyzing the current status of karst cave tourism resources, it is crucial to develop a scientific system for optimizing resource exploitation and tourism development in the future. This study conducted an analysis of resource characteristics and regional structure in Zhejiang Province. Nearest neighbor index （NNI） method and accessibility index method were used for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of scale, strength, combination, and accessibility of karst cave tourism resources. Results indicated that karst cave tourism resources in Zhejiang Province have a significant regional influence, and that resource quality and exploitation are diverse in different regions. Among the regions, Jinhua had the highest exploitation proportion of over 60% and the lowest NNI value of 0.098. Furthermore, regional analysis inferred that different karst caves demonstrate diversity in accessibility to tourism markets, among which the Lingshan Cave, Fengshui Cave, and Xianqiao Cave reveal the highest accessibility index of 2.41. Finally, we put forward a karst cave tourism system in Zhejiang Province based on the Growth Pole Theory and set up an overall scheme for karst cave tourism development. From a regional perspective analysis, the study refined the methods for regional resource re- search and provided a strategic proposal for karst cave tourism in Zheiiang Province.

A New Species of Odorrana Inhabiting Complete Darkness in a Karst Cave in Guangxi, China

A new species of the genusOdorrana is described from a completely dark karst cave of northeastern Guangxi, southern China. The new species,Odorranalipuensissp. nov., can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters： medium size （SVL： 40.7–47.7 mm in males, 51.1–55.4 mm in females）;tips of all but ifrst ifnger expanded with circummarginal grooves; smooth, grass-green dorsum with irregular brown mottling; pineal body invisible; throat to upper abdomen with gray mottling; dorsal surfaces of limbs with brown bands; dorsolateral fold absent; tiny spinules on lateral body, temporal region, and anterior and posterior edge of tympanum;white nuptial pad present on ifnger I; males lacking vocal sacs; females having creamy yellow eggs, without black poles. Uncorrected sequence divergences betweenO.lipuensissp. nov. and all homologous 16S rRNA sequences ofOdorrana available on GenBank is equal to or greater than 4.9%. Currently, the new species is only known from the type locality.

The Diversity of Soil Fauna Communities in the Karst Cave Wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve

From March 2014 to February 2015, the soil fauna community in the karst cave wetland of Maolan Nature Reserve was investigated. A total of 3,820 soil fauna was obtained, belonging to 31 orders, 11 classes, and 3 phyla. The dominant groups were Araneae, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, accounting for 48.90% of the total catch. There were 18 common groups and 10 rare groups. The diversity analysis showed that the Banzhai karst cave wetland had the largest soil fauna community diversity index and evenness index and that the Dongsai karst cave wetland had the largest number of groups and individuals. The seasonal variation of the soil fauna in the karst cave wetlands was analyzed: the number of soil fauna individuals showed a downtrend in summer, autumn, spring and winter; there were the highest number of phytophagous soil fauna, followed by predatory soil fauna and saprophagous soil fauna.

Speleogenesis of Selected Caves beneath the Lunan Shilin and Caves of Fenglin Karst in Qiubei, Yunnan

Yunnan is famous for its attractive karst landscapes especially shilins, fengcong and fenglin. The development of caves beneath the shilins in the vicinity of Lunan is closely connected with the formation of shilins. Most of the waters percolating through shilins run through the caves beneath them and are responsible for their formation. The study of cave speleogenesis deepens knowledge about both the development of shilins and karst structure. In the vicinity of the Lunan Shilin, speleological, morphological and structural geological studies of four karst caves have been accomplished. At Puzhehei, Qiubei, which is characterised by numerous fenglin, fengcong and caves, speleological and morphological studies have been performed. Cave sediments for paleomagnetic analyses have been taken from all studied areas (samples CH 1-9). Karst caves in SE Yunnan are probably much older than the age of the cave sediments (<780,000 years B.P.). The studied areas are located in the vicinity of the Xiaojiang fault (N-S direction I and the Red River fault (NW-SE direction). The general directions of both active faults are assumed to influence the direction of the most frequent fissures as well as the cave passages near the Lunan Shilin. The Xiaojiang fault more strongly influences cave passage orientation, while the more distant Red River fault most strongly influences fissure orientation.

Baiyun Cave in Naigu Shilin,Yunnan Karst,China

The Baiyun cave is a 380 m long karst cave in the Naigu Shilin, situated 70 km southeast of Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The prevailing orientations of the cave passages are N110°–120°E and N0°-10°W and those of the fissures in the cave are N30°–40°W and N20°–30°W. The cave is developed in the thick-bedded Lower Permian Qixia Formation. The cave has an active water flow and is currently at the near water-table stage. There are large amounts of different infills of cave sediments. The cave shows different stages of paragenesis. The palaeomagnetic analysis of cave sediments shows that their ages are younger than 780 ka B.P. (the Brunhes Chron). The upper part of the sampled profile belongs to the reverse Blake event (112.3–117.9 ka B.P.). The formation of the Baiyun cave is directly connected with the development of the Naigu Shilin. The formation of karst underground and surface features depends on the regional tectonic deformation and the Cenozoic extension of the study area.

Formation of Baiyun Karst Cave Landscapes in the Kongshan Mountain of Lincheng County, Hebei Province

Baiyun Cave in the Kongshan Mountain is a cave which developed mostly in thick-layer oolitic limestone of the Middle Cambrain Zhangxia Formation in the Quaternary period.The spatial distribution of the karst cave was cotrolled by the NNW,NE and near-EW faults.The karst cave system consists of three layers,includes mainly hall type and corridor type,within which there are diversified sedimentary landscapes and corrosion landscapes,especially"Reticular helictite","Jade-hairpin pointing at bottle","Yin and yang jade columns"and many other special landscapes can hardly be found in other karst caves.Influenced by the strong tectonic activities since the Quaternary period,the cave collapsed several times,and landscapes within the cave have been seriously damaged.Study on the landscape formation of karst caves and influence of cave environment changes on its landscape development will contribute to the reasonable development and protection of tourist resources in the cave.

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

基于定向声波扫描的钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞表征与分析方法

复杂地质环境下采用简化的几何体代替真实形态的隐伏溶洞进行数值分析,往往难以反映真实的工程特性,自然形成的溶洞形态在几何方面无明显规律性,导致溶洞形态特征的定量化表征问题一直未被很好的解决,为此,针对复杂地质环境下钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞轮廓的几何形态特征定量化研究中缺少系统性研究问题,提出了基于定向声波扫描的钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞表征与分析方法。首先,在利用钻孔定向声波扫描技术获取基础数据的基础上,构建同一钻孔中不同隐伏溶洞的轮廓坐标化准则。随后,在钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞定量表征方面,分别提出了隐伏溶洞水平方向结构表征方法与垂直方向结构表征方法,实现了隐伏溶洞的全方位定量化表征;在钻孔围岩隐伏溶洞统计分析方面,提出了水平全方位占比指数、远离占比指数和深度占比指数,能够从钻孔角度来统计分析钻孔不同深度、周围不同位置的隐伏溶洞情况。最后,结合实际工程案例进行了综合分析,并与其他方法进行了对比验证,证明了提出的方法能够为岩溶地区地质工程中工程勘察和数值模拟提供更多的定量化数据,是溶洞地区的开发与资源利用技术中的一种全新定量化分析方法,具有广阔的应用前景。

贵州绥阳麻黄洞壶穴形态特征及其成因分析

对贵州绥阳双河洞洞穴系统中的麻黄洞内发育于白云岩地下河床上的103处壶穴形态特征进行详细测量与统计分析,从统计学角度定量描述壶穴的形态特征及其形成因素。结果显示:麻黄洞壶穴以口大、肚小、底圆的“锅型”壶穴为主,壶穴在平面形态上主要以椭圆形壶穴为主,垂直剖面形态上以浅型和深型壶穴为主,其中A区和C区浅型壶穴占比最高,而B区则以深型壶穴最多;壶穴长、短轴在A区和B区相关性较高,而在C区相关性则较低,说明壶穴长、短轴变化在不同的区域所受的因素并不一样;麻黄洞壶穴主要由季节性水流、节理和裂隙、可溶性基岩、洞道形态、具有侵蚀力的推移质、洞穴的微气候要素及洞穴水的溶蚀作用等多种因素相互耦合而形成。研究结果可为洞穴的发育、演化提供相应的水文证据。

塔河油田良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统发育特征

为了明确塔河油田上奥陶统良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的样式和结构,利用古地貌恢复、古水系刻画、测井地层对比、构造断裂解析、地震属性刻画等方法,进行了塔河油田11区的古水文地貌恢复、岩溶层组格架构建、岩溶洞穴识别和成因模式分析。结果表明:塔河油田南部加里东运动中期Ⅱ幕古地貌西北高、东南低,发育北北西—南南东向树枝状地表深切沟谷,良里塔格组发育近水平状分布、闭合管道结构及溶蚀强度较高的迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统;良里塔格组岩溶洞穴系统与澳大利亚Judbarra地区Bullita洞穴系统成因相似,属于典型的表生岩溶扩散下渗型迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统;上奥陶统恰尔巴克组泥岩段为隔水层,控制了良里塔格组迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的侧向溶蚀作用;沟通地表水系的断裂为岩溶水主要下渗溶蚀通道,随着区域基准面下降,岩溶水沿断裂下渗进入中奥陶统,中奥陶统一间房组形成断溶体。塔河油田加里东运动中期Ⅱ幕表生岩溶“双层”迷宫型岩溶洞穴系统的认识对上奥陶统油藏开发具有重要意义。

基于遗传算法的溶洞智慧处治决策方法

为了应对多因素影响导致溶洞处理方案决策困难的问题,提出以价值工程为依据的智慧处治决策方法,综合考虑处理方案适应性和施工成本2个评价目标,并基于遗传算法构建多方案最优决策模型。结果表明:在决策过程方面,该决策模型在兼顾决策精度的同时具有较好的收敛性和收敛速度,简化决策过程,节省决策时间;在决策结果方面,相较于方案适应度单目标决策结果,该决策方法通过价值优化,将方案的适应度降低9.05,使得施工成本节省937064.71元,最终方案价值指数提升2.76。与方案成本单目标决策结果相比,该决策方法仅通过增加成本38215.78元,将方案适应度提升3.35,最终方案价值指数提升0.2,其优化成效在一定程度上解决了溶洞处理过程中成本浪费或者处理方案功能过剩的问题。

顶部隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩变形特征影响分析——以齐岳山高速公路隧道为例

齐岳山高速公路岩溶隧址区强致灾性隐伏溶洞较为发育,为研究隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩位移影响的变化规律,选取围岩等级、隧道埋深2个地质因素,对溶洞大小、溶洞与隧道的距离2个形态因素开展数值试验,讨论支护对围岩位移的影响,分析顶部隐伏溶洞对隧道围岩不同方向变形的影响,系统研究不同因素对顶部溶洞作用效果的影响规律。得到如下研究结果:1)顶部溶洞对围岩变形在垂直方向和水平方向的作用效果是相反的,在垂直方向,顶部溶洞减缓拱顶和拱底的收敛效果;在水平方向,顶部溶洞加剧拱腰的收敛效果,且对拱顶、拱底、拱腰位移变化的影响依次减小。2)随着围岩级别提高、隧道埋深增大、溶洞尺寸增大、溶洞与隧道距离减小,顶部溶洞对隧道围岩变形影响的作用效果增强;在因素设计范围内,各因素对顶部溶洞作用效果的影响差异明显。

岩溶区土洞对自由场地震动放大效应的影响

岩溶区土洞的发育改变了自由场的地震工程地质条件,从而影响了地表地震动力响应结果。为探讨岩溶区土洞对地震动场地效应的影响,设计并构建典型岩溶区土洞自由场地,利用有限差分法开展了不同地震动输入条件下的含土洞场地的地震反应分析。通过与自由场地震反应分析结果对比可知:(1)土洞的存在阻碍了地震波的传播,从而使得地表中心点峰值加速度显著减小,随着输入地震动峰值增大,土洞的影响范围增大,土洞附近地表峰值加速度呈现出先增大后减小,最后逐渐趋向于自由场;(2)土洞的存在使场地的竖向位移增大,且随输入加速度峰值增大而增大、对水平向峰值位移影响较小;(3)加速度放大系数总体呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,随输入加速度峰值增大而减小;(4)土洞的存在使得反应谱的短周期幅值减小,这种减小幅度受输入地震动峰值的影响不明显。

桥梁上跨巨型岩溶洞穴的地质特征及失稳模式分析

某高速公路桥梁基础位于巨型岩溶洞穴上部,为论证桥梁方案的可行性,通过综合勘察方法查明了溶洞的形态及地质特征,并分析岩溶洞穴的稳定状态,结果表明,该岩溶洞穴目前处于稳定状态,顶板岩体质量等级为Ⅲ级。分析结果为后续的稳定性评价及桥梁基础设计提供了详实的地质基础资料,可为类似工程提供参考。

滇西南沧源岩溶洞穴硝洞堆积物来源分析

岩溶洞穴是第四纪时期古人类活动的重要场所。开展岩溶洞穴碎屑沉积物的沉积特征及物质来源分析,对其沉积环境演变历史及古人类活动研究都具有重要意义。本文在了解硝洞洞穴及其周围不同沉积物黏土矿物特征的基础上,结合硝洞洞穴沉积物的粒度和矿物学等特征对其物质来源进行了分析。结果表明:硝洞洞穴沉积物的主要来源为洞穴外地表较高处的沉积物,其通过片流作用被带入洞穴内进行堆积。其次,还同时堆积有少量灰岩不溶性物质及其经历进一步风化成壤作用后形成的物质,总体可能存在4次进一步的风化成壤作用。此外,也有洞壁崩塌的石灰岩角砾和岩块参与堆积,总体存在4次大量灰岩角砾或岩块参与堆积过程,而最近一次的堆积作用,显然受到了人类活动的影响。